利用模糊集理论评价公路客运站安全管理工作

利用模糊集理论建立一种模糊综合评价方法来评价交通运输系统内部的公路客运站安全管理工作。分别通过评价语言变量和权重语言变量将评价指标体系的定性指标和定量指标及权重全部转化成三角形模糊数,克服定性与定量指标不具有可比性的缺点,使评价更客观、精确。基于最优度概念,将权重模糊评价矩阵转化成模糊单一评价矩阵,避免传统模糊数之间比较的复杂性和不精确性。考虑到评价者在模糊评价环境下对风险的态度,将乐观系数引入评价的过程。采用TOPSIS方法计算出评价方案的综合评价分数并进行排序。结合桂林市10个客运站安全管理工作评价实例,通过改变权重值对评价结果进行敏感性分析。方法概念清晰,计算过程直观与简单,评价结果公正与合理,不但可在交通系统内推广,同样也可适合于其他各领域模糊环境下的评价问题。     

Risk-based reliability assessment under epistemic uncertainty

Existing risk in production systems has a direct relationship with unreliability of these systems. Under such circumstances, the approach to maximize the reliability should be replaced with a risk-based reliability assessment approach. Calculating the absolute reliability for systems and complex processes, when we are not provided with any data on failure, is extremely complex and difficult. Until now, studies of reliability assessment have been based on the probability theory, in which the failure time is anticipated after determining the type of size distributions. However, in this paper, the researchers have developed an approach to apply the possibility theory instead of the probability theory. Instead of using absolutely qualitative methods, this new approach applies the Dempster–Shafer Theory. It is obvious when there are insufficient data; an index is needed to make a decision. Then, a novel method is proposed and used in a real case study in order to determine the reliability of production systems based on risk when the available data are not sufficient, helping us to make decisions. After calculating the failure probability and analyzing the assessment matrix and risk criteria, we may conclude that the failure risk of equipment is reduced while the system reliability is increased.     

油气储运设施事故风险指数模糊逻辑评估方法

油气储运设施风险是其事故发生概率和事故后果的综合度量,而事故概率和后果的定量评估结果往往是具有不确定性的数据,以确定性风险评估准则为基础的传统风险矩阵法和风险值法显然难以评估油气储运设施风险。为此提出开展油气储运设施事故风险的模糊逻辑推理法,首先,对风险矩阵的概率语言等级和损失语言等级的边界进行定量划分;然后,建立油气储运设施风险矩阵模糊集和模糊逻辑推理规则;最后,通过风险模糊推理运算和模糊风险解模糊化以确定油气储运设施的风险水平。实例应用与分析表明,利用推荐方法可得到较为详尽的风险数据信息,不但风险指数更加清晰,而且其所属风险等级类别也更加明确,评估结果能更好地指导油气储运设施的风险管理。     

消费品风险评价的伤害情景与三维矩阵集成方法

通过对比分析美国、欧盟及中国的消费品质量安全风险监管和评估现状,得出我国在消费品法律及标准、伤害监测与事故信息平台及公开、消费品风险辨识及评价程序等方面有待深化研究;基于2012年欧美等国家、地区对我国出口消费品的通报数据的统计分析,识别了主要消费品的隐患及危害类型,给出了伤害情景与三维矩阵集成的消费品风险评价方法,为消费品安全评价提供了新方法、新途径,并以婴儿车为例,进行了应用分析,检验了该方法的可行性。     

Fuzzy logic for piping risk assessment (pfLOPA)

This paper explores the application of the fuzzy logic for risk assessment of major hazards connected with transportation of flammable substances in long pipelines. As a basis for risk assessment, the framework of the fuzzy Layer of Protection Analysis (fLOPA) was used. fLOPA presents a new approach to risk assessment based on two assumptions: 1. different effects of the layer of protection functions on particular elements of the risks (frequency and severity of consequence), and 2. the application of fuzzy logic system (FLS) composed of three elements: fuzzification, inference process and defuzzification. A further calculation follows LOPA methodology with the use of fuzzy logic system where fuzzy risk matrix is used for risk assessment. A typical case study comprising section of a long pipeline failure is performed and a comparison between the classical LOPA approach and fuzzy approach is made.     

A matrix-based risk assessment approach for addressing linear hazards such as pipelines

Pipelines represent a linear risk source that can create unique challenges when assessing risks. In the past, risk has been managed by identifying construction requirements and setbacks based on population densities and types of land use. In the current risk assessment a matrix-based approach has been developed so as to determine the risks associated with high-vapor pressure liquids pipelines. The approach involved the development of a matrix representing each 100 m section of the reviewed pipeline along with approximately 30 risk factors that describe that section of the pipeline. Further, a receptor matrix was constructed to account for each hectare of land within 1 km of the reviewed pipeline system. This approach has allowed for the determination of risk as a function of location and separation from the pipeline and in turn has allowed for the determination of those areas where peak risks exist. In addition, this approach has ensured that the linear geometry related to pipeline risks has been accurately modeled. The resulting estimated risks have been evaluated against MIACC risk thresholds (geographic risk-based measures) and against proprietary internal corporate standards (societal risk-based measures). In this way the acceptability of the risk from the perspective of both the potentially impacted community and that of the pipeline operator can be measured. The net result is that the company has a clear picture of the risks associated with its pipeline and is better able to optimize its risk management and pipeline integrity programs.     

改进的HAZOP风险评价方法

HAZOP方法是一种使用简单却高度专业化、系统化,能够覆盖过程工业安全评价各个环节的危险辨识与评估方法。但是,HAZOP方法作为一种定性风险分析方法,仅仅是从定性方面分析装置中是否存在的潜在风险,对于存在的潜在风险,不能量化其严重度和可能性,HAZOP定量/半定量化分析成为本研究领域的发展趋势。本文从三个方面提出了改进HAZOP分析方法。首先,由于工艺参数和引导词构成偏差,根据工艺参数的分类,将偏差划分为数值型和逻辑型,进行了一步半定量化;其次,引入了毒性参数,对后果严重等级重新划分为五级;最后根据风险矩阵理论,运用风险矩阵C=X＋Y规则,计算出风险矩阵,按照风险评价的需要并且根据生产的实际安全管理状况,划分风险等级为四级,得到了新的风险矩阵,从而把HAZOP分析法从一种定性的方法改进为一种半定量的方法。     

Uncertainty reduction for improved mishap probability prediction: Application to level control of distillation unit

At all levels, the understanding of uncertainty associated with risk of major chemical industrial hazards should be enhanced. In this study, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was performed for a knockout drum in the distillation unit of a refinery process and then probabilistic uncertainty analysis was applied for this QRA. A fault tree was developed to analyze the probability distribution of flammable liquid released from the overfilling of a knockout drum. Bayesian theory was used to update failure rates of the equipment so that generic information from databases and plant equipment real life data are combined to gain all available knowledge on component reliability. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the distribution of top event probability was obtained to characterize the uncertainty of the result. It was found that the uncertainty of basic event probabilities has a significant impact on the top event probability distribution. The top event probability prediction uncertainty profile showed that the risk estimation is improved by reducing uncertainty through Bayesian updating on the basic event probability distributions. The whole distribution of top event probability replaces point value in a risk matrix to guide decisions employing all of the available information rather than only point mean values as in the conventional approach. The resulting uncertainty guides where more information or uncertainty reduction is needed to avoid overlap with intolerable risk levels.     

Risk assessment: an approach to control hazards in mines

Accidents and injuries related to work are major occupational health problems in most of the industrialized countries.Traditional approaches to manage workplace safety in mines have mainly focused on job redesign and technical aspects of engineering systems.It is being realized that compliance to rules and regulations of mines is a prerequisite;however,it is not sufficient to achieve further reduction in accident and injury rates in mines.Proactive approaches are necessary to further improve the safety standards in mines.Unsafe conditions and practices in mines lead to a number of accidents,which in turn may cause loss and injury to human lives,damages to property,and loss of production.Hazard identification and risk assessment is an important task for the mining industry which needs to consider all the risk factors at workplaces.Applications of risk management approaches in mines are necessary to identify and quantify potential hazards and to suggest effective solutions.In this paper,the following risk estimation techniques were discussed:(i)DGMS(Directorate General of Mines Safety,India)risk rating criterion,and(ii)a matrix based approach.The proposed tools were demonstrated through an application in an opencast coal mine in India.It was inferred that the risk assessment approach can be used as an effective tool to indentify and control hazards in mines.     

A new simple methodology for evaluation of explosion risk in underground coal mines

The key objective of this paper is the presentation of a new risk assessment tool for underground coal mines based on a simplified semi-quantitative estimation and assessment method.In order to determine the risk of explosion of any work process or activity in underground coal mines it is necessary to assess the risk. The proposed method is based on a Risk Index obtained as a product of three factors: frequency of each individual scenario P_ucm, associated severity consequences C_ucm and exposure time to explosive atmospheres E_ucm. The influence of exposure time is usually not taken into account up to now. Moreover, the exposure to explosive atmospheres may affect factors of hazardous event probability as much as its consequences. There are many definitions of exposure to explosive atmospheres but in the case of underground coal mines the exposure is defined as frequency risk of firedamp and coal dust. The risk estimation and risk assessment are based on the developed of a risk matrix.The proposed methodology allows not only the estimation of the explosion risk but also gives an approach to decide if the proposal investment is well-justified or not in order to improve safety.     

Risk-based maintenance policy selection using AHP and goal programming

Maintenance policy selection is a multiple criteria decision making. The criteria often considered are cost and reliability of maintenance. There has been a growing interest in using risk of accidents as a criterion for maintenance selection. This paper presents an approach of maintenance selection based on risk of equipment failure and cost of maintenance. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and goal programming (GP) are used for maintenance policy selection. A case study in a benzene extraction unit of a chemical plant was done. The AHP results show that considering risk as a criterion, condition based maintenance (CBM) is a preferred policy over time-based maintenance (TBM) as CBM has better risk reduction capability than TBM. Similarly, considering cost as a criterion, corrective maintenance (CM) is preferred. However, considering both risk and cost as multiple criteria, the AHP–GP results show that CBM is a preferred approach for high-risk equipment and CM for low risk equipment.     

Modeling and application of risk assessment considering veto factors using fuzzy Petri nets

Risk assessment is important for plant safety, and fuzzy set theory is useful for such assessment because many risk factors have fuzzy characteristics. In this study, veto factors for risk assessment are taken into account. Weighted fuzzy Petri nets (WFPN) with inhibitor arcs are proposed to model relationships between risk factors and establish the risk assessment structure considering veto factors. Definitions of WFPNs as well as the enabling rule and execution rule are provided. The modeling approach for the assessment combining normal factors with veto items is discussed. The proposed fuzzy risk assessment approach is illustrated by an example of the assessment of production installations and process technology of plants that deal with hazardous chemicals. Veto factors and non-veto factors are presented and the assessment structure based on WFPNs is established. Using the factor data of a plant, an assessment value is obtained through the operation of WFPNs and the verification of the approach is discussed.     

The impact of risk tolerance,risk perception and hazardous attitude on safety operation among airline pilots in China

The present study integrates personality approach and social cognition approach to investigate the relationships between risk tolerance, risk perception, hazardous attitude and safety operation behavior in order to understand the mechanisms underlying pilots’ safety operation behavior in aviation. The study sample consisted of 118 commercial airline pilots from China Southern Airlines Ltd. The results show risk tolerance displays an indirect effect on safety operation behavior through influencing hazardous attitude; risk perception has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between risk tolerance and safety operation behavior. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the low risk tolerance primarily influences safety operation behavior indirectly through affecting hazardous attitude. With risk perception increasing, the negative effects of risk tolerance on safety operation behavior are gradually reduced. Practical implications for aviation safety campaigns are also discussed.     

安全屏障在蒸气云爆炸中的控制效果研究

为了研究安全屏障在蒸气云爆炸事故中的控制效果,运用蝴蝶结法、TNT当量法建立研究模式,计算安全屏障作用下的事故概率、分析事故后果,并结合风险矩阵从概率和后果方面评价其风险程度。以事故概率、风险程度为指标,表征、分析安全屏障的控制效果,并对较高、高风险提出控制措施。将该模式应用于实例分析,结果表明该企业的安全屏障可以降低事故的发生概率。但是由于后果严重度的影响,其风险程度仍处于较高水平,需要进一步加强安全措施。     

基于三角模糊数的HAZOP分析在石油化工装置中的应用

工艺危害分析强调运用系统的方法对危害进行辨识、分析,并采取必要的措施消除和减少危害。HAZOP分析能对工艺过程非常系统、全面的进行分析,但传统的HAZOP分析在量化风险时,对于偏差原因发生的可能性评价存在较大的主观性。本文对于没有统计资料的HAZOP分析偏差原因发生可能性,采用专家打分法,利用三角模糊数来表示其模糊发生概率。对于有统计资料的偏差原因,直接表示成三角模糊数。这种方法能够很好的表示HAZOP分析偏差发生概率。介绍了基于三角模糊数的HAZOP分析步骤,并在石油化工装置中进行了应用。这对HAZOP分析技术在石油化工装置中的推广具有重要意义。     

Definition of an airworthiness certification framework for civil unmanned aircraft systems

The development of effective safety regulations for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is an issue of paramount concern for industry. The development of this framework is a prerequisite for greater UAS access to civil airspace and, subsequently, the continued growth of the UAS industry. The direct use of the existing conventionally piloted aircraft (CPA) airworthiness certification framework for the regulation of UAS has a number of limitations. The objective of this paper is to present one possible approach for the structuring of airworthiness regulations for civilian UAS. The proposed approach facilitates a more systematic, objective and justifiable method for managing the spectrum of risk associated with the diversity of UAS and their potential operations. A risk matrix is used to guide the development of an airworthiness certification matrix (ACM). The ACM provides a structured categorisation that facilitates the future tailoring of regulations proportionate to the levels of risk associated with the operation of the UAS. As a result, an objective and traceable link may be established between mandated regulations and the overarching objective for an equivalent level of safety to CPA. The ACM also facilitates the systematic consideration of a range of technical and operational mitigation strategies. For these reasons, the ACM is proposed as a suitable method for the structuring of an airworthiness certification framework for civil or commercially operated UAS (i.e., the UAS equivalent in function to the Part 21 regulations for civil CPA) and for the further structuring of requirements on the operation of UAS in un-segregated airspace.     

Integrating lean principles and fuzzy bow-tie analysis for risk assessment in chemical industry

In this research, a framework combining lean manufacturing principles and fuzzy bow-tie analyses is used to assess process risks in chemical industry. Lean manufacturing tools and techniques are widely used for eliminating wastes in manufacturing environments. The five principles of lean (identify value, map the value stream, create flow, establish pull, and seek perfection) are utilized in the risk assessment process. Lean tools such as Fishbone Diagram, and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) are used for risk analysis and mitigation. Lean principles and tools are combined with bow-tie analysis for effective risk assessment process. The uncertainty inherent with the risks is handled using fuzzy logic principles. A case study from a chemical process industry is provided. Main risks and risk factors are identified and analyzed by the risk management team. Fuzzy estimates are obtained for the risk factors and bow-tie analysis is used to calculate the aggregated risk probability and impact. The risks are prioritized using risk priority matrix and mitigation strategies are selected based on FMEA. Results showed that the proposed framework can effectively improve the risk management process in the chemical industry.     

Risk assessment and land-use planning regulations in France following the AZF disaster

After the disaster of AZF plant in Toulouse on 21 September 2001 (31 people killed, 3000 injured and 3 billion dollars of damage), France adopted a new law relative to safety reports and land-use planning on 30 July 2003. This law asks for the investigation of all representative scenarios and the assessment of their probabilities to demonstrate the acceptable level of safety of an industrial facility. Therefore significant changes were introduced in the way of doing risk analysis in France and some difficulties were found for the implementation of a probabilistic approach.This paper presents the new approach of risk analysis established by the French Ministry of the Environment, and particularly focuses on:? the benefits and limits of the semi-quantitative probabilistic assessment method;? the benefits and difficulties to use a quantitative probabilistic assessment method;? some learning from the risk analysis approaches carried out in the nuclear industry;? some discussion about the national matrix to appreciate the gravity of human consequences from an accident outside facilities.