职业卫生监管与职业危害预防知识讲座(1)职业卫生工作与职业危害因素

1．什么是职业危害与职业危害因素？职业危害是指对从事职业活动的劳动者可能导致职业病的各种危害。职业危害因素包括：职业活动中存在的各种有害的化学、物理、生物因素,以及在作业过程中产生的其他职业性有害因素。     

The effect of first aid training on Australian construction workers' occupational health and safety motivation and risk control behavior

METHOD: A 24-week experiment was conducted to assess how first aid training affects the motivation of small business construction industry employees in avoiding occupational injuries and illnesses and its effect on their occupational health and safety behavior. A simplified multiple baseline design across workplace settings was used to evaluate the effects of first aid training. Participants' motivation to control occupational safety and health risks was explored during in-depth interviews before and after receipt of first aid training. Objective measurement of occupational safety and health behavior was conducted by a researcher directly observing the workplace before and after participants received first aid training. RESULTS: The observations at participants' worksites suggested that, for the most part, the first aid training had a positive effect on the occupational safety and health behavior of participants. First aid training appeared to reduce participants' "self--other" bias, making them more aware that their own experience of occupational safety and health risks is not beyond their control but that their own behavior is an important factor in the avoidance of occupational injury and illness. First aid training also appeared to reduce participants' willingness to accept prevailing levels of occupational safety and health risk and increase the perceived probability that they would suffer a work-related injury or illness. Participants expressed greater concern about taking risks at work after receiving first aid training. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: It appears that first aid training enhances participants' motivation to avoid occupational injuries and illnesses and improves their risk control behavior. The implications of this are that first aid training can have a positive preventive effect and could complement traditional occupational health and safety training programs. As such, there may be benefit in providing first aid training to all employees rather than limiting this training to a small number of designated "first aiders."     

大练兵 大阅兵——北京市安监局国庆安全保障工作回顾

从2008年北京奥运会,到新中国成立60周年国庆庆典,北京市安全监管队伍在保障首都的安全生产工作中,发挥了重要作用。特别是在国庆60周年庆典之际,北京市安监局作为国庆期间安全生产保障工作的牵头协调单位,在保障首都生产环境安全、有序、良好的同时,也对安全监管队伍进行了一次阅兵与练兵。北京市安监局局长张家明在2009年10月15日召开的“平安国庆”专题评选表彰大会上说：“在国庆安全保障工作中,北京市安监系统经受住了考验,     

解读GB/T 45001—2020

备受瞩目的GB/T 45001—2020/ISO 45001:2018《职业健康安全管理体系要求及使用指南》已于2020年3月6日由国家市场监督管理总局和国家标准化管理委员会联合发布,并同时在我国正式实施。该标准是对GB/T 28001—2011/OHSAS18001:2007《职业健康安全管理体系要求》和GB/T 28002—2011/OHSAS 18002:2008《职业健康安全管理体系实施指南》的修订。     

《安全鞋、防护鞋和职业鞋的选择、使用和维护》解读

安全鞋、防护鞋和职业鞋是避免或减轻工作人员在生产和工作中足（腿）部伤害的必要个体防护装备。AQ／T6108-2008《安全鞋、防护鞋和职业鞋的选择、使用和维护》标准,在帮助企业如何正确地选择、使用和维护安全鞋、防护鞋和职业鞋等专业鞋方面,给出了很好的指导。     

公共安全视角下的叠加风险解析

近年来,公共安全风险形态发生了重大变化。以往完全发生在公共场所群死群伤的重大事故明显减少,而发生在职业场所之内或附近的公共安全事故却明显增多,反映出一些地方和企业对职业安全与公共安全叠加而生的新风险认识不到位,管控不到位。安全发展的形势迫切要求我们必须从理念、内涵、评价等多维度进行深入研究。本文对公共安全在新时期内涵与形态的变化进行了再认识,对职业安全风险、公共安全风险以及两者叠加而成的新风险特征进行了分析。     

The field performance of frontal air bags: a review of the literature

This article presents a broad review of the literature on frontal air bag field performance, starting with the initial government and industry projections of effectiveness and concluding with the most recent assessments of depowered systems. This review includes as many relevant metrics as practicable, interprets the findings, and provides references so the interested reader can further evaluate the limitations, confounders, and utility of each metric. The evaluations presented here range from the very specific (individual case studies) to the general (statistical analyses of large databases). The metrics used to evaluate air bag performance include fatality reduction or increase; serious, moderate, and minor injury reduction or increase; harm reduction or increase; and cost analyses, including insurance costs and the cost of life years saved for various air bag systems and design philosophies. The review begins with the benefits of air bags. Fatality and injury reductions attributable to the air bag are presented. Next, the negative consequences of air bag deployment are described. Injuries to adults and children and the current trends in air bag injury rates are discussed, as are the few documented instances of inadvertent deployments or non-deployment in severe crashes. In the third section, an attempt is made to quantify the influence of the many confounding factors that affect air bag performance. The negative and positive characteristics of air bags are then put into perspective within the context of societal costs and benefits. Finally, some special topics, including risk homeostasis and the performance of face bags, are discussed.     

Electronic version of the encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety as a source of definitions

PROBLEM: Continuous progress in the occupational safety and health field, as well as social-economic development, generates a need for access to definitions. Definitions are usually scattered in many sources and not easy to find. Electronic documents give new opportunity to information access. METHOD: As an experiment, the feasibility of automatic full-text searching of definitions was examined using the Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, edited by the International Labour Organization (ILO), on CD-ROM. DISCUSSION: The results were compared with the traditional index search by subject, using the paper version of the encyclopedia. The automatic search appeared successful; about 100 definitions were excerpted the automatic way. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: As in most industries, finding accurate information is a necessity in the safety industry. The electronic document seems to be a powerful instrument as a source of definitions and can be quite easy to use by specialists as well as safety personnel in information processing.     

Perspectives on safety: The impact of group membership,work factors and trust on safety performance in UK and Norwegian drilling company employees

This study is anchored in a contractor company providing well services for platform drilling on the Norwegian (NCS) and the UK Continental Shelves (UKCS). The research project has as its point of departure the potential influences of group level characteristics, structural work factors, trust, and safety behaviour on safety performance. Do perceptions and performance differ across Shelves? Are “nomadic” groups or employees that have more unpredictable shift rotations more exposed to accidents than others? Is high trust and sound safety behaviour enhancing good safety performance? The results are based on questionnaire data from two samples of personnel distributed across three installations on the UKCS and nine on the NCS with a response rate of 67%: N = 170 (UKCS) and N = 621 (NCS). In addition, two focus group interviews were held in each country, with 15 participants in each. The results show that our model makes sense. Shelf shows a significant influence on safety performance in all but the final stage in our five-step logistic regression model, indicating that the effect may be mediated by safety compliance and safety participation. Installations and different work teams have different exposure and structural work factors matter significantly. Somewhat counter-intuitively, employees who have a “nomadic” status and who hold the least regular shift rotations appear to have a lower risk of being involved in incidents. High trust in workmates buffers against incident involvement and the same applies for high safety compliance. The results, challenges and implications for research and safety practitioners are discussed.     

文化铸魂谋赢机--记中国石化河南油田HSE文化建设

HSE管理体系是近些年石油石化系统从国外引进的健康、安全和环境管理标准体系,中国石化集团河南石油勘探局、中国石化股份有限公司河南油田分公司(本刊以下都简称"河南油田")2003年2月开始正式启动运行这一体系,在近3年的运行中,他们克服国外管理模式在中国本土经常出现的"水土不服"的困难,在河南油田这块土壤上,逐渐培育形成了具有自己特色的HSE文化,这一文化渗透于河南油田安全生产管理的方方面面,使得油田近两年安全生产状况明显好转.2004年,河南油田生产原油188万吨,在册职工3万多人,工业生产中事故千人死亡率、千人重伤率均为0.2005年度到目前为止,工业伤害事故千人死亡率、千人重伤率、交通千台车死亡率均为0,被中石化集团公司评为"安全生产先进单位".     

《废气治理环保项目劳动安全卫生设计专篇》编写要求

强调了劳动安全卫生设计的重要性,就《废气治理环保项目劳动安全卫生设计专篇》的编写方法进行了说明。指出了环保项目中常见的危险危害因素,并提出相应的防范技术措施。     

20世纪末至21世纪初欧洲21国国民的健康、劳动卫生与安全状况

重点介绍了英国、法国、德国、意大利、芬兰、瑞典、挪威、西班牙、瑞士和俄联邦等21个欧洲国家的国民健康水平，以及职业病和劳动安全状况。     

李毅中局长谈全国安全生产工作大格局

调查显示,两会期间,安全话题一直位居热点前列,社会各界对此进行了热烈的讨论。有关专家认为,2005年我国经济、社会发展将有诸多进步,同时面临着10大考验,重特大矿难不断发生,安全生产备受关注就是其中之一。     

为煤矿职业卫生监管提供科学依据——访国家安监总局统计司监察专员张宏波

为做好煤矿职业卫生工作,及时、准确统计煤矿职业卫生信息,掌握煤矿职业危害及其预防控制总体情况,为煤矿职业卫生监管监察提供科学依据,2009年12月11日,国家安全监管总局、国家煤矿安监局下发了《关于开展煤矿职业卫生情况调查工作的通知》.     

2006年美国"安全月"

一、活动主题美国国家安全委员会把每年的6月份确定为“全国安全月”,向全国公众宣传预防道路、家庭、社区和工作场所伤害事故的建议和措施。美国国家安全委员会在健康和安全领域已有90多年的工作经验,是保护国民生命、促进国民健康的非赢利、非政府组织,“全国安全月”已成为其组织的一个标志性活动。2006年6月,美国国家安全委员会将在全国举行第10届“全国安全月”活动,主题是“使我们的世界变得更安全”。这个主题也反映了美国国家安全委员会的使命,即:通过教育使人们在日常生活的各方面保持安全、健康的习惯和行为,以预防伤害和死亡事故…     

Workers' active involvement in the improvement of occupational safety and health in a textile enterprise--a case study.

Part of the Polish-Swedish OSHMAN project was carried out in a textile company. It aimed at implementing and improving effective health and safety management with workers' active involvement at all levels of the enterprise. The two main problems to be solved during the project were decreasing occupational risk and improving workers' poor knowledge on occupational risk. Training courses, workshops and practical activities were undertaken. As expected, there were changes in work organisation and improvement in the way workstations were looked after, which led to a decrease in occupational risk. Workers were highly committed during the project. Nevertheless it seems that more training should be directed at middle management.     

The contribution of qualitative analyses of occupational health and safety interventions: An example through a study of external advisory interventions

With this study, we endeavoured to develop a model to explain both the processes leading to preventive-based changes during occupational health and safety interventions performed by external advisors, and the effect of the workplace context on these interventions and on the implementation of change proposals. The study concerns seven interventions carried out by advisors from four joint occupational health and safety sector-based associations. This longitudinal study entailed observing external advisor/workplace actors interactions and various interviews with the advisor and workplace actors. Each proposal for change was followed to see if it would be accepted, modified, and implemented or not. The research strategy and results presented herein illustrate the potential explanatory value of a qualitative, longitudinal study. For this purpose, we extracted six methodological principles from the eight criteria (further broken down into 17 questions) set forth in an article by Shannon et al. [Shannon, H.S., Robson, L.S., Guastello, S.J., 1999. Methodological criteria for evaluating safety intervention research. Safety Science 31, 161–179]. This article was chosen for its explicit, succinct presentation of a series of methodological criteria, some of which have been cited by other authors. The principles we selected are those that qualitative research could particularly be useful in attaining, among all the criteria defined by Shannon et al. (1999). The study results illustrate how a qualitative intra- and inter-case study could contribute to fulfillment of each selected principle, and towards a better understanding of the conditions for preventive intervention effectiveness.     

善后--昂贵的事故成本--鹤岗7·8矿难善后成本剖析

本来,政府、企业和工人应当是一个利益的共同体,安全生产则是维系三者利益的平衡点。在这个平面中,靠“平衡点”的支撑,企业有钱可赚,工人有业可就,政府有税可收。一旦这个“平衡点”垮了,出现南丹、繁峙和鹤岗这样重大的矿难,政府、企业和工人谁也不可能不受损失。既然如此,我们有必要对“安全成本”做一番审视。     

七洲竞风流沙场秋点兵——图记第5届国际矿山救援技术竞赛

2006年9月14日，第5届国际矿山救援技术竞赛在中国河南省平顶山市拉开帷幕。