贵、重金属的生物吸附

采矿业和工业废水中常含有大量的重金属离子 ,严重污染环境 ,危害人类健康 .因此 ,治理重金属污染的技术受到极大重视 .贵金属是指钌 (Ｒｕ)、铑 (Ｒｈ)、钯 (Ｐｄ)、银 (Ａｇ)、锇 (Ｏｓ)、铱(Ｉｒ)、铂 (Ｐｔ)、金 (Ａｕ)等 8种金属 ,由于其特殊性能 ,广泛应用于航天航空、电子和石油化工等工业 .随着工业的发展 ,贵金属的应用愈加广泛 ,但贵金属资源稀少 ,冶炼困难 .因此 ,从含贵金属的废料、废液和废水等“二次资源”中回收贵金属具有重要的经济和社会意义 .从废液、废水中去除重金属或回收贵金属 ,传统的方法有化学沉淀法、电解法、离…     

硫杆菌浸出废旧MH/Ni电池中重金属研究

生物淋滤法具有对环境友好、反应温和、运行成本低等优点,近年来主要用于回收难浸提矿石中有用金属及城市污泥有毒重金属脱除。应用氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌对废旧MH/Ni电池电极材料中重金属进行了生物淋滤处理可行性及工艺技术研究,考查了初始pH值、电极材料投加量、温度及底物单质硫添加量对金属Ni、Co浸出率的影响。试验结果表明:硫杆菌可以浸出电极材料中的重金属Ni和Co,初始pH值及温度对生物淋滤过程金属Ni、Co浸出率影响显著。在初始pH值1.0、电极材料质量分数为1.0%、温度30℃、底物单质硫质量浓度为4.0g·L-1条件下,经过20d生物淋滤,废旧MH/Ni电池中金属Ni和Co浸出率分别为95.7%和72.4%。     

废旧轮胎回收利用行业循环经济评价指标体系

废旧轮胎是具有高再生价值的产品类废弃物,具备环境污染潜在性和资源性的双重性质。充分回收利用废旧轮胎既能缓解橡胶资源紧缺,又能解决废旧轮胎的环境污染问题。在调研的基础上,分析了我国废旧轮胎回收利用体系;初步构建了废旧轮胎回收利用行业循环经济评价指标体系,阐明了评价指标的含义,确定了评价的方法,并针对行业统计工作提出建议。     

废弃日用品塑料中多溴联苯醚浸出特征及地下水健康风险

选择典型废弃日用品塑料,对特征处置场景下其PBDEs的浸出特征及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,日用品塑料在硫酸/硝酸、醋酸和腐殖酸溶液中达到溶出平衡时,∑21PBDEs释放量分别为20.00、63.65、125.60μg·kg-1,均以BDE209为主.进入生活垃圾填埋场的释放量高于堆存和简易填埋过程,在最不利条件下距填埋场下游500 m处地下水中PBDEs最大浓度为39.67μg·L-1,居民饮用地下水产生的非致癌风险指数为2.11×10-1,其中十溴代物(BDE209)的非致癌风险指数为1.85×10-1,均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.0),表明废旧日用品塑料可进入生活垃圾填埋场处置.     

典型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属分布特征、来源及风险评价

为探讨典型危险废物处置企业周边表层土壤重金属的分布特征和污染来源，以上海市4种典型危险废物处置利用企业周边土壤为研究对象，采集并检测表层土壤中7种重金属（Pb、Hg、Cd、Ni、Sb、Cu、As）的含量.运用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属污染特征，采用多元统计方法分析重金属来源.结果表明，研究区域土壤中Cu、Pb和Cd存在不同程度的累积，且Cd的累积程度最大；4种类型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属整体上处于轻度污染水平，但填埋焚烧复合处置和危废回收处置企业周边分别有11%和10%的点位达重度污染等级.潜在生态风险评价结果显示，研究区域7种重金属的综合潜在风险指数均值为118.84，其中Cd和Hg的贡献率最高，危废回收利用处置企业周边土壤潜在生态风险程度最高，其次为填埋焚烧复合处置企业，应予以重视.     

湿疹喷雾剂提取方法的研究

目的对湿疹喷雾剂提取方法进行优选,以保证制剂质量达到标准.方法选择渗漉法、回流法、浸渍法、超声法研究方中徐长卿、黄芩、紫草等六味药材的最优提取方法,并运用正交设计试验法优选工艺条件,采用高效液相色谱法测定方中丹皮酚、黄芩苷的含量,以此作为评价工艺的指标.结果回流法提取徐长卿、黄芩等五味药材最优工艺条件为:不浸泡,加醇量6倍、4倍,回流时间60、40 min,黄芩苷、丹皮酚浸出量分别可达401.86、97.93 mg,而渗漉法的最优工艺条件为:粉碎度20目,渗漉速度3 mL/min,浸渍时间24 h,加醇量为10倍,黄芩苷、丹皮酚浸出量分别可达332.04、92.27 mg.紫草单独用超声法提取,40 min时吸光值最大,为0.676;而用浸渍法则需36 h吸光值才达到最大,为0.492.结论徐长卿、黄芩等五味药材采用回流法较渗漉法提取效率高,紫草采用超声法较浸渍法提取效率高.表9,参5     

肉类加工厂的环境实践：新西兰经验

评论了新西兰肉类加工业的演变,尤其与环境影响有关的演变.尽管在废物削减、副产物回收和加工方面取得很大进展,但肉类加工继续产生大量废物.因此,有颇多的废物削减机会存在.与环境有关的程序和标准,受到国际上对成本-有效性的需要、国家法规以及进口国法规达标的需要、和各种各样商业质量要求影响.按照新法规,要求新西兰肉类加工者编制并实施风险管理计划.     

肉类加工厂的环境实践:新西兰经验

评论了新西兰肉类加工业的演变 ,尤其与环境影响有关的演变 .尽管在废物削减、副产物回收和加工方面取得很大进展 ,但肉类加工继续产生大量废物 .因此 ,有颇多的废物削减机会存在 .与环境有关的程序和标准 ,受到国际上对成本 -有效性的需要、国家法规以及进口国法规达标的需要、和各种各样商业质量要求影响 .按照新法规 ,要求新西兰肉类加工者编制并实施风险管理计划 .     

肉类加工厂的环境实践：新西兰经验

评论了新西兰肉类加工业的演变,尤其与环境影响有关的演变.尽管在废物削减、副产物回收和加工方面取得很大进展,但肉类加工继续产生大量废物.因此,有颇多的废物削减机会存在.与环境有关的程序和标准,受到国际上对成本-有效性的需要、国家法规以及进口国法规达标的需要、和各种各样商业质量要求影响.按照新法规,要求新西兰肉类加工者编制并实施风险管理计划.     

五乙烯六胺改性柿单宁金属吸附剂对Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附回收

为提高柿单宁金属吸附剂对贵金属Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力,采用五乙烯六胺(PEHA)改性柿粉甲醛树脂(PPFR),获得新型柿单宁金属吸附剂PH-PPFR.通过静态吸附、动态吸附以及SEM、FTIR、XRD和XPS等表征手段探讨其对Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附效应.结果表明,不同酸性溶液中改性后PH-PPFR对Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附量均显著高于未改性PPFR,PH-PPFR在盐酸浓度高达4.0 mol·L~(-1)的条件下仍有较强吸附能力.PH-PPFR对Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程符合拟二级吸附动力学过程;等温线数据对Langmuir模型线性拟合系数R~2均达到0.999,理论吸附最大值为263.16 mg·g~(-1).模拟线路板含钯液柱吸附-解吸附结果显示PH-PPFR对Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附具有极高的选择性,吸附后的Pd(Ⅱ)很容易被酸性硫脲洗脱.结合表征分析,推测吸附机理主要为表面螯合和氧化还原反应,同时受到阴离子交换反应及静电作用的影响,胺基基团和酚羟基为主要参与官能团.PH-PPFR制备方法简单、易行,对Pd(Ⅱ)表现出高吸附容量和选择吸附性,可实现盐酸体系下对电子废物酸浸液中贵金属Pd(Ⅱ)的高效富集和分离.     

Non-toxic,high selectivity process for the extraction of precious metals from waste printed circuit boards

● Au, Ag and Pd were recovered from WPCBs with high efficiencies. ● Au leaching is strictly dependent on WPCB size and reagent concentration. ● High Ag extraction efficiencies are achieved regardless of the WPCB size. ● Pd leaching works better with small and medium WPCB sizes. ● The leaching results suggest the possibility of selective recovery of metals. The work presented here focused on the extraction of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and palladium (Pd) from electronic waste using a solution of ammonium thiosulfate. Thiosulfate was used as a valid alternative to cyanide for precious metal extractions, due to its non-toxicity and high selectivity. The interactions between sodium thiosulfate, total ammonia/ammonium, precious metal concentrations and the particle size of the waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were studied by the response surface methodology (RSM) and the principal component analysis (PCA) to maximize precious metal mobilization. Au extraction reached a high efficiency with a granulometry of less than 0.25 mm, but the consumption of reagents was high. On the other hand, Ag extraction depended neither on thiosulfate/ammonia concentration nor granulometry of WPCBs and it showed efficiency of 90% also with the biggest particle size (0.50 < Ø < 1.00 mm). Pd extraction, similarly to Au, showed the best efficiency with the smallest and the medium WPCB sizes, but required less reagents compared to Au. The results showed that precious metal leaching is a complex process (mainly for Au, which requires more severe conditions in order to achieve high extraction efficiencies) correlated with reagent concentrations, precious metal concentrations and WPCB particle sizes. These results have great potentiality, suggesting the possibility of a more selective recovery of precious metals based on the different granulometry of the WPCBs. Furthermore, the high extraction efficiencies obtained for all the metals bode well in the perspective of large-scale applications.     

A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy

Currently, increasing amounts of end-of-life (EoL) electronic products are being generated due to their reduced life spans and the unavailability of suitable recycling technologies. In particular, waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become of global concern with regard to environmental issues because of their high metal and toxic material contents, which are pollutants. There are many environmental threats owed to the disposal of electronic waste; off-gasses, such as dioxins, furans, polybrominated organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can be generated during thermal treatments, which can cause serious health problems if effective off-gas cleaning systems are not developed and improved. Moreover, heavy metals will dissolve, and release into the ground water from the landfill sites. Such waste PCBs contain precious metals which are of monetary value. Therefore, it is beneficial to recover the metal content and protect the environment from pollution. Hydrometallurgy is a successful technique used worldwide for the recovery of precious metals (especially gold and silver) from ores, concentrates, and waste materials. It is generally preferred over other methods because it can offer high recovery rates at a relatively low cost. This article reviews the recent trends and developments with regard to the recycling of precious metals from waste PCBs through hydrometallurgical techniques, such as leaching and recovery.

Open image in new window

     

High copper recovery from scrap printed circuit boards using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium hydroxide treatment

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Recycling scrap printed circuit boards for recovery of valuable metal resources is a major environmental issue. Most available disposal technologies are not...     

Self-catalytic pyrolysis thermodynamics of waste printed circuit boards with co-existing metals

● The co-existing metals in WPCBs has positive catalytic influence in pyrolysis. ● Cu, Fe, Ni can promote reaction progress and reduce the apparent activation energy. ● Ni play better role in promoting WPCB pyrolysis reaction. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are generated increasingly recent years with the rapid replacement of electric and electronic products. Pyrolysis is considered to be a potential environmentally-friendly technology for recovering organic and metal resources from WPCBs. Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic analysis of WPCBs were carried out in this study. It showed that the co-existing metals (Cu, Fe, Ni) in WPCBs have positive self-catalytic influence during the pyrolysis process. To illustrate their catalytic effects, the apparent activation energy was calculated by differential model. Contributions of different reactions during catalytic pyrolysis process was studied and the mechanism function was obtained by Šesták-Berggren model. The results showed that Cu, Fe, Ni can promote the reaction progress and reduce the apparent activation energy. Among the three metals, Ni plays better catalytic role than Cu, then Fe. This work provides theoretical base for understanding the three metals’ catalytic influence during the pyrolysis of non-metal powders in WPCBs.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

Physico-chemical characteristics of fine fraction materials from an old crystal glass dumpsite in Sweden

Physico-chemical characteristics of waste, particularly fine fraction (FF), from an old crystal glass waste dump in Sweden were studied to assess recycling or disposal alternatives. Hand-sorting of the waste indicated glass content of 44.1% while sieving established the FF as a more soil-like mix of glass and other materials constituting 33.3% of all excavated waste. The FF was around neutral pH with 24.4% moisture content, low values of Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Organic Carbon and fluorides, but hazardous concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. While the FF leached metals in low concentrations at neutral pH, it leached considerably during digestion with nitric acid, implying leaching risks at low pH. Thus, the waste requires safe storage in hazardous waste class ‘bank account’ storage cells to avoid environmental contamination as metal recovery and other recycling strategies for the glass waste are being developed. The study could fill the information gap regarding preservation of potential resources in the on-going, fast-paced excavation and re-landfilling of heavy metal contaminated materials in the region.     

Hazardous waste management in educational and research centers: a case study

The hazardous waste management (HWM) practice at Tehran University of Medical Sciences Central Campus, Iran, was investigated in this study. Four schools were selected and the required information such as type and amount of wastes, temporary storage methods, waste discharge frequency, and final waste disposal methods using sampling, questionnaires, interviews with laboratory staff, and reference to available documents were gathered. The quantity of hazardous waste generation per year excluding the uncontrolled wastewater was found to be 2.072 tons per year. The obtained results show that wastes having features of being infectious, toxic, ignitable, carcinogenic, corrosive, and reactive were present at 32%, 28%, 16%, 14%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. In the central campus, hazardous solid wastes managed with household solid wastes and hazardous liquid waste were discharged into the sinks without any kind of control; improper HWM practices are evident from the point of waste production to final disposal.     

Recovery of rare and precious metals from urban mines—A review

Urban mining is essential for continued natural resource extraction. The recovery of rare and precious metals (RPMs) from urban mines has attracted increasing attention from both academic and industrial sectors, because of the broad application and high price of RPMs, and their low content in natural ores. This study summarizes the distribution characteristics of various RPMs in urban mines, and the advantages and shortcomings of various technologies for RPM recovery from urban mines, including both conventional (pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical processing), and emerging (electrochemical, supercritical fluid, mechanochemical, and ionic liquids processing) technologies. Mechanical/physical technologies are commonly employed to separate RPMs from nonmetallic components in a pre-treatment process. A pyrometallurgical process is often used for RPM recovery, although the expensive equipment required has limited its use in small and medium-sized enterprises. Hydrometallurgical processing is effective and easy to operate, with high selectivity of target metals and high recovery efficiency of RPMs, compared to pyrometallurgy. Biometallurgy, though, has shown the most promise for leaching RPMs from urban mines, because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. Newly developed technologies—electrochemical, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and mechanochemical—have offered new choices and achieved some success in laboratory experiments, especially as efficient and environmentally friendly methods of recycling RPMs. With continuing advances in science and technology, more technologies will no doubt be developed in this field, and be able to contribute to the sustainability of RPM mining.

Open image in new window

     

Thermal cracking of waste printed wiring boards for mechanical recycling by using residual steam preprocessing

Mechanical waste-processing methods, which combine crushing and separation processes for the recovery of valuable materials, have been widely applied in waste printed wiring board (PWB) treatment. However, both the high impact toughness and the tensile and flexural strengths of whole PWB with a laminated structure result in great energy consumption and severe abrasion of the cutters during multi-level crushing. In addition, the high temperatures occurring in continual crushing probably cause the decomposition of the polymer matrix. A thermal-crack method using residual steam as the heating medium has been developed to pre-treat waste PWBs. This treatment reduces the mechanical strength in order to improve the recovery rate of valuable materials in subsequent mechanical recycling. The changes of the PWBs’ macro-mechanical properties were studied to evaluate thermal expansion impacts associated with changes in temperature, and the dynamic dislocation micro-structures were observed to identify the fracture mechanism. The results showed that thermal cracking with steam at the temperature of 500 K can effectively attenuate the mechanical properties of waste PWBs, by reducing the impact, tensile and flexural strengths respectively, by 59.2%, 49.3% and 51.4%, compared to untreated PWB. Thermal expansion can also facilitate the separation of copper from glass fiber by reducing peel resistance by 95.4% at 500 K. It was revealed that the flexural fracture was a transverse cracking caused by concentrated stress when the heating temperature was less than 500 K, and shifted to a vertical cracking after exceeding 500 K.     

Enhanced bioleaching of copper from circuit boards of computer waste by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Computer circuit boards are a major electronic waste containing higher concentrations of copper, gold and silver. These metals may be recovered by bioleaching, an...