Characteristics of worker accidents on NYSDOT construction projects

INTRODUCTION: This paper aims at providing cost-effective safety measures to protect construction workers in highway work zones, based on real data. Two types of accidents that occur in work zones were: (a) construction work area accidents, and (b) traffic accidents involving construction worker(s). METHODOLOGY/RESULTS: A detailed analysis of work zone accidents involving 36 fatalities and 3,055 severe injuries to construction workers on New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) construction projects from 1990 to 2001 established that five accident types: (a) Struck/Pinned by Large Equipment, (b) Trip or Fall (elevated), (c) Contact w/Electrical or Gas Utility, (d) Struck-by Moving/Falling Load, and (e) Crane/Lift Device Failure accounted for nearly 96% of the fatal accidents, nearly 63% of the hospital-level injury accidents, and nearly 91% of the total costs. These construction work area accidents had a total cost of $133.8 million. Traffic accidents that involve contractors' employees were also examined. Statistical analyses of the traffic accidents established that five traffic accident types: (a) Work Space Intrusion, (b) Worker Struck-by Vehicle Inside Work Space, (c) Flagger Struck-by Vehicle, (d) Worker Struck-by Vehicle Entering/Exiting Work Space, and (e) Construction Equipment Struck-by Vehicle Inside Work Space accounted for nearly 86% of the fatal, nearly 70% of the hospital-level injury and minor injury traffic accidents, and $45.4 million (79.4%) of the total traffic accident costs. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this paper provide real statistics on construction worker related accidents reported on construction work zones. Potential preventions based on real statistics have also been suggested. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The ranking of accident types, both within the work area as well as in traffic, will guide the heavy highway contractor and owner agencies in identifying the most cost effective safety preventions.     

Worker safety and injury severity analysis of earthmoving equipment accidents

Introduction: Research on construction worker safety associated with construction equipment has mostly focused on accident type rather than injury severity and the embedded factor relationships. Significant variables and their effects on the degree of injury are examined for earthmoving equipment using data from OSHA. Four types of equipment, backhoe, bulldozer, excavator, and scraper are included in the study. Accidents involving on-foot workers and equipment operators are investigated collectively, as well as separately. Methods: Cross tabulation analysis was conducted to establish the associations between selected categorical variables, using degree of injury as a dichotomous dependent variable (fatal vs. nonfatal) and a number of independent variables having different values. Odds ratios were calculated to determine how much a certain variable/factor increases the odds of fatality in an accident, and the odds ratios were ranked to determine the relative impact of a given factor. Results: It was found that twelve variables were significantly associated with injury severity. Rankings based on odds ratios showed that inadequate safety training (2.54), missing equipment protective system (2.38), being a non-union worker (2.26), being an equipment operator (1.93), and being on or around inadequately maintained equipment (1.58) produced higher odds for fatality. Conclusion: A majority of the earthmoving equipment accidents resulted in fatality. Backhoes were the most common equipment involved in accidents and fatalities. Struck-by accidents were the most prevalent and most fatal. Non-OSHA compliant safety training, missing seatbelt, operator not using seatbelt, malfunctioning back-up alarms, and poorly maintained equipment were factors contributing to accidents and fatalities. On-foot workers experienced a higher number of accidents than operators, while fatality odds were higher for the operators. Practical applications: Safety professionals should benefit from our findings in planning and delivering training and providing oversight to workers in earthmoving equipment operations.     

施工中人因差错调查

人因差错是造成建筑工程施工事故的主要原因之一。目前国内建筑行业由于实际施工操作人员大多是农民工,对他们的技术培训常常是不够的,再加上部分施工企业管理水平较低,造成在施工中人因差错屡屡发生。要研究施工中人因差错发生的规律及其影响,首先必须对施工中的人因差错进行有效的调查。在重点介绍直接调查法和问卷调查法的含义、操作要点、优缺点与相应措施的基础上,笔者通过案例分析,探讨了在实际调查工作中如何有效地运用这些调查方法,获得人因差错真实准确的数据资料,为研究施工中人因差错发生的规律及其影响打好基础。最后以调查得到的混凝土施工中人因差错发生与影响的一些规律为依据,笔者提出了有关人因差错建模的建议。     

施工人员安全能力模型研究

在能力定义及能力模型文献综述的基础上,结合建筑业的实际,给出施工人员安全能力定义及其内涵,认为施工人员所表现出来的安全能力是安全能力任务与其内在特质相互匹配的结果;剖析安全能力与不安全行为及事故之间的关系,得出安全能力的匮乏必然导致施工人员作出不安全行为进而导致事故的发生。根据上述研究,结合建筑施工安全影响因素,提出并建立了施工人员安全能力模型。依据美国OSHA安全事故数据库中记录的一个高处坠落事故案例,应用该模型分析施工人员所表现出来的安全能力,从实践角度理解施工人员安全能力。此外,提出施工人员安全能力研究中一些有待思考和探索的问题。     

基于改进的YOLOv4安全帽佩戴检测研究

为了加强建筑工人佩戴安全帽情况的检测,防止安全事故的发生,提出1种改进的轻量级YOLOv4安全帽佩戴检测算法,用于运行在移动设备端,降低现场部署的条件;制作1个8 000幅图像的数据集,用于训练和评估安全帽检测算法;为了评估改进的YOLOv4的性能,从5个不同建筑工地采集到600张施工人员图像和60条施工视频作为验证集;根据建筑工地不同的视觉条件对图像进行分类,用于验证本文算法在不同外界环境下的性能。结果表明:改进后的模型检测速度是YOLOv4的3.4倍,可用于实时检测施工人员在不同施工现场条件下是否佩戴安全帽的情况,有利于提高安全检查和监督水平。     

建筑施工起重机械事故一线作业人员不安全动作规律研究

为有效预防建筑施工起重机械事故,笔者将建筑起重机械一线作业人员按工种分为设备驾驶员、现场施工人员、安拆维修工和信号司索工4种。以行为安全“2-4”模型作为分析工具,对70起建筑施工起重机械事故样本中各类人员不安全动作进行分析。结果表明:建筑施工起重机械事故一线作业人员发出不安全动作196次,其中设备驾驶员发出不安全动作29次,占比41.43%,安拆维修工、信号司索工、现场施工人员分别发出不安全动作18、14和9次,占比分别为25.71%、20%和12.86%。一线作业人员常见的不安全动作是擅自拆除或起吊、未佩戴劳动防护用品、作业现场环境误判断、违反安全操作规程、资质不足作业,其中资质不足作业、违反安全操作规程和作业现场环境误判断发生频次最高。     

基于深度学习的复杂作业场景下安全帽识别研究

为有效预防由于个人防护缺失所造成的事故,着力探究复杂作业情况下施工人员安全帽佩戴情况的智能化识别.提出在Faster R-CNN目标检测算法的基础上,针对小目标的安全帽识别问题通过增加锚点提升检测能力,为解决数据集中类别不平衡问题采用Focal loss替代原本的损失函数,为解决安全帽预测区域不匹配问题,引入ROI A...     

公路施工安全事故的影响因素重要度评价实证研究

针对公路施工过程中施工事故频发、监管重点难以把握的现状,建立公路施工安全事故影响因素重要度评价模型。选取2002—2007年发生的43起公路施工安全事故为样本数据,基于对公路施工安全事故的分析,认为公路施工安全事故的发生,受到施工人员、施工器材、环境风险和管理4个方面的共同影响,通过拆分、合并、剔除3个过程筛选出11种引发公路施工安全事故的影响因素;应用灰色关联度分析,进行影响因素的重要度评价,结果将11个影响因素划分为4个重要度水平。根据公路施工安全事故影响因素的重要度评价结果,制定预控措施以使公路施工事故的灾害损失减少到最低。     

石化企业安全文化建设

随着国企改制的不断深化,安全管理显现出许多薄弱环节,尤其是在能源勘探开发过程中发生的重特大事故,不断给安全生产发出了黄牌警告.近年来,多种因素导致员工"三违",造成恶性事故不断,其原因是由于企业缺乏安全文化氛围和员工缺乏必要的自我安全保护意识,盲目蛮干导致事故高发.因此,加强企业安全文化建设是提高全员安全意识的一种行之有效的方法,并可以进一步促进和提高员工的自我安全保护意识和安全技术素质.本文阐述了企业安全文化建设在新形势下的重要意义,并针对石化企业开展安全文化建设提出几点建议.     

某市辖区建筑施工死亡事故统计分析及对策

以某市安监局2001-2009年之间查处的工矿商贸类死亡事故统计数据为基础,根据系统工程的原理,应用数理统计的方法,用统计图显示出该市的安全生产状况;并着重对建筑施工死亡事故的事故类型、事故原因、施工工程承包形式以及死亡人员的用工形式等进行详细的统计分析,展现出该市建筑行业的安全状况。可以看出,该市近几年安全生产形势严峻,死亡事故数及死亡人数都呈上升趋势。建筑行业传统的＂五大伤害＂仍然是该市建筑施工死亡事故的主要类别,建筑施工项目分包以及农民工的安全管理势在必行。最后分析该市建筑施工安全生产中存在的主要问题,并从政府宏观监管和企业管理角度对该市的建筑施工安全管理提出相应对策和建议。     

Fatal accidents in Swedish farming and forestry, 1988–1997

It has long been acknowledged that farm work is associated with accident risks. In this investigation it has been determined how these risks have changed over the past 10-year period, and how different factors have affected the risk pattern. All the registered accidents forming the basis for this study (ISA, The Occupational Safety and Health Administration) were supplemented with information obtained from the Labor Inspectorate, police, Occupational Health Services, and in many cases, persons from the district having information about the accident. The number of fatal accidents occurring at work is decreasing in Sweden and in many other countries. This, however, is not true for Swedish farm and forestry operations. The frequency of fatal accidents is 11.6 per year per 100,000 persons among those with farming as a main occupation, and 13.6 among those with forestry as a main occupation, and the trend appears to be on the increase. In addition, a number of farmers, persons with other occupations, or senior citizens (mostly retired farmers) also meet with fatal accidents, primarily in forestry. Access or membership in occupational health schemes was lower than expected among the victims. Even among the employed forestry workers, only a minority had access. More than half of the accidents were due to either the victim or a fellow worker not following generally known rules or recommendations.     

公路工程施工安全事故致因模型构建

为了探究公路施工安全事故诱因及其影响关系,基于"4M"理论和事故致因"2-4"模型,识别公路工程施工安全事故致因因素并确定模型框架,运用SPSS Modeler软件对2007~2017年426起事故进行关联规则挖掘,采取路径分析与重要度分析,构建出公路工程施工安全事故致因模型。结果表明:施工单位内外部原因共同引发公路工程施工安全事故,外部原因来源于建设单位、监理单位和勘察设计单位的安全管理缺失,而施工单位内部影响因素中,人的不安全动作、物的不安全因素、不良的生产环境和自然环境是事故发生的直接原因,无效的安全监管和作业层安全素质及能力不强是间接原因,根本原因是施工程序和技术方案存在缺陷,根源原因是决策层和管理层的安全素质及能力有待提高。该模型系统展现了工程施工项目安全事故致因因素的影响关系和重要程度,为公路工程施工安全事故预防提供指导。     

高处坠落事故的人因失误与干预策略研究

为系统分析导致高处坠落人因事故的产生机理,通过统计152起建筑工程高处坠落事故的调查与分析报告,从组织影响、安全监管、不安全行为前提条件和不安全行为等4个层次,辨识影响高处坠落事故的人为失误因素,修订人为因素分析与分类系统框架（HFACS）。设计高处坠落人因失误调查问卷,开展一线高处作业人员问卷调查,建立高处坠落人因失误结构方程模型,对导致高处坠落事故的人为失误因素进行路径分析。结果表明:各潜在因素间均呈正相关,且高处坠落人因失误事故的关键路径为资源管理不到位→安全监督培训不充分→班组管理不良→操作违规。综合各因素间相关性,提出了针对性的预防高处坠落事故的人因干预策略。     

Small enterprise owners’ accident causation attribution and prevention

Small enterprises have difficulty in the systematic prevention of accidents. This study explores how owners of small enterprises attribute accident causation and what they learn about accident prevention after an accident. Interviews were carried out with owners of 22 small (1–19 employees) construction and metal industry enterprises that recently had reported an accident with an expected injury absence of over two weeks. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results reveal that after a relatively serious accident the owners predominantly attribute the incident to unforeseeable circumstances, and secondarily to worker faults. A possible explanation is both self- and group-defensive attributions in order to avoid responsibility and blame. The reciprocal and close social relations between owners and workers make it difficult for the owners to be solely responsible for the accident. The study presents a paradox: learning from the accidents seems to be negative as the owners need to abstain from accident prevention in order to maintain that accidents are unforeseeable, and the injured worker returns to work under the same unsafe conditions as before the accident. The study indicates that efforts to improve accident prevention in small enterprises need to find ways to avoid defensive attribution in order to attain successful outcomes.     

基于VR的地铁基坑施工安全教育系统设计与应用*

为解决地铁基坑施工事故应急演练存在的实际操作困难、场景复杂、成本高等问题,采用多人虚拟现实（VR）技术开发的地铁基坑施工安全教育系统,使受训人员可以身临其境地体验地铁基坑施工过程中常出现的典型安全事故（触电、物体打击、高空坠落、基坑坍塌）,以满足演练需求。每个系统场景由多个环节组成,解决地铁基坑跨度大造成的场景数据庞大问题,并采用UE4级联粒子系统来实现复杂粒子动态变化,运用物理引擎PhysX来简化碰撞模型。同时,系统采用分角色互动演练,以培养施工员之间的协同性。结果表明:系统模拟符合实际地铁基坑施工事故应急演练要求,具有较高体验感和互动性,可快速提升施工员的安全意识和应急能力。     

集合智能安全帽的建筑工人施工安全行为绩效考核及激励机制

为实时监控现场工人不安全行为，有效降低建筑事故发生率，实现主动的安全与组织管理模式，结合基于智能安全帽的施工人员不安全行为监测与管理系统，构建了工人安全行为绩效考核模型并设计激励机制。通过在温银施工项目的应用，进行了现场工人安全行为绩效的横向与纵向对比。研究结果表明:依据现场行为进行监控和绩效考核能够有效地改善工人的安全行为，有助于形成施工现场的安全生产竞争氛围，有助于建筑工地的安全管理。     

LEC-M法在升船机施工安全评价中的应用

在升船机施工过程中,由于建筑物多为高坝垂直型,致使上下施工、内外施工和不同性质的施工同时进行,增加了作业条件的危险性,这给升船机施工中的安全管理带来很大困难.以升船机施工为出发点,分析升船机施工中的作业单元流程.按照事故分类的标准,将升船机施工的危险源按照高处坠落、物体打击、垮塌三类事故进行风险辨识.运用LEC-M法确定升船机施工各类危险源的安全风险等级评价,依据危险源评价所涉及到的具体条款,提出降低危险源风险的有效措施.该方法在三峡升船机筒体工程上得到具体应用,并取得良好效果.     

基于GM(1,1) Markov的危化品道路运输事故与交通事故预测及关系研究

为准确预测我国危化品道路运输及交通2类事故数量趋势,探究其内在联系,在单一的灰色GM（1,1）模型基础上与马尔科夫过程组合形成灰色GM（1,1）—马尔科夫预测模型,以2013—2017年2类事故数量的原始序列探讨了该组合预测模型的实际应用,采取平均相对误差、均方差比值、小误差概率对模型进行精度检验。研究结果表明:在组合预测模型较优情况的研究中,2类事故数量历年来波动性相似,因危险化学品自身的性质、包装和装卸使得2类事故量变化频率存在偏差;2018—2019年的危化品道路运输事故分别为485起和480起,交通事故分别为225 294起和234 454起。     

基于灰色系统理论的煤矿人因事故关键因素分析

通过对煤矿人因失误事故致因因素进行分析,统计出相关的关键影响因素,运用灰色系统关联理论,根据国家安监局近十年煤矿事故统计数据,对煤矿人因失误事故影响类型进行了分析。以煤矿事故发生起数和事故死亡人数作为参考指标,计算和分析行为失误致因、个人违章、组织管理失误等十项主要与煤矿人因事故相关的灰色关联度,进而推算出这些因素的灰色关联序,确定出导致煤矿人因失误事故的关键因素,最终得到煤矿人因事故与关键影响因素之间的定量化分析结果。采用灰色关联理论对煤矿人因失误影响因素进行分析,能够很好地说明人因失误与各关键影响因素之间的权重关系,对煤矿人因事故主致因机理有更加深刻的理解,为煤矿事故的预防和控制提供重要的参考依据。     

精神支持与物质支持对建筑工人不安全行为影响对比

为向建筑工人提供更具针对性的支持,对比分析精神支持和物质支持的影响效果,分别构建精神支持和物质支持对建筑工人不安全行为的影响机理,基于351名建筑工人调查数据,采用结构方程模型展开实证研究.研究结果表明:精神支持和物质支持对建筑工人安全意识的提高和工作压力的降低都具有显著影响;相较于物质支持,精神支持影响效果更好,更能...