嵌入式技术在重大危险源监控预警中的应用

通过对重大危险源监控预警系统的功能需求分析,并结合嵌入式技术的特点,提出基于嵌入式系统的监控预警主机的设计方案。所设计的集过程监控预警与视频监控为一体的的监控预警主机,具有实际应用价值。     

基于风险的重大危险源选址规划研究

本文针对重大危险源选址中普遍采用的安全距离方法的一些缺点,研究提出了基于风险的重大危险源选址规划方法.介绍了基于个人风险和社会风险的选址规划指标,给出了推荐的风险可接受标准,以及风险计算的一般程序.该方法在某天然气工程的选址规划中进行了实际应用,计算给出了该工程的个人风险等值线分布图和社会风险(F-N)曲线.结果表明,工程的5×10-5、1×10-5、5×10-6每年的个人风险的安全距离均能够得到满足;工程的F-N曲线落入了推荐标准的ALARP区,基本满足要求,但还应在设计阶段进一步采取措施,降低风险.     

Root causes of hydrocarbon leaks on offshore petroleum installations

Hydrocarbon leaks on offshore installations may result in severe consequences to personnel, to the environment and to assets. In order to prevent such leaks, it is crucial to understand their root causes. The objective of this paper is to study the circumstances of hydrocarbon leaks on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). In the study, all reported hydrocarbon leaks from process inventories on all offshore installations on the NCS, with an initial leak rate higher than 0.1 kg/s in the period 2008–2014, have been considered. This includes 78 hydrocarbon leaks, of which about 60% have occurred during manual intervention on normally pressurized systems. The dominating activity when leaks occur is preventive maintenance. A significant fraction of the leaks occur during the preparation for maintenance; such a preparation is typically carried out during the night shift. About half of the leaks are associated with wellhead area and manifolds, separation and compression systems. A substantial fraction of the leaks can be associated with verification faults, dominated by the failure to comply with procedural requirements that are needed to carry out independent verification.     

Characterization of a medium velocity deluge nozzle for offshore installations

It is important to study the characteristics of the nozzle of the deluge spray to comply with the standards developed by the petroleum industry for offshore installations in Norway. Due to the stochastic nature of the decomposition processes and geometrical features within the nozzle, the deluge spray has a complex flow field. Since the flow field determines the performance of the spray, the present study performs an experimental characterization of a medium velocity deluge nozzle for validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The experiment was conducted for a maximum supply water pressure of 8.0 bar (g), which is identical to the operating pressures of offshore installations. Formerly, characterization studies of deluge or sprinkler spray were mostly targeted on residential usage with lower supply water pressures. I utilized a laser-based shadow imaging system to capture high-speed images, which were later processed in MATLAB. A linear patternator was used to validate the results of the shadow imaging technique. The geometrical features of the deluge nozzle played an important role in determining the characteristics of the spray. In addition, the supply water pressure significantly affected the size and velocity distributions of the droplets, applied density (volume flux), and area coverage. However, the Sauter mean diameter did not vary significantly with the azimuthal or radial position of the droplet within the inner region of the spray. The measurements obtained in this study can be used to estimate the extinguishing efficiency of a deluge system for offshore installations with elevated supply water pressures. Deviations between measurements with shadow imaging and patternator technique are discussed and discrepancies are discussed.     

Evaluation of the Risk OMT model for maintenance work on major offshore process equipment

Operational safety is receiving more and more attention in the Norwegian offshore industry. Almost two thirds of all leaks on offshore installations in the period 2001–2005, according to the Risk Level Project by the Petroleum Safety Authority in Norway, resulted from manual operations and interventions, as well as shut-down and start-up. The intention with the Risk OMT (risk modelling – integration of organisational, human and technical factors) program has been to develop more representative models for calculation of leak frequencies as a function of the volume of manual operations and interventions. In the Risk OMT project a generic risk model has been developed and is adapted to use for specific failure scenarios. The model considers the operational barriers in event trees and fault trees, as well as risk influencing factors that determine the basic event probabilities in the fault trees. The full model, which applies Bayesian belief networks, is presented more thoroughly in a separate paper. This paper presents the evaluation of the model. The model has been evaluated through some case studies, and one important aspect is the evaluation of the importance of each risk influencing factor. In addition some risk-reducing measures have been proposed, and the paper presents how the effect of these measures has been evaluated by using the model. Finally, possible applications and recommendations for further work are discussed.     

基于集对分析法的重大危险源危险性评价

介绍了集对分析方法的基本原理,给出了考虑指标权重与不考虑指标权重两种情况下的系统危险性评价步骤,并将系统危险性的评价结果与集对势相结合来判断系统危险性态势,以某涂装车间为例,对其进行了危险性评价.结果表明,在不考虑指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况下,该涂装车间均处于"一般安全"等级,但后者的安全等级程度更低,也说明了该涂装车间需要进一步采取安全措施,提高其安全程度,从而避免事故的发生.     

城际重大危险源应急管理协同机制研究

随着城市经济一体化的发展,城际间的应急管理协作显得日趋重要,并越加受到重视.本文介绍了当前城际应急体系的建设现状与存在的问题,指出了建设城际重大危险源应急管理体系的苇要性,并分析了其可行性.针对存在的问题,提出从健全法律、信息协同、资源协同、流程协同四个方面来构建城际重大危险源应急管理协同机制.以实现城市之间应急资源的协同配置和共享,提升区域重大危险源应急管理的效率.     

Improving situational awareness through the design of offshore installations

Maintaining the situational awareness of control room operators on offshore installations contributes to the timely diagnosis of conditions and making appropriate decisions. This is particularly important when dealing with events and incidents. Recent initiatives aimed at reducing operators’ exposure to the hazards of working on offshore installations may have a negative impact upon situational awareness within the control room environment.This paper discusses mitigation of the negative impact through the design and operation of the installation and control system; either by improving the general level of situational awareness or by specifically targeting the areas affected by these initiatives.     

重大危险源多米诺效应的后果分析

一个危险源发生事故时可能会引起其它危险源也相继发生事故,这种现象被称为多米诺效应或连锁效应.许多化工厂的重大事故都伴随有多米效应发生.多米诺效应是造成重大事故损失加剧、灾难升级的一个重要原因,而目前对重大危险源多米诺效应监管要求和技术研究还是非常欠缺的.本文针对火灾、爆炸冲击波以及碎片撞击所引发重大危险源相关学者的研究成果,给出了热辐射、超压以及碎片引发多米诺效应的阈值.工以液化石油气蒸气云爆炸的多米诺效应进行实例应用.该方法可以很好地用于重大危险源的安全评价或他土使用使用规划中.     

重大危险源安全与自动化监控系统

对重大危险源实施系统、有效的安全监控是重大工业事故预防控制体系中的关键环节。文中给出了针对重大危险源监控全安全生命周期过程的整体实施流程,提出了重大危险源危险与风险评估的重点,探讨了重大危险安全与自动化监控的三层构建框架和工作过程,研究了安全系统与基本过程控制系统相独立的监控方式,给出了安全仪表系统的设计要求。     

Risk assessment of major hazards: the effect of ground slope

Liquefied gases, such as chlorine and ammonia, are stored in large quantities at industrial sites. If released accidentally, they form a heavy gas cloud that has the potential to kill or injure large numbers of people. The dispersion of such a cloud is thus of interest to the risk assessment community [Nussey, Pantony, & Smallwood, 1992. HSE’s risk assessment tool, RISKAT. In: Major Hazards: Onshore and Offshore. pp. 607–638].Little is understood about the effect of slope on risk. Here, the risk (probability) of being exposed to the gas cloud, given a release, is considered; probability language is needed because wind direction is assumed to be a random variable.This paper shows how the risk of being exposed to toxic gas released over a slope may be estimated using simple physical modelling.The physical model used is that of Tickle [J. Hazard. Mater. 49 (1996) 29], who showed that a finite-volume instantaneous release on an inclined plane can form a stable wedge-shaped cloud that moves down the line of greatest slope. Nonzero windspeeds are accounted for by following Tickle’s suggestion of vectorially adding windspeed to the advection induced by the slope.A range of windspeeds and slopes are considered. The slopes substantially affect the risk in the sense that the predicted risk contours are far from circularly symmetric.     

危险化学品重大危险源安全监控通用技术规范研究

本文通过分析我国重大危险源监控预警系统建设的经验和不足以及国外技术发展的最新趋势,根据功能安全的设计理念,针对储罐区、库区和生产场所安全监控通用技术规范开展研究,提出了规范的编制思路,重点讨论了系统的监控参数、硬件架构、功能设计、软件和性能指标等内容.     

重大危险源事故风险排序研究

本文将风险管理领域中风险排序的概念引入重大危险源安全管理中，提出了基于事故情景发生概率和造成死亡人数的风险评估和排序模型，并给出了基于统计分析的事故发生概率、基于死亡半径的死亡人数的确定方法。对某开发区的20个重大危险源进行了风险评估和排序，结果表明提出的方法对重大危险源的事故风险产生了明显的细分作用。研究成果对有关政府部门或企业确定重大危险源重点监察和管理的优先序，优化资源配置，提高管理效率具有一定的指导意义。     

江苏省重大危险源监管现状分析与对策

对重大危险源普查、建档,并在此基础上开展监管和预警等相关工作是预防重、特大事故和快速有效的应急救援的前提和基础.本文分析了江苏省重大危险源普查、申报、建档、监管等相关工作的现状,从管理层面和技术层面详细分析了目前存在问题,提出了应对措施建议.     

一种基于事故后果的重大危险源安全规划方法

介绍了一种基于事故后果的重大危险源安全规划方法。该方法详细阐述了“最坏”事故情景选择、事故后果阈值确定及后果伤害范围划分的方法,以危险源周边人群作为主要脆弱性目标,通过分析事故后果伤害范围和目标的脆弱性级别确定危险源与周边环境的兼容性。另外,以危险品仓储区为例,利用该方法对仓储区可能发生的事故后果影响范围进行计算,对仓储区选址的可行性进行分析。本文提出的重大危险源安全规划方法可为城市土地使用及危险源的安全规划提供参考。     

重大危险源辨识中存在问题探讨

回顾了国内外重大危险源辨识相关法规和标准的发展状况,以及目前我国重大危险源监管工作中存在的辨识问题.对重大危险源的概念,适用范围,危险物质临界量,混合物及溶液的辨识,多种危险物质数量的累加计算,以及重大危险源分类和分级等方面在实际应用中存在的问题分别进行讨论,与国外作法相比较,针对目前存在的问题,提出了一些建议措施.     

重大危险源事故风险预警技术研究

重大危险源事故风险预警技术是事故控制技术中的一大研究重点。本文通过对比分析安全生产领域常用事故预警模型的优缺点,总结了事故预警模型的发展趋势,提出了基于模糊综合评判技术和动态模糊神经网络技术的重大危险源事故风险预警模型,详细陈述其构建过程,最后对液化石油气蒸气云爆炸事故应用该模型,得到了较好的预测效果,实现了风险程度的定量化预警。该预警模型具有快速的自学习能力和容错能力,能够同时处理多种风险因素、自动生成模糊规则并满足预警系统的实时性要求,可应用于重大危险源在线监控预警系统,为企业端和政府端监管者提供有效的重大危险源事故风险定量化预警信息,为遏制重大灾难事故的发生、减少死亡人、数受伤人数和直接经济损失提供先进的理论和技术支撑。     

ZigBee技术在重大危险源实时监测预警系统中的应用

ZigBee作为一种低速率、低成本、低功耗、组网简易灵活的短程无线网络协议,特别适合目前的重大危险源监测预警领域.通过它.可以在确保数据传输可靠性和实时性的前提下,大大提高重大危险源监测预警系统前端的可扩展性,从而降低系统建设和设备维护的成本.本文有针对性的提出了采用ZigBee无线通信技术构建重大危险源临测预警系统无线传感器网络,详细分析了ZigBee网络的构建为重大危险源监测预警系统起到的作用,并在实践中验证了该方案的有效.     

重大危险源信息管理系统数据共享与交换研究

本文研究了重大危险源信息管理系统基本功能、实际应用以及对可扩展性、开放性和标准化的要求,采用模块化方法设计系统结构,提出了结合数据库、接口和xml三种技术的重大危险源信息管理系统数据共享与交换体系,并详细描述了应用该体系的系统数据共享与交换设计方法.     

基于WebGIS的重大危险源实时监控系统的设计与实现

对重大危险源进行实时监控为避免重特大事故的发生具有重要意义,首先在研究ArcIMSJava Connector与Ajax开发WebGIS系统的关键技术的基础上,构建了ArcIMS Java Connector、Ajax技术和重大危险源业务逻辑集成的开发方案,设计并开发了重大危险源实时监控系统,并重点阐述了重大危险源实时信息发布功能的技术实现,最终完成了重大危险源实时查询、分析、监视、预警及相关辅助决策等功能,将该系统应用于实际取得了良好的运行效果。