亚热带茶园土壤酸度特征研究——以福建省武夷山市为例

调查测试福建省武夷山市60个茶园6个土类120个土层的土壤酸度指标,分析茶园土壤酸度特征,结果表明:福建省武夷山市茶园0~20cm土层土壤平均pH值为4.52,其中pH < 4.5的重度酸化土壤占总调查样本的55.00%;20~40cm土层土壤平均pH值为4.52,pH < 4.5占53.33%;茶园红壤、紫色土、粗骨土0~20cm、20~40cm土层土壤平均pH值均低于4.5,茶园土壤酸化严重.总体上茶园土壤中交换性Al³⁺的数量和相对比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,交换性H⁺的相对比例则呈相反的变化特征,交换性Al³⁺占交换性酸的比例为76.67%~98.40%;茶园土壤pH值与交换性酸、H⁺和Al³⁺均呈极显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.61、-0.46和-0.59.茶园土壤酸碱缓冲性能随着土壤pH值的降低呈现下降趋势;总体上茶园土壤pH值与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关关系, 土壤pH值与盐基饱和度的正相关主要受到交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺饱和度的制约.但不同土壤类型表现不一,体现了茶园土壤酸度的复杂性、多样性.     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区土壤-植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响

以太湖地区两种典型的水稻土（乌泥土和白土）为供试土壤，在盆栽条件下种植多年生黑麦草，并配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨浇灌。通过多次刈割鲜草，研究模拟酸雨对土壤－植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响。结果表明：对植物体内铜含量的影响是模拟酸雨和“稀释效应”两种影响综合作用的结果。试验初期，表现为处理黑麦草体内铜含量低于对照；随收割茬次的增加，表现出随处理pH的降低，黑麦草体内铜含量的增加，且对缓冲能力弱的白土影响强度大于缓冲能力较强的乌泥土；对土壤pH有明显影响，随模拟酸雨作用时间增长，土壤pH下降，其降幅随处理pH的降低而增大；模拟酸雨主要影响交换态铜，表现为随处理pH的降低交换态铜的分配系数增高，在处理pH＝3．0时影响到碳酸盐结合态铜，只有强酸化条件下（处理pH＝2．0）才影响到铁锰氧化物结合态铜，对有机物结合态及残渣态铜几乎无影响。     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究 Ⅵ.固相组成与酸缓冲性能

通过连续提取方法研究了土壤固相组成对酸沉降敏感性的影响。结果表明，不同土壤质子缓冲反应的类型不同，因此，缓冲容量及缓冲强度等指标也有较大差异。有机质对酸缓冲反应存在双重影响。取决于土壤原始ＰＨ值及盐基组成状态。     

不同生物炭对酸性农田土壤性质和作物产量的动态影响

为研究不同原料生物炭对农田土壤酸度、交换性能、磷素养分以及作物产量的综合动态影响,试验设置空白(CK)、水稻秸秆生物炭(RSB)、玉米秸秆生物炭(MSB)、小麦秸秆生物炭(WSB)、稻壳生物炭(RHB)和竹炭(BCB)这6种处理,生物炭按质量分数0.1%施入农田进行长期定点试验,测定水稻、油菜和玉米这3季作物产量和作物收割后的土壤理化性质.结果表明,添加不同原料生物炭可有效提高土壤pH和交换性能,降低交换性酸含量,作用效果随时间下降.生物炭对盐基离子组成的影响为提高交换性K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,降低Na⁺含量.生物炭能不同程度地增加土壤有机质(SOM)、速效磷、总磷和无机磷(Al-P和Fe-P)含量,作物产量较当季对照显著提高(P<0.05),稻壳生物炭在改良酸性土壤理化性质和提高作物产量方面效果较好.     

用分级方法评估土壤对重金属的缓冲能力

研究了不同Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb负荷对5种土壤(油黄泥土、棕红壤、红壤、石砂土和紫砂土)中的重金属形态的影响,分析了不同土壤对重金属的缓冲作用及其影响因素.结果表明,未污染土壤中的重金属主要以残余态为主,占土壤重金属总量的51%以上.随着土壤重金属负荷的提高,土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大,残余态比例下降,有效性提高,对重金属的缓冲作用下降.由于Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb本身的特性不同,土壤中各组分与Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的结合方式及程度不同.当外源重金属进入土壤后,土壤对重金属的缓冲性为:Pb>Cu>Zn Cd,酸性土壤和砂质土壤的缓冲能力较低.当重金属加入量较低时,重金属优先向氧化物结合态和有机质结合态转化;而当加入量较高时,向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例增加.土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的比例递增,降低土壤对重金属的缓冲性,增加了重金属对环境影响的风险.      

西南地区典型土壤酸化特征及其与重金属形态活性的耦合关系

采用空间代替时间的方法,采集了西南地区主要类型和不同酸化阶段的土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质特征、酸缓冲性能和重金属赋存形态,结合小白菜盆栽生物试验,探讨土壤酸化和重金属形态活性变化的耦合关系.结果表明,紫色土和黄壤随着土壤酸化程度增加,土壤交换性盐基离子降低,由交换性Ca²⁺流失引起.不同酸化阶段紫色土和黄壤对酸敏感性差异较大,紫色土在pH>7.50和pH<4.50时,酸缓冲容量较大;黄壤酸缓冲容量和土壤交换性盐基离子含量呈较强的相关性,且随着酸添加量增加,酸缓冲容量的增大倍数和土壤盐基离子消耗速率有关.重金属Cd和Pb在土壤中的赋存形态和土壤类型、酸化程度紧密相关,紫色土与黄壤中Cd和Pb主要以可交换态和残渣态为主,且随土壤酸化程度增加交换态占比增加,残渣态占比减少;红壤中以残渣态和Fe-Mn结合态为主,Cd的Fe-Mn结合态分别是紫色土和黄壤的2.15倍和1.73倍,Pb的Fe-Mn结合态是紫色土与黄壤的4.30倍和3.91倍,与红壤铁含量较高有关.盆栽试验表明土壤酸化一定程度上抑制小白菜的生长量,酸化严重的黄壤(pH<5.70)中小白菜生物...     

Interaction of Cd and citric acid, EDTA in red soil

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Remediation of copper polluted red soils with clay materials

Attapulgite and montmorillonite were utilized to remediate heavy metal polluted red soils in Guixi City, Jiangxi Province, China. The e ects of clay minerals on availability, chemical distribution, and biotoxicity of Cu and Zn were evaluated. The results provided a reference for the rational application of clay materials to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. From the sorption experiment, the maximum adsorbed Cu2+ by attapulgite and montmorillonite was 1501 and 3741 mg/kg, respectively. After polluted red soil was amended with attapulgite or montmorillonite and cultured at 30 and 60 days, soil pH increased significantly compared to the control. An 8% increase in the amount of montmorillonite in soil and 30 days incubation decreased acid exchangeable Cu by 24.7% compared to the control red soil. Acid exchangeable Cu decreased with increasing amounts of attapulgite and montmorillonite, with best remediation e ect reached at a dose of 8%. Results also showed that the Cu poisoning e ect on earthworms was reduced with the addition of attapulgite and montmorillonite. Montmorillonite showed the best e ect, with the addition of a 2% dose the mortality of earthworms decreased from 60% to zero compared to the control. Our results indicated that the bioavailability of Cu in soils was reduced more e ectively with the application of montmorillonite than attapulgite.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.     

不同粒径羟基磷灰石对污染土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响

为研究不同粒径羟基磷灰石对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,采用向污染土壤添加常规磷灰石（150 μm）、微米（3 μm）和纳米（40 nm）羟基磷灰石的田间原位试验方法,考察其钝化修复5 a后对土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响.结果表明:3种粒径羟基磷灰石均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝的含量,且微米羟基磷灰石处理效果最好.常规磷灰石、微米和纳米羟基磷灰石处理分别使w（离子交换态铜）降低了62.6%、74.3%和70.4%,w（离子交换态镉）降低了15.7%、25.3%和26.7%.3种材料均增加了土壤w（TP）,其中4.61%~17.4%和73.4%~89.8%分别转化为树脂磷和稳定态磷.微米羟基磷灰石处理分别使土壤脲酶活性和微生物量碳含量提高了4.66和0.66倍.研究显示,微米羟基磷灰石更有利于铜和镉由活性态向非活性态转化,增加土壤磷的有效性,提高土壤微生物活性,在我国南方重金属污染红壤区具有较好的应用潜力.      

磷矿粉和腐熟水稻秸秆对土壤铅污染的钝化

通过室内培养试验研究了磷矿粉和草酸活化磷矿粉与腐熟水稻秸秆配施及不同水分处理对土壤基本性质和铅形态变化的影响.结果表明,施用3种钝化材料都能提高土壤p H值、有效磷、交换性钙、阳离子交换量,其中活化磷矿粉效果最佳;与保持70%田间持水量相比,淹水处理增加p H、提高交换性钙效果更好,但有效磷较低.施用3种钝化材料能使可交换态铅减少,促进其向生物难利用态转变,活化磷矿粉对铅的钝化效果优于未活化的磷矿粉,两者最高分别可使交换态与对照相比降低40.3%和24.2%,且钝化效果与施用量呈正相关;腐熟水稻秸秆能增加土壤有机结合态铅;淹水处理可促使交换态铅向铁锰氧化物和残渣态转化.     

胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移

研究了不同条件下胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移过程.结果表明,其迁移过程表现出较大的差异,在溶液pH值、胡敏酸浓度和溶液流速均较高时,胡敏酸迁移的阻滞因子和在土壤中的吸附系数均较低,有利于胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移;在溶液pH值、胡敏酸浓度和溶液流速均较低时,土壤对胡敏酸迁移的阻滞作用较大.胡敏酸的迁移还与土壤性质有关,土壤黏粒含量和阳离子交换量越高,胡敏酸在土壤中吸附的越多,越不利于迁移.在土壤中的吸附是胡敏酸迁移的主要控制因素,在预测胡敏酸在水土环境中迁移时,应该充分考虑不同条件下胡敏酸在不同性质土壤中的吸附.     

模拟酸雨下土壤中铜、镉行为及急性毒性效应

本文论述模拟酸雨下红壤、黄棕壤和黑土中Cu、Cd行为及急性毒性效应.试验表明:(1)模拟酸雨对添加性土壤Cu、Cd的淋溶有一定的影响,随着降水酸度的增大,土壤中Cu、Cd的淋出量增加,但增加的程度与土壤类型、添加金属的浓度和种类有关,相同酸度下,红壤中Cu、Cd的淋出量远大于黄棕壤和黑土,淋出率随着沉降酸度而改变的程度也最显著,酸雨对黑土中Cu、Cd淋溶影响最小.Cd对酸雨淋溶的敏感性大于Cu.(2)模拟酸雨对土壤中Cu、Cd形态影响较为明显,随着酸雨pH的降低,黄棕壤和黑土中部分Cu、Cd形态明显地向着交换态转化,红壤中部分Cu、Cd形态明显地向着水溶态转化.(3)模拟酸雨对土壤中Cu、Cd的生物毒性影响很大,但这种影响同时又受土壤类型相当大的制约,红壤中毒性影响最大,黑土中毒性影响最小,表明三类土壤的抗酸能力顺序为黑土>黄棕壤>红壤.     

Mobility and speciation of Cd,Cu,and Zn in two acidic soils affected by simulated acid rain

Through a batch experiment, the mobility and speciation of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) in two acidic forest soils from Hunan Province were studied. The results showed that the release and potential active speciation of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tested contaminated red soil(CRS) and yellow red soil(CYRS) increased significantly with pH decreasing and ion concentrations increasing of simulated acid rain, and these effects were mainly decided by the pH value of simulated acid rain. Cd had the highest potential nsk on the environment compared with Cu and Zn. Cd existed mainly in exchangeable form in residual CRS and CYRS, Cu in organically bound and Mn-oxide occluded forms, and Zn in mineral forms due to the high background values.     

Release behavior of copper and zinc from sandy soils

The concentrations and chemical forms of copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) in surface soils directly influence the movement of Cu and Zn. In this study, thirteen sandy soil samples with a wide range of total Cu and Zn concentrations were collected for evaluating the relationships between Cu and Zn release and extraction time, ratio of soil to water, pH and electro;yte types. The results indicated that Cu released in batch extraction that represents long-term leaching was mainly from exchangeable, and carbonate bound Cu fractions, and Zn released in the batch extraction was mainly from its carbonate bound fraction. However, the Cu and Zn leached from the soils using the column leaching that represents short-term leaching were mainly from their exchangeable fractions. Soil column leaching at different pH values indicated that the amounts of leached Zn and Cu were greatly affected by pH. The Cu and Zn release experiments with varying extraction times and ratio of soil to water suggest that long-term water-logging in the soils after rain may increase contact time of the soils with water and the release of Cu and Zn to water from the soils, and total amounts of Cu or Zn released from the soils increase, but the Cu or Zn concentration in the surface runoff decrease with increasing rainfall intensity. The increased Ca concentration in soil solution increased stability of organic matter-mineral complexes and might decrease the dissolution of organic matter, and thus decreased the release of Cu-binding component of organic matter. However, high concentration of Na in the soil solution increased the dispersion of the organic matter-mineral complexes and increased dissolution of organic matter and the release of Cu from the soils.     

石灰干化污泥稳定后土壤中Pb、Cd和Zn浸出行为的研究

以人工制备Zn、Pb、Cd污染土壤为研究对象,采用城市污水处理石灰干化污泥作为稳定剂,对污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并采用TCLP、SPLP、去离子水浸提和优化的BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价.结果表明,单独使用石灰干化污泥,TCLP浸出浓度随着干化污泥质量分数的增加而显著减少,干化污泥的质量分数为40%时,稳定化率最大为Zn-99.54%、Pb-99.60%、Cd-99.85%.SPLP和去离子水浸出评价稳定效果时,Pb和Zn在加入质量分数10%和20%的干化污泥时浸出明显降低,但在加入30%和40%时由于在强碱条件Pb和Zn会再溶出,导致稳定效果变差.为了恢复植物生长功能,经过FeSO4和H3PO4调节pH后,石灰干化污泥稳定过的土壤pH有效降低,同时FeSO4和H3PO4有利于促进Pb和Zn的稳定效果.经稳定化后,土壤中的重金属可交换态降低,限制了土壤重金属的迁移.该研究结果表明石灰干化污泥可以再利用,应用于重金属污染土壤的稳定化修复中,并能改善稳定后土壤适宜植物生长的理化性质.     

山西农田土壤交换性镁含量、分布特征及其与土壤化学性质的关系

采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了山西省农田土壤交换性镁(Mg)含量、分布特征及其与土壤主要化学性质的关系。结果表明,山西省主要农田土壤(0~20 cm)交换性镁含量平均为255.1 mg/kg,变幅为78.1~641.8 mg/kg,其中85%的土壤交换性镁含量在100~400 mg/kg之间,随地区不同而异。土壤剖面(0~100 cm)交换性镁含量为78.1~717 mg/kg,其含量随土壤层次加深呈现出增加的趋势。不同类型土壤交换性镁含量高低依次为潮土>褐土>栗褐土>石灰性褐土>黄绵土>褐土性土。土壤交换性镁含量与土壤pH值、EC值、有机质含量和碱解氮含量呈显著线性正相关,与K/Mg呈显著线性负相关,与全磷含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量和Ca/Mg呈显著的曲线关系。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化

通过土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化过程,为合理确定由畜禽粪便有机肥带入农田土壤的重金属负荷,科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的生态风险提供理论依据.结果表明,土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥后,酸性土壤p H值升高,而石灰性土壤p H值降低.施用鸡粪后6个月内,有效态Cu含量在2种土壤中显著低于等量Cu无机盐处理,而有效态Zn含量则与等量Zn无机盐处理无显著差异;施用猪粪后6个月内,有效态Cu和Zn含量在2种土壤中均与等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理无显著差异.形态归趋研究表明,通过畜禽粪便有机肥进入土壤中的Cu和Zn在土壤中主要以交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态以及有机结合态的形式存在,且畜禽粪便有机肥的来源不同,各形态Cu和Zn在不同土壤中所占比例不同.土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥6个月时,Cu和Zn交换态以及铁锰氧化物结合态所占比例低于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,而有机结合态所占比例高于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,其它形态与无机盐处理无显著差异.