Responses of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita to deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations

The effects of deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations on some hematological and biochemical profiles in the Indian major carp Labeo rohita have been examined. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of deltamethrin for 24 and 96 h were found to be 0.44 and 0.38 mg L^?1, respectively. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly increased compared to control group. Plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, albumin, globulin, triglyceride, and glycogen in gill and muscle were significantly decreased. Upon sublethal treatment (0.044 mg L^?1, 10th of 24 h LC₅₀), RBC and the biochemical parameters, except glucose and cholesterol, decreased significantly, while MCV, MCH, and MCHC values increased up to the 28th day and then declined. Cholesterol level was significantly increased throughout the study period. A biphasic response in the levels of Hb, Hct, WBC, and glucose were observed during sublethal treatment.     

The effect of plasma components on hemoglobin release test in red blood cells (RBC)

Electrophoresis release test (ERT) was established by our lab to observe the re-released hemoglobin (Hb) from red blood cells (RBCs) and whole blood. In this study, ERT was performed to study the effects of different plasma components including plasma, serum, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, glucose, amino acid, vitamin, insulin, hormone, and inorganic ions on re-released Hb from RBC and whole blood samples during ERT. The results showed that plasma, serum, albumin, globulin, compound amino acid, essential amino acid, vitamin C, insulin, hormone, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, and NaHCO₃^? decreased re-released RBC Hb; while glucose, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin B12 elevated re-released RBC Hb. The differing effects of various plasma components on re-released Hb of RBC may play a significant role in blood conservation.     

Evaluation of hematological changes in population exposed to fluoride

Absorption of fluorine compounds produces chronic toxicity and the hematological changes appear earlier in blood than other organs. A study was undertaken to determine the status of hematological changes in the individual residing in fluoride-contaminated area. Two hundred and fifty nine and 233 subjects from the contaminated area and an unaffected area, respectively, were selected for hematological investigations. Total erythrocytes (red blood corpuscles (RBC)), total leucocytes (white blood corpuscles (WBC)), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were determined in these populations. Results revealed that Hb values were significantly lower among all age groups in the exposed population compared to control subjects. There was a quantitative rise in WBC counts in study subjects compared to controls. The RBC counts showed reduction among exposed population.     

Comparative changes in absorption,distribution and toxicity of copper and cadmium chloride in toads during the hibernation and the role of vitamin C against their toxicity

The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability and adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) on hibernating Egyptian toads and whether ascorbic acid (vitamin C) blocked Cd- and Cu-induced effects during hibernation. The oxidative status of liver, kidney, and intestine of Bufo regularis to Cd, Cu, and/or a combination of both metals administered orally for 2 weeks was determined. In the protection studies, vitamin C was given for 1?h prior to administration of Cu, Cd, and/or metal combination for 2 weeks. Treatment with Cu, Cd, and a combination of both metals produced a reduction in red blood count cells and hemoglobin content, while white blood count cells showed an increase in numbers during these treatments. After 2 weeks exposure, Cd and Cu increased significantly in all the tissues studied. Cu storage presented the following sequence: liver?>?intestine?>?kidney. Cd storage presented the following sequence: intestine?>?kidney?>?liver. When exposed to both metals, Cu and Cd storage presented the following sequence: liver?>?intestine?>?kidney. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed marked alterations including loss of hepatic cell architecture, and some cells exhibited distinct cytoplasmic vacuoles. The majority of blood vessels exhibited a marked dilatation and congestion with infiltration of blood cells, prominent hyperemia of hepatic veins, and significant proliferation of bile ductules. Histopathological changes in the kidney showed destruction and degeneration of both renal tubule cells and glomerular with infiltration of leukocytes and inflammatory cells. Histopathological alterations in the intestine were restricted to the innermost mucosal epithelium with marked degeneration of the villi and submucosa and an extensive fragmentation of mucosal epithelium as well as atrophy of goblet cells. The administration of vitamin C 1?h prior to administration of Cd, Cu, and metal combination did not protect against hepatic, renal, and intestinal damage. However, parental vitamin C given alone increased tissue toxicity.     

Toxicity of cadmium to Parachanna obscura : As evidenced by alterations in hematology,histology, and behavior

Fish of species Parachanna obscura are exposed to four concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0.02, 0.06, 0.18, or 0.54?mg?L^?1). Acute toxicity test results after 96?h showed marked hematological, histological, and behavioral changes. Quantitative blood analysis revealed that white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and platelets counts were linearly correlated with increasing Cd concentrations; however, blood haemoglobin (Hb) showed an inverse relationship, with higher Hb levels at lower Cd concentrations. Histological changes of the liver showed hepatic separation, bloody appearance, and deposition of a brownish-yellow substance, which increased with rising concentrations of metal. Behavioral changes observed included reduced activity, avoidance response, and deposition of a slimy-whitish film on the body of the fish, which increased with concentration and exposure time.     

Blood oxygen-binding characteristics of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), a high-energy-demand teleost that is tolerant of low ambient oxygen

 We found blood from bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) to have a significantly higher O₂ affinity than blood from other tunas. Its P₅₀ (partial pressure of oxygen, P_O2 required to reach 50% saturation) was 1.6 to 2.0 kPa (12 to 15 mmHg) when equilibrated with 0.5% CO₂. Previous studies employing similar methodologies found blood from yellowfin tuna (T. albacares), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), and kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) to have a P₅₀ of 2.8 to 3.1 kPa (21 to 23 mmHg). These observations suggest that bigeye tuna are more tolerant of low ambient oxygen than other tuna species, and support similar conclusions derived from laboratory whole-animal studies, depth-of-capture data, and directly-recorded vertical movements of fish in the open ocean. We also found the O₂ affinity of bigeye tuna blood to be essentially unaffected by a 10 C° open-system temperature change (as is the blood of all tuna species studied to date). The O₂ affinity of bigeye tuna blood was, however, more affected by a 10 C° closed-system temperature change than the blood of any tuna species yet examined. In other words, bigeye tuna blood displayed a significantly enhanced Bohr effect (change in log P₅₀ per unit change in plasma pH at P₅₀) when subjected to the inevitable changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P_CO2) and plasma pH that accompany closed-system temperature shifts, than when subjected to changes in plasma pH accomplished by changing P_CO2 alone. In vivo, the resultant large decrease in O₂ affinity (i.e. the increase in P₅₀) that occurs as the blood of bigeye tuna is warmed during its passage through the vascular counter-current heat exchangers ensures adequate rates of O₂ off-loading in the swimming muscles of this high-energy-demand teleost. Received: 12 March 1999 / Accepted: 18 December 1999     

Immunoprotective effect of curcumin on cypermethrin-induced toxicity in rats

Immunotoxicological effects of cypermethrin and their reversal by curcumin following oral administration were evaluated in rats. Mature male Wistar rats were orally administered cypermethrin (25?mg?kg^?1 body wt), curcumin (100?mg?kg^?1 body wt) or both daily for 4 weeks. At the end of fourth week, hematological, serum biochemical, and immunological parameters were studied. Subchronic exposure to cypermethrin significantly reduced body weight, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, and cell-mediated immunity. Concomitant curcumin administration restored the changes in the body weight, hematological parameters, and serum biochemical indices and significantly increased the antibody titer, and cell mediated immunity. These results suggest that concurrent curcumin treatment has a beneficial role in mitigating immunotoxicological and other adverse effects of cypermethrin.     

三氯卡班可以影响肾小管上皮细胞的屏障功能

三氯卡班(TCC)是一种被广泛应用于个人护理用品中的广谱型亲脂性杀菌剂,已在多种环境介质和生物体中检出。因其潜在的环境蓄积、生物累积和生物毒性效应,日益受到学者们的关注。借助TCC对NRK-52E(大鼠肾小管上皮细胞)的毒性暴露实验,通过检测细胞活力、以及与跨膜电阻和紧密连接相关的连接黏附分子1(JAM~(-1),junctional adhesion molecule 1)的蛋白表达水平,研究了TCC潜在的肾脏毒性效应。结果显示,10μmol·L~(-1)TCC处理48 h时培养细胞呈现不规则的集落;10μmol·L~(-1)和20μmol·L~(-1)TCC处理NRK-52E 24 h、48 h和72 h后可以显著抑制细胞生长;3.57μmol·L~(-1)TCC(生长抑制的48 hIC20)处理NRK-52E 48 h可以显著抑制细胞间紧密连接蛋白JAM~(-1)的表达量,并降低跨膜电阻,影响肾脏的屏障功能。本研究的结果能够为进一步揭示TCC对动物的毒害机制、评估其对动物的健康风险提供数据支持。     

应激大鼠脾脏内诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性变化及其意义

在捕食压力下,大鼠脾脏诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)明显表达,说明iNOS起到了重要的生理功能,然而,NOS的表达及在亚细胞水平的定位以及相应的差异变化等都很不明确,本试验采用捕食应激模型,利用免疫组织化学方法和生化测定,检测心理性应激对大鼠脾脏iNOS活性的影响及探讨这种影响与应激动物免疫力下降之间的关系.结果表明iNOS免疫阳性细胞表达部位集中于脾脏的红髓和边缘区,白髓中几乎没有.与对照组相比,在应激1~12d的过程中,应激组大鼠脾脏内iNOS的活性逐渐升高,至d12最为显著(P<0.01).但在后期应激13~30d,脾内iNOS的表达又逐渐减少.生化测定结果表明,NOS和NO的含量变化与iNOS的活性变化相似,在心理性应激早中期较高,至d12最为显著(P<0.01),而到中后期则逐渐降低.结果提示,iNOS活性程度与动物心理应激程度密切相关;应激过程中大鼠脾脏内由于iNOS的活性增加导致产生过量的NO,这可能与应激导致大鼠免疫力下降有关.图1表2参10     

大气高CO2浓度对油菜氮素同化累积与植株生长的影响

为了指导高CO2浓度条件下甘蓝型油菜Brassica napus L.合理施氮、创建油菜高产高效以及进一步探明油菜氮代谢的调节机制提供理论依据,本研究采用微区试验,研究2个油菜品种（沪油15-33号和742-2）在2个CO2浓度水平（自然CO2摩尔分数400μmol·mol-1和高CO2摩尔分数（800±20）μmol·mol-1）和2个氮素水平（施氮与不施氮）条件下,氮素同化酶（NR和GS）活性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化,以及油菜地上部干物质量和氮素累积量的响应。试验结果表明,高CO2浓度会提高NR和GS活性;在氮素处理的影响方面,NR活性的变化与油菜的品种和生育时期不同有关：在高CO2浓度条件下,品种A在各时期的施氮处理的酶活性高于不施氮处理;品种B只在抽薹期的施氮处理低于不施氮处理,其他时期则升高;对于GS酶活性,在自然CO2浓度条件下施氮会提高GS酶活性,高CO2浓度条件下施氮则降低其活性（苗期除外）。CO2浓度升高会降低叶片中可溶性蛋白含量（盛花期除外）;在正常CO2浓度下,增施氮肥会提高叶片中可溶性蛋白含量,而在高CO2浓度下,增施氮肥会降低叶片中可溶性蛋白含量。CO2浓度升高和增施氮肥都会提高油菜地上部干物质量与氮素累积量,油菜干物质量与氮素累积量总体上与上述测定指标呈极显著相关。     

水分和氧气对毛萼田菁茎瘤固氮作用的影响

水分剥夺引起毛萼田菁（Ｓｅｓｂａｎｉａｒｏｓｔｒａｔａ）茎瘤固氮活性的下降；水分剥夺还导致茎瘤类菌体固氮的最适Ｏ２分压（ｐＯ２）和呼吸强度的下降及茎瘤豆血红蛋白和细胞质可溶性蛋白含量的下降。测定水分剥夺的茎瘤在不同ｐＯ２下的固氮活性和茎瘤组织切片的显微观察，支持水分胁迫可使Ｏ２扩散阻力增大这一观点。测定不同ｐＯ２下离体茎瘤固氮活性以ｐＯ２为６０％最高；当把茎瘤切碎后，茎瘤皮层的扩散屏障作用降低或失去，最适ｐＯ２降至４０％，说明Ｏ２是茎瘤固氮作用的限制因子。     

铜污染草地对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊矿物质元素代谢的影响

为了评价草地铜污染对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊的影响,探讨铜污染的治理方法,在乌蒙山区的妈姑镇和凉水沟开展草地放牧试验和矿物质元素补充研究。应用原子发射光谱分析土壤、牧草和动物组织的重金属含量,应用全自动血液分析仪分析血液指标。放牧试验的结果显示:铜污染草地放牧明显增加了动物组织铜和锌的含量(P 0.01),降低了动物组织钼和铁的含量(P 0.01),试验结束时,试验组动物的血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(PCV)、红细胞数(RBC)和平均红细胞体积(MCV)显著低于对照组(P 0.01),羊毛产量和长度显著低于对照组(P 0.01)。矿物质元素补充试验的结果显示:补充硫酸钠明显降低了铜污染草地放牧动物血液和肝脏铜元素含量,补充试验结束时,处理Ⅰ组动物血液的Hb、PCV、RBC和MCV显著高于处理Ⅱ组(P 0.01),血液指标达到正常范围。处理Ⅱ组动物血液和肝脏铜元素的含量继续升高,动物组织钼的含量继续降低(P 0.01),Hb、PCV和RBC继续下降,试验结束时出现溶血性贫血,但补充硫对羊毛品质的相关指标没有显著的影响。研究表明,铜污染草地严重影响了乌蒙半细毛羊的矿物质代谢,补充硫酸钠可以部分拮抗铜的毒性。     

内质网应激在不同钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用

为探讨内质网应激在不同饲料钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用,选用SD雌性大鼠75只,雄性大鼠25只,雌鼠随机分为对照组(DZ)、染氟组(RF)、低钙组(LG)、染氟低钙组(LF)和染氟高钙组(HF)。雌鼠染毒3个月,交配产仔,检测胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠脑海马内质网应激伴侣分子BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与DZ组比,胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠RF组、LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠RF组BIP、CHOP蛋白表达显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),CRT蛋白表达升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。与RF组比,胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠BIP、CHOP蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。研究表明,内质网应激可能参与了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑损伤,高钙饲料可缓解母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞的损伤,低钙饲料则进一步加剧了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞损伤。     

Inhalation of vanadium modifies gap junctions in mouse seminiferous tubules

Vanadium (V) adhering to inhaled particles has been associated with male reproductive alterations. Intercellular junction proteins, such as connexin 43, constitute the blood-testes barrier. These proteins are crucial for the reconstitution of the barrier during spermatogenesis. Normally, connexins are located between cell membranes but in cells exposed to certain metals or which are transformed, their location is altered. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the inhalation of vanadium pentoxide on the distribution of connexin 43 in seminiferous tubules of mice. Immunohistochemical localization of connexin 43 demonstrated the redistribution of the protein that increased with time of exposure while intensity of stain on the membranes decreased. In previous studies, reduction in the actin and γ-tubulin stain intensity upon V inhalation has been observed. All these alterations may explain the reprotoxic effect associated with vanadium.     

Oxygen bioavailability and haemoglobins in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana

Bioavailability of oxygen for the saline-water invertebrate Artemia franciscana was studied, since both oxygen concentration and oxygen diffusion rate change with salinity. Total haemoglobin concentration and the relative contribution of each of three haemoglobins was measured in specimens acclimated to different salinities and oxygen concentrations. Both haemoglobin concentration and contribution were influenced by salinity and the group observed (males, females with and females without eggs). Multiple regression analysis showed that total haemoglobin concentration was better correlated with oxygen concentration than oxygen partial pressure. The relative proportions of haemoglobins 1, 2 and 3 were better correlated with oxygen partial pressure than oxygen concentration. These results are related to the oxygen carrying capacity and oxygen affinity of the haemolymph. Our results show that oxygen bioavailability in a saline-water environment depends on the response (relative contribution of Hb1, Hb2 and Hb3 or total haemoglobin concentration) that is studied. They also show that oxygen concentration and oxygen partial pressure have a different physiological impact on brine shrimp.     

Effects of fertilization and elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on larval food and butterfly nectar amino acid preference in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Coenonympha pamphilus</Emphasis> L.

The effects of larval diet on the nutritional preferences of butterflies has rarely been examined. This study investigates whether alterations in the larval diet result in changes in adult preferences for nectar amino acids. Larvae of Coenonympha pamphilus were raised on fertilized or unfertilized Festuca rubra, grown under ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (750 ppm) atmospheric CO ₂environments. Fertilization led to marked increases in leaf nitrogen concentration. In plants grown under elevated CO ₂conditions, leaf water and nitrogen concentrations were significantly lower, and the C/N-ratio increased significantly. Fertilization of the host plant shortened the development time of C. pamphilus larvae, and pupal weight increased. In contrast, larvae of C. pamphilus developed significantly slower on F. rubra grown under elevated CO ₂, but adult emergence weight was not affected by CO ₂treatment of the plant. C. pamphilus females showed a clear preference for nectar mimics containing amino acids, whereas males, regardless of treatment, either preferred the nectar mimic void of amino acids or showed no preference for the different solutions. Female butterflies raised on fertilized plants showed a significant decline in their preference for nectar mimics containing amino acids. A slight, but not significant, trend towards increased nectar amino acid preference was found in females raised on plants grown under elevated CO ₂. We clearly demonstrate that alterations in larval host quality led to changes in butterfly nectar preferences. The ability of the butterfly to either rely less on nectar uptake or compensate for poor larval conditions represents a trade-off between larval and adult butterfly feeding.     

Effects of long-term acclimation to environmental hypercapnia on extracellular acid–base status and metabolic capacity in Mediterranean fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis>

In the context of future scenarios of anthropogenic CO₂ accumulation in marine surface waters, the present study addresses the effects of long-term hypercapnia on a Mediterranean fish, Sparus aurata. By equilibration with elevated CO₂ levels seawater pH was lowered to a value of 7.3, close to the maximum pH drop expected in marine surface waters from atmospheric CO₂ accumulation. Intra- and extracellular acid–base parameters as well as changes in enzyme profiles were studied in red and white muscles and the heart under both normocapnia and hypercapnia. The activities of pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase and and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) reflect the pathways and capacity of oxidative processes in metabolism. Long-term hypercapnia caused a transient reduction in blood plasma pH (pH_e) as well as in intracellular pH (pH_i). Compensation of the acidosis occurred through increased plasma and cellular bicarbonate levels. Changes in enzymatic activities, especially the increase in the activity of L-LDH, paralleled by a drop in CS activity in white and red muscles reflect a shift from aerobic to anaerobic pathways of substrate oxidation during long-term acclimation under hypercapnia. The present results suggest that moderate environmental hypercapnia changes the metabolic profile in tissues of S. aurata. Consequences for slow processes like growth and reproduction potential as well as potential harm at population, species and ecosystem levels require further investigation.     

Acute effects of low-dose cypermethrin on male rat cells

Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin were investigated following intradermal dose (5–50 mM) of cypermethrin to male albino Wistar rats. Glucose, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hemoglobin, blood RBC, and WBC content were determined 6 h after pesticide administration. Biochemical parameters and blood cell count changed significantly in treated rats at all doses. Low-dose cypermethrin affected early biochemical changes in rats.     

Hematological responses of broiler chickens exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions

Hematological responses of broiler chicken exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily were evaluated for 56 days in a poultry house. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated with a specially designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. Control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietory broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the fourth and eighth weeks for hematological assay from each treatment. The hematological parameters assayed were hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Results indicated that the treatment did not significantly affect the Hb, PCV, and WBC constituents. Neutrophils significantly decreased while lymphocytes increased. The age of birds significantly increased Hb, PCV, and WBC levels in the blood.     

Hematoxicity and hepatoxicity attributed to zinc and cadmium in the Norwegian rat

This study was carried out to determine changes in the blood and liver of rats given oral doses of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Thirty 3 month old rats were kept six to a compartment in a well-demarcated five compartment cage labeled A, B, C, D, and E. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, and with ad libitum administration of water and feed, group A and B rats were, respectively, exposed to 100 mg CdSO₄ and 2200 mg ZnSO₄, respectively, mixed with their feed. Group C rats were fed with a combination of 100 mg CdSO₄ and 2200 mg ZnSO₄ mixed with their feed, while group D rats were exposed to 100 mg CdSO₄ mixed with their feed for 48 h, and after they were given 2200 mg ZnSO₄ for 96 h. Group E rats served as control and were fed a normal diet. Analysis of blood samples after 5 days showed that in rats of groups A, B, C, and D, WBC count increased from 6800 to 12,400 mm^?3 and platelets from 26,000 to 88,000 mm^?3. Reduction in blood counts were found for RBC from 13.8 to 4.7 × 10⁶ mm^?3, hemoglobin from 15.6 to 11.4 dL^?1, and PCV from 47 to 34%. ESR was the same 1.0 mm h^?1 in all groups. Severe damage to the liver was also shown by severe degeneration of hepatocytes and increase in Kuppfer cells. The above observations were mildest in the liver of group C rats. A reduction of body weight was observed in all treatment groups. Cd and Zn were found to be hematoxic and hepatotoxic in the Norwegian rat with Cd exhibiting greater toxicity than Zn. Toxicity of Cd was suppressed by Zn only when both metals were admistered at the same time, but a delay in intake of Zn (after 48 h) had little effect on Cd toxicity.