P掺杂TiO_2纳米管的制备及其对光催化甘油水溶液制氢性能的影响

以P掺杂的TiO2纳米颗粒为前驱体,采用水热合成法制备了系列P掺杂的TiO2纳米管.用N2吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等方法对光催化材料的表面形貌、颗粒尺寸、孔结构、表面构造、吸光性能进行了分析.研究结果表明,所制备的各样品均为两端开口的纳米管形貌,管长为几十纳米到几百纳米,管外径约10 nm,内径约4 nm,管壁为多层;P掺杂后的系列TiO2纳米管仍保持锐钛矿晶型;掺杂的P可以进入到TiO2的骨架中,并形成P—O—Ti键,在TiO2禁带内引入杂质能级,降低了禁带能量,提高了TiO2的吸光性能及光生电子和空穴的分离性能.光催化甘油水溶液制氢活性评价表明,P掺杂的TiO2纳米管表现出了远高于纯TiO2管以及相同掺杂量的纳米颗粒的光催化制氢性能,2%P掺杂的样品在紫外灯和氙灯辐射下,其最高产氢速率可分别达1850μmol·(h·g)-1和335μmol·(h·g)-1.P掺杂TiO2样品光催化活性的提高与其禁带能量降低以及光生电子和空穴的分离性能增加有关.     

制备钙钛矿催化剂LaNiO3用于染料废水的降解脱色

为改善普通石墨电极的电催化性能,将以溶胶-凝胶法合成的钙钛矿氧化物LaNiO3混合其它原料做成气体扩散电极,用于电化学降解活性艳红X-3B,以脱色率来考核催化剂的氧还原活性.采用星点设计-效应面曲线法对催化剂制备工艺进行了优化,得出最佳工艺参数为:柠檬酸含量为金属离子物质的量的1.54倍,pH值为9.94,焙烧温度为824.39℃.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、动电位扫描等检测分析方法对所制备的催化剂进行表征和分析.结果表明,制备的催化剂晶相纯净、晶型完整、衍射峰强度较高,是较完整的钙钛矿结构;相比于普通石墨电极,掺杂催化剂的气体扩散电极极化阻力高,氧还原性能良好,有利于有机物的降解.     

氧化石墨烯复合膜在水处理中的应用研究进展与展望

氧化石墨烯(GO)复合膜基于良好的亲水性、丰富的官能团、较大的比表面积及化学稳定性等优异性能在膜分离领域备受关注。该文综述了GO复合膜的制备方法,包括真空过滤法、旋涂法、层层自组装法、掺杂法和共混法等,介绍了其在微污染水体和工业废水深度处理领域的研究进展,探讨了GO复合膜对污染物的分离机理,并对其在水处理领域的应用前景和今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

绢云母负载N掺杂纳米二氧化钛的制备及性能研究

以绢云母为载体,采用水解-沉淀法制备出了绢云母负载纳米TiO2粉体(TiO2/M),以尿素为氮源,采用后掺杂法制得具有可见光响应的N掺杂TiO2/M.采用XRD,XPS,SEM,DUV等手段对样品进行了性能表征;并以日光色镝灯为光源,甲基橙为模拟污染物检测其光催化活性.研究了N的掺杂对粉体中TiO2晶相结构,粒度和光催化性能的影响.结果表明,绢云母与TiO2通过桥氧相连形成包覆层,N的掺杂抑制了TiO2晶粒的长大,减缓锐钛矿向金红石相的转变,同时N的掺杂形成Ti—O—N键,形成新的能级结构,使样品对光的吸收边红移至440—550 nm,具有明显的可见光响应,对甲基橙的光催化降解率与没有掺N的样品相比,最高可达1.6倍.     

掺杂方法对Cu-OMS-2催化氧化甲苯性能的影响

分别采用前掺杂法(PI)、离子交换法(IE)和浸渍法(IM)合成了过渡金属Cu掺杂的催化剂Cu-OMS-2,通过XRD、BET、XPS、H_2-TPR等手段对催化剂的结构进行表征,并测试催化剂对甲苯的催化燃烧性能.XRD结果显示,全部掺Cu样品与单纯OMS-2晶相峰相同;XPS结果表明,Cu掺杂有效调控了Mn~(3+)/Mn~(4+)的比例,催化剂表面形成不同数量氧空位,其中前掺杂法和离子交换法制备的催化剂表面生成了更多的氧空位;H_2-TPR结果显示Cu掺杂降低了催化剂还原温度,且前掺杂法和离子交换法制备的催化剂的还原温度低于浸渍法合成的样品.因此,前掺杂法和离子交换法合成的催化剂在甲苯催化氧化中显示出较高的催化活性.     

焙烧温度对N掺杂TiO2催化剂催化性能的影响

以Ti（SO4）2为钛源、碳酸氢铵为氮源,采用均匀沉淀法制得水合沉淀物,在N2保护下对水合沉淀物进行程序升温处理,制得了不同焙烧温度的N掺杂TiO2可见光响应催化剂.以三硝基间苯二酚为目标降解物,研究了所制备微粒在可见光区及紫外光区的光催化活性.对所制备的催化剂采用X射线衍射、热重-差热分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱对催化剂进行表征,研究改性催化剂的晶相结构、热稳定性、表面结构和光谱特征.结果表明：N-掺杂TiO2的可见光催化活性显著提高,焙烧温度为300℃时可见光催化活性最为优异,在不降低紫外段催化能力的同时,催化剂的吸收带边红移至468nm.     

导电聚合物在生物医学方面的应用

导电聚合物(Conducting polymers,CPs)的研究和发展受到生物学、临床医学和生物医学工程等领域的关注,由于其良好的导电性、稳定的电化学特性以及良好的生物相容性在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景,比如用作生物传感器、神经性假体、人造器官、药物的控释载体以及组织工程支架等.对导电聚合物在生物医学领域的研究进展、应用价值和未来发展动态进行综述,分别总结导电聚合物在组织工程学、再生医学和生物传感器等领域的应用研究,介绍导电聚合物在蛋白冠方面的应用价值.在组织工程学和再生医学领域,导电聚合物主要用于神经再生、治疗心血管疾病及伤口愈合等方面.在生物传感器领域,导电聚合物主要用于修复受损的神经系统、促进DNA探针定向结合、神经元再生以及用于检测乳酸、葡萄糖等一系列应激代谢标志物.作为电功能性材料,导电聚合物的研究和发展十分迅速,制备出构筑设计方法简便、应用价值高、生物相容性优异的导电聚合物是未来研究发展的方向之一.随着社会和科技的进步,关于导电聚合物的构筑设计和应用研究将大大促进功能材料领域的快速发展,在一定程度上拓展导电聚合物材料在生物医学领域的应用前景.(图4参38)     

微生物燃料电池阳极电极的新型材料与修饰方法

近年来,微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cells,MFCs)发展迅速,然而其功率输出仍然较低,其主要限制因素为接种物的活性及电极材料的选择.阳极电极常被作为有效的微生物载体,并介导电子的快速传递;因此使用新型的电极材料或修饰方法将成为提高MFC效率的重要手段.根据材料的物理特性及改性方法,将阳极电极材料划分为5类:修饰后的传统碳电极材料、石墨烯修饰电极材料、天然生物质电极材料、碳纳米管修饰电极材料以及金属修饰电极材料,并着重介绍了其中的热点——石墨烯修饰电极材料与碳纳米管修饰电极材料.通过分析,归纳出部分能够促进微生物燃料电池电化学表现的优异性能,例如强导电性、生物相容性、高比表面积及耐腐蚀性等;同时,修饰过后的纳米材料、石墨烯材料及三维大孔材料将成为日后的研究重点.未来,研究者们在选择电极材料的时候,应当同时考虑性能的差异性和成本的可控性.人们只有将新材料及改性方法投入到实际的大规模应用中,才能合理有效地实现废水处理及生产清洁能源的目的.(图6表5参117)     

水热法制备N掺杂纳米TiO2及其光催化活性研究

以钛酸四丁酯和氨水为前驱物,采用水热法制备N掺杂TiO2纳米微粒,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等技术对不同条件下制备的产物进行了表征.探讨了不同体积比的前驱物、水热温度、水热时间及煅烧温度对水热产物的影响;考察了N掺杂催化剂在紫外线和可见光下光催化降解甲基橙和苯酚的催化性能.     

稀土Gd掺杂SnSb多组份涂层电极制备的实验研究

采用溶胶 凝胶技术 ,以无机盐SnCl4·5H2 O ,Sb2 O3 ,Gd2 O3 为前驱体 ,制备稀土Gd掺杂Sn ,Sb溶胶 ,以钛电极为基材制备Sn ,Sb ,Gd多组分的涂层电极 .考察了不同热处理温度、不同稀土掺杂量下制备的电极 ,以苯酚为目标有机物的电化学降解特性 ,并对稀土Gd掺杂SnSb涂层电极进行了SEM ,XPS等表征 ,结果表明 :在热处理温度为 70 0℃、稀土掺杂量 (原子质量比 )为 :Sn∶Sb∶Gd =10 0∶6∶1的电极降解效果最好 ;稀土Gd掺杂有利于SnSb金属氧化物涂层电极的电催化性能的提高     

掺铅TiO2薄膜的光催化活性及电化学性能

采用溶胶凝胶烧结工艺在玻璃表面制备铅离子多层掺杂的光催化复合TiO2薄膜,用XRD技术表征了该薄膜的晶型,并用电化学方法测定了该薄膜电极的伏安特性及交流阻抗性能．以光催化降解甲基橙溶液为模型反应,采用两种不同方式制备的铅离子多层掺杂TiO2薄膜具有很好的光催化活性,最佳掺杂浓度均为0．5％(Pb／Ti原子百分比),PbD0.5掺铅薄膜的最佳光催化降解甲基橙表观速率常数约是纯TiO2的2．52倍．铅离子掺杂TiO2薄膜表现出近表面处捕获光生电子或空穴,随后被捕获的电子或空穴迁移到TiO2薄膜表向参与光催化反应。     

Construction of carbon nanotube-based microcapsules by self-assembly

Carbon nanotubes possess unique structures and outstanding properties. However, dispersion and manipulation of carbon nanotubes in solvents severely limit their application. A solution is building carbon nanotube-based microcapsules that combine both the properties of carbon nanotubes and capsules. Carbon nanotube-based microcapsules have indeed great potential applications including catalysts, adsorbents, and controlled-release materials. Here, we built carbon nanotube-based microcapsules by electrostatic self-assembly to develop novel composite materials. The construction and morphology of microcapsules were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Pre-films composed of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and poly(diallyldimethylammoinum chloride) were assembled onto calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) microparticles to construct positive solid templates. The carboxylated carbon nanotubes were then successfully assembled on the CaCO₃ template using a self-assembly technique. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as a powerful chelating agent to remove the CaCO₃ cores by chelation between EDTA and calcium, thus completing the construction of carbon nanotube-based hollow microcapsules. The spherical shapes of the microcapsules were well retained, and the carbon nanotubes were anchored evenly in the polyelectrolyte layers.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phosphamidon using Ag-doped ZnO nanorods

The photocatalytic degradation of the organo-phosphorous pesticide phosphamidon at low concentration in aqueous solution on Ag-doped ZnO nanorods was investigated. Nanosized Ag-doped ZnO rods were synthesized by using a microwave assisted aqueous method. High molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol was used as a stabilizing agent. Composition and structure were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern reveals that ZnO nanorods are of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The average crystallite size calculated from Scherrer's relation was found to be 30?nm. The effects of catalyst loading, pH value, and initial concentration of phosphamidon on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency using Ag-doped ZnO nanorods as a photocatalyst have been discussed. The results revealed that Ag-doped ZnO nanorods with a diameter of 30?nm showed highest photocatalytic activity at a surface density of 1?g?dm^?3. The catalyst doped with 0.2?mol% Ag is effective for the degradation of phosphamidon with visible light. This opens a new possibility to decompose pesticides that are present in wastewater.     

Dual-functional sites for synergistic adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) by polyaniline-TiO2 hydrate: Adsorption behaviors,sites and mechanisms

• PANI/Ti(OH)_n^(4–n)+ exhibited excellent adsorption capacity and reusability. • Adsorption sites of Cr(VI) were hydroxyl, amino/imino group and benzene rings. • Sb(V) was adsorbed mainly through hydrogen bonds and Ti-O-Sb. • The formation of Cr-O-Sb in dual system demonstrated the synergistic adsorption. • PANI/TiO₂ was a potential widely-applied adsorbent and worth further exploring. Removal of chromium (Cr) and antimony (Sb) from aquatic environments is crucial due to their bioaccumulation, high mobility and strong toxicity. In this work, a composite adsorbent consisting of Ti(OH)_n^(4–n)+ and polyaniline (PANI) was designed and successfully synthesized by a simple and eco-friendly method for the uptake of Cr(VI) and Sb(V). The synthetic PANI/TiO₂ composites exhibited excellent adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) and Sb(V) (394.43 mg/g for Cr(VI) and 48.54 mg/g for Sb(V)), wide pH applicability and remarkable reusability. The adsorption of Cr(VI) oxyanions mainly involved electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and anion-π interactions. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis, the adsorption sites were shown to be hydroxyl groups, amino/imino groups and benzene rings. Sb(V) was adsorbed mainly through hydrogen bonds and surface complexation to form Ti-O-Sb complexes. The formation of Cr-O-Sb in the dual system demonstrated the synergistic adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V). More importantly, because of the different adsorption sites, the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) occurred independently and was enhanced to some extent in the dual system. The results suggested that PANI/TiO₂ is a promising prospect for practical wastewater treatment in the removal of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) from wastewater owing to its availability, wide applicability and great reusability.     

新型双槽光电化学反应器对活性艳红的降解研究

用热氧化法制备了TiO2/Ti薄膜电极,并用XRD和AFM对TiO2/Ti薄膜电极的晶形和表面形貌进行了表征。结果表明：热氧化法制备的TiO2主要为锐钛型纳米颗粒,直径在40 nm左右。设计了一种新型双槽光电化学反应器,用于废水的处理。以热氧化法制备的TiO2/Ti薄膜电极为阳极进行光电催化反应,同时以石墨电极为阴极用于产生双氧水,并与紫外光组成UV/H2O2体系。考察了双槽反应器中活性艳红X-3B在不同条件下的降解效果。降解结果表明：在新型反应器的阴阳两极槽中,活性艳红不仅在TiO2/Ti阳极槽中被降解,而且在石墨阴极槽中也得到降解;活性艳红在酸性条件下的降解效果最好;相对于单纯的电化学氧化和光催化,光电化学协同作用对X-3B的降解效果最好。     

烟炱气溶胶的光学辐射特性研究

烟炱气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,它能直接或间接地影响地-气辐射平衡,进而对全球气候产生重大影响.目前,关于烟炱气溶胶光学性质的研究已经成为气溶胶科学中的前沿和热点课题,对其进行系统的实验室研究可以为更好地分析和认识外场观测结果提供基础,并为数值模式模拟研究提供准确的基本参数.本文简要介绍了烟炱气溶胶的来源和分类,...     

Ce(x)Mn/TiO2-y催化剂低温NH3-SCR脱硝性能

以锐钛矿TiO₂(P25)为载体采用原位生长法负载锰氧化物制备了Mn/TiO₂催化剂,再以等体积浸渍-煅烧法对该催化剂掺杂氧化铈制备Ce(x)Mn/TiO₂-y催化剂用以烟气低温SCR脱硝.在固定锰负载量(质量分数为8%)的基础上,考察了铈掺杂量(铈锰摩尔比)、煅烧温度对催化剂SCR脱硝性能的影响.采用TEM、BET、XRD和XPS等手段表征了催化剂的理化结构特性.结果发现,当Ce/Mn的摩尔比例为1.0,煅烧温度为300℃时,Ce(1.0)Mn/TiO₂-300催化剂在150—300℃温度范围内、10500—27000 h^-1的空速范围内,能够保持90%以上的NO转化率.理化性能分析结果表明,煅烧温度对催化剂的微观形貌影响显著,随着煅烧温度的升高,Ce(1.0)Mn/TiO₂-500催化剂活性物种颗粒集聚明显、比表面积降低,且锰氧化物价态分布偏向于低价态;铈的掺杂有助于Ce(1.0)Mn/TiO₂-300催化剂活性物种在载体表面的均匀分散,可以促进产生更多的Mn4+物种和更多的吸附氧,有利于催化剂低温SCR脱硝性能的提升.     

Energy and environmental applications of carbon nanotubes

Energy and environment are major global issues inducing environmental pollution problems. Energy generation from conventional fossil fuels has been identified as the main culprit of environmental quality degradation and environmental pollution. In order to address these issues, nanotechnology plays an essential role in revolutionizing the device applications for energy conversion and storage, environmental monitoring, as well as green engineering of environmental friendly materials. Carbon nanotubes and their hybrid nanocomposites have received immense research attention for their potential applications in various fields due to their unique structural, electronic and mechanical properties. Here, we review the applications of carbon nanotubes (1) in energy conversion and storage such as in solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors, (2) in environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment for the detection and removal of gas pollutants, pathogens, dyes, heavy metals and pesticides and (3) in green nanocomposite design. Integration of carbon nanotubes in solar and fuel cells has increased the energy conversion efficiency of these energy conversion applications, which serve as the future sustainable energy sources. Carbon nanotubes doped with metal hydrides show high hydrogen storage capacity of around 6?wt% as a potential hydrogen storage medium. Carbon nanotubes nanocomposites have exhibited high energy capacity in lithium ion batteries and high specific capacitance in electrochemical supercapacitors, in addition to excellent cycle stability. High sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of environmental pollutants are demonstrated by carbon nanotubes based sensors, as well as the anticipated potentials of carbon nanotubes as adsorbent to remove environmental pollutants, which show high adsorption capacity and good regeneration capability. Carbon nanotubes are employed as reinforcement material in green nanocomposites, which is advantageous in supplying the desired properties, in addition to the biodegradability. This article presents an overview of the advantages imparted by carbon nanotubes in electrochemical devices of energy applications and green nanocomposites, as well as nanosensor and adsorbent for environmental protection.