Recovery and reuse of floc sludge for high-performance capacitors

• The feasibility of facile fabrication of capacitor from floc sludge is discussed. • The porous carbon composites are obtained by acidification and KOH activation. • The as-prepared 3D structure has large surface area and optimal pore size. • Admirable specific capacitance and outstanding cycling stability are obtained. In this paper, floc sludge was transformed into porous carbon matrix composites by acidification and KOH activation at high temperature and used as an electrode material for application in capacitors. The effects of different treatment processes on the electrochemical properties of sludge materials were compared. The results of electrochemical tests showed that the sludge electrode exhibited excellent energy storage performance after HNO₃ acidification and KOH activation with a mass ratio of 3:1 (KOH/C). The specific capacitance of the sludge electrode reached 287 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition, the sludge electrode material showed excellent cycle stability (specific capacity retained at 93.4% after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g). Based on XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and BET surface analysis, the morphology of sludge electrode materials can be effectively regulated by chemical pretreatment. The best-performing material showed a 3D porous morphology with a large specific surface area (2588 m²/g) and optimal pore size distribution, improving ion channels and charge conductivity. According to the life cycle assessment of floc sludge utilization, it reduced the resource consumption and toxicity risk by more than 90% compared with ordinary sludge disposal processes. This work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly sludge reuse method and demonstrated the application potential of sludge-based materials in high-performance supercapacitors.     

复合光催化剂(TiO2/多壁碳纳米管)制备工艺条件对甲基橙光催化降解动力学的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同条件下制备了多壁碳纳米管(MwCNTs)负载纳米TiO2的复合光催化剂(TiO2/MWCNTs).以偶氮类染料甲基橙为模拟污染物,研究不同制备工艺参数的复合光催化剂对甲基橙的光催化降解动力学的影响.对TiO2/MWCNTs的表征结果表明,纳米TiO2较好地分散在多壁碳纳米管表面;随着温度的升高,复...     

Energy and environmental applications of carbon nanotubes

Energy and environment are major global issues inducing environmental pollution problems. Energy generation from conventional fossil fuels has been identified as the main culprit of environmental quality degradation and environmental pollution. In order to address these issues, nanotechnology plays an essential role in revolutionizing the device applications for energy conversion and storage, environmental monitoring, as well as green engineering of environmental friendly materials. Carbon nanotubes and their hybrid nanocomposites have received immense research attention for their potential applications in various fields due to their unique structural, electronic and mechanical properties. Here, we review the applications of carbon nanotubes (1) in energy conversion and storage such as in solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors, (2) in environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment for the detection and removal of gas pollutants, pathogens, dyes, heavy metals and pesticides and (3) in green nanocomposite design. Integration of carbon nanotubes in solar and fuel cells has increased the energy conversion efficiency of these energy conversion applications, which serve as the future sustainable energy sources. Carbon nanotubes doped with metal hydrides show high hydrogen storage capacity of around 6?wt% as a potential hydrogen storage medium. Carbon nanotubes nanocomposites have exhibited high energy capacity in lithium ion batteries and high specific capacitance in electrochemical supercapacitors, in addition to excellent cycle stability. High sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of environmental pollutants are demonstrated by carbon nanotubes based sensors, as well as the anticipated potentials of carbon nanotubes as adsorbent to remove environmental pollutants, which show high adsorption capacity and good regeneration capability. Carbon nanotubes are employed as reinforcement material in green nanocomposites, which is advantageous in supplying the desired properties, in addition to the biodegradability. This article presents an overview of the advantages imparted by carbon nanotubes in electrochemical devices of energy applications and green nanocomposites, as well as nanosensor and adsorbent for environmental protection.     

金属氧化物MoO3(WO3)和V2O5对烟气脱硝催化性能试验

以纳米级锐钛型TiO2为载体,负载V2O5和WO3(或MoO3)制备催化剂,研究不同催化剂组分对NO和NO2脱除率以及N2O生成量的影响.结果表明,V2O5的加入使得MoO3(WO3)/TiO2催化剂的活性和选择性得到了改善.MoO3(WO3)的加入主要是改善了催化剂表面的活性位数量,从而使得V2O5/TiO2基催化剂表现出更高的活性.     

新型双槽光电化学反应器对活性艳红的降解研究

用热氧化法制备了TiO2/Ti薄膜电极,并用XRD和AFM对TiO2/Ti薄膜电极的晶形和表面形貌进行了表征。结果表明：热氧化法制备的TiO2主要为锐钛型纳米颗粒,直径在40 nm左右。设计了一种新型双槽光电化学反应器,用于废水的处理。以热氧化法制备的TiO2/Ti薄膜电极为阳极进行光电催化反应,同时以石墨电极为阴极用于产生双氧水,并与紫外光组成UV/H2O2体系。考察了双槽反应器中活性艳红X-3B在不同条件下的降解效果。降解结果表明：在新型反应器的阴阳两极槽中,活性艳红不仅在TiO2/Ti阳极槽中被降解,而且在石墨阴极槽中也得到降解;活性艳红在酸性条件下的降解效果最好;相对于单纯的电化学氧化和光催化,光电化学协同作用对X-3B的降解效果最好。     

碘铈共掺杂纳米TiO_2的制备及可见光光催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同原料比例碘铈共掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂,运用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）,X射线衍射（XRD）,透射电镜（TEM）等检测手段对催化剂进行了初步表征.结果表明,经过450℃煅烧处理得到的TiO2、铈掺杂TiO2以及碘铈共掺杂TiO2催化剂均为锐钛矿相,掺杂的Ce和I原子可能以I—Ce—O及O—Ti—I等键合方式进入TiO2晶格内部,此外,I-Ce离子共掺杂能有效降低TiO2表面的电子-空穴对的复合.以染料罗丹明B（Rhodamine B,RhB）和无色小分子水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）为降解的目标化合物,发现碘铈共掺杂的最佳物质的量之比为nCe∶nI∶nTi=0.04∶0.05∶1,即I0.05Ce0.04TiO2催化剂在可见光照射下（λ〉420 nm）降解目标化合物其光化学活性明显优于单掺铈的TiO2催化剂和未掺杂的TiO2.该催化反应涉及到空穴氧化,并伴有羟基自由基（.OH）、超氧自由基（O2.-）及H2O2等氧化物种的产生.     

以工业级TiO2为载体负载不同助催化剂V2O5基脱氮催化剂的性能

在工业级TiO2载体上,通过浸渍法负载V2O5,WO3和MoO3等活性物质,制备不同V2O5基的烟气脱氮催化剂．在固定床反应器中测试DeNOx活性,研究不同的助催化剂(WO3和MoO3)对该类型催化剂DeNOx活性的影响,结果表明,在三元催化剂中,V2O5是主活性物质,MoO3和WO3是助催化剂,此外,V2O5-MoO3／TiO2的脱氮效率高于V2O5-WO3／TiO2,但N2O的生成量较大。     

TiO2,ZnO光催化降解庚烷的活性研究

采用XRD，SPS，XPS，BET技术对TiO2和ZnO超细粉进行了结构、性能测试、考察了不同粒径的超细粉和普通商品（体相）TiO2、ZnO对庚烷的气相光催化反应，结果表明，TiO2（锐钛矿型）光催化活性大于ZnO，锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性较金红石型TiO2好，对于同一结构的粒子来说，粒径愈小，表面羟基含量愈高，光催化活性愈高，通过反应产物的分析，探讨了反应机理。     

MoO3/TiO2催化剂对NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究

通过共混法制备MoO3／TiO2催化剂,还原脱除NOx的研究．对于100目的催化剂,并在固定床反应器中进行了NH3选择性催化在较低温度下(≤583K),升高温度和降低空速,NOx脱除率提高;在反应温度较高时,NH3氧化的副反应的影响加强,此时过度延长反应时间和提高反应温度反而会使NOx脱除率降低．在583K和空速为12kh“时,NOx转化率可达92％．FT-IR光谱和XRD分析结果表明,MoO3形成分散相,均匀分布在TiO2颗粒表面并形成稳定的Mo=0基,它的加入没有影响TiO2(锐态矿型)的结构和形貌．     

Fenton溶液预处理对TiO2纳米管催化活性的影响

采用Fenton溶液对TiO2纳米管电极进行预处理,研究其对TiO2纳米管催化活性的影响,考察了Fenton溶液的浓度、配比和处理时间等影响因素,研究了Fenton预处理过程中溶液中二价铁和总铁的含量变化,运用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对TiO2纳米管电极进行了表征,初步探讨了经处理后TiO2纳米管催化活性再生或增强的机理.结果表明,经Fenton溶液处理后的TiO2纳米管催化活性有明显地提高,Fenton溶液浓度越高,TCs降解率越大(相应于TiO2纳米管催化活性的增强);在一定浓度范围内,H2O2的配比高低对TCs降解率影响较大,其所占比例高,则降解率高,而Fe2+配比高低对TCs降解率影响相对较小.在Fenton溶液处理过程中,溶液中剩余的Fe2+含量较为恒定,总铁的含量呈下降趋势.XPS分析表明,经Fenton溶液处理后,TiO2纳米管电极表面C1s含量降低,O1s、Fe2p含量增大;部分含碳官能团含量明显降低,O1s的电子结合能向高能端位移.     

TiO2/粉煤灰的制备及光催化性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为原料,以粉煤灰微珠为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/粉煤灰光催化剂.负载于粉煤灰表面的TiO2平均粒径约为7nm,晶型为锐钛矿型,该催化剂在太阳光下降解初始浓度为10mg·l-1的甲基橙,经6h,甲基橙的降解率可达98.9%,将其应用于实际样品的测定,经3h降解率可达96.1%,显示出优越的光催化降解性能.     

玻璃弹簧负载镶嵌纳米粒子TiO2膜光催化降解活性深蓝K-R

以玻璃弹簧负载镶嵌纳米粒子的TiO2膜降解活性深蓝K-R模拟废水,考察了pH值和温度对脱色率的影响以及CODCr去除率与脱色率之间的关系,并用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,pH值和温度对脱色率均有显著影响,CODCr去除率与脱色率的比值约为70%左右;XRD表明,TiO2矿相主要为锐钛型,SEM表明,镶嵌TiO2粒子均匀,粒径约50nm.     

选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂钛钨粉原始粉体的对比

采用XRF、XRD、低温N2吸附曲线、SEM和FT-IR考察了国产和进口钛钨(WO3/TiO2)粉的组成及其微观结构.结果表明,国产和进口钛钨粉中Ti和W的含量相差不大,但是国产钛钨粉都含有少量P,而国外钛钨粉O和S含量较大.国产和进口钛钨粉中TiO2都为锐钛矿型晶型;其表面官能团基本相同;钛钨粉颗粒形貌类似,都为多孔物质,其比表面积相差不大,但是进口样品的孔容高于国产样品.     

氟里昂12(CCl2F2)燃烧分解催化剂性能的研究

本文对贵金属、氧化物和复合氧化物体系催化剂上氟里昂_(12)(F_(12))燃烧分解反应进行了活性评价和稳定性研究.结果表明:TiO_2,ZrO_2/TiO_2催化剂对氟里昂_(12)燃烧分解反应具有良好的低温催化活性和较好的稳定性,ZrO_2/TiO_2催化剂具有一定的臭氧-催化氧化活性     

Regulating non-precious transition metal nitrides bifunctional electrocatalysts through surface/interface nanoengineering for air-cathodes of Zn-air batteries

Zn-air batteries (ZABs), especially the secondary batteries, have engrossed a great interest because of its high specific energy, economical and high safety. However, due to the insufficient activity and stability of bifunctional electrocatalysts for air-cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, the practical application of rechargeable ZABs is seriously hindered. In the effort of developing high active, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been regarded as the candidates due to their high conductivity, strong corrosion-resistance, and bifunctional catalytic performance. In this paper, the research progress in TMNs-based material as ORR and OER electrocatalysts for ZABs is discussed with respect to their synthesis, chemical/physical characterization, and performance validation/optimization. The surface/interface nanoengineering strategies such as defect engineering, support binding, heteroatom introduction, crystal plane orientation, interface construction and small size effect, the physical and chemical properties of TMNs-based electrocatalysts are emphasized with respect to their structures/morphologies, composition, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, chemical stability and corrosion resistance. The challenges of TMNs-based materials as bifunctional air-cathode electrocatalysts in practical application are evaluated, and numerous research guidelines to solve these problems are put forward for facilitating further research and development.     

Improving the stability,lithium diffusion dynamics,and specific capacity of SrLi2Ti6O14 via ZrO2 coating

SrLi2Ti6O14 (SLTO) coated with different amount of ZrO2 was successfully prepared. The as-obtained composites are stacked by a series of particles with a pure phase structure and a good crystallinity. Furthermore, ZrO2 coating not only enhances the structural stability of the materials but also facilitates the diffusion of lithium through the SEI film. As a result, the redox polarization was reduced, and the reversibility of the electrochemical reaction was enhanced. Particularly, SLTO-ZrO2-2 sample delivers a high initial lithiation capacity of 283.6 mA h g-1, and the values maintain at 251.7, 228.0, 207.4, 175.3, and 147.7 mA h g-1 at the current densities of 0.13, 0.26, 0.54, 1.31, and 2.62 A g-1, respectively. Our experiment also confirmed that SLTO materials coated with ZrO2 are suitable for high power density applications, and the lithiation specific energy efficiency of SLTO-ZrO2-2 is 200％as high as that of pure SLTO at a power density of 1257 W kg-1.     

TiO2纳米管光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

以水热法制备TiO2纳米管,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱对其结构和性质进行了表征.研究了光催化还原溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应活性,分别考察了煅烧温度、反应溶液的pH、助催化剂对TiO2纳米管光催化还原的影响.实验结果表明,TiO2-550光催化活性最优;酸性条件有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;NiO和Co2O3复合的TiO2-550光催化活性明显提高.     

Preparation of TiO2/MCM-41 by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method and its photocatalytic activity

Titanium dioxide is coated on the surface of MCM-41 wafer through the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method using titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor. Annealing temperature is a key factor affecting crystal phase of titanium dioxide. It will transform an amorphous structure to a polycrystalline structure by increasing temperature. The optimum anatase phase of TiO₂ which can acquire the best methanol conversion under UV-light irradiation is obtained under an annealing temperature of 700°C for 2 h, substrate temperature of 500°C, 70 mL·min^?1 of oxygen flow rate, and 100W of plasma power. In addition, the films are composed of an anatase-rutile mixed phase, and the ratio of anatase to rutile varies with substrate temperature and oxygen flow rate. The particle sizes of titanium dioxide are between 30.3 nm and 59.9 nm by the calculation of Scherrer equation. Under the reaction conditions of 116.8 mg·L^-1 methanol, 2.9 mg·L^?1 moisture, and 75°C of reaction temperature, the best conversion of methanol with UV-light is 48.2% by using the anatase-rutile (91.3/8.7) mixed phase TiO₂ in a batch reactor for 60 min. While under fluorescent light irradiation, the best photoactivity appears by using the anatase-rutile (55.4/44.6) mixed phase TiO₂ with a conversion of 40.0%.     

均匀沉淀法制备纳米TiO2及其在环保方面的应用

本文以偏钛酸为原料,采用均匀沉淀法制备纳米ＴｉＯ２,所制得的纳米微晶平均粒径约为８．５ｎｍ,并能在７００℃保持锐钛矿型晶体结构,当它应用于染料溶液的光催化分解,与ＭＴ－１５０Ｗ光催化相比,具有较好的催化活性。同时,我们用Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷膜回怍纳米ＴｉＯ２循环再利用,这为纳米ＴｉＯ２在环保方面的大规模应用创造了条件。     

掺Fe^3＋A-TiO2粉末的水热法制备及其光催化降解甲基橙

以硫酸钛为原料用水热法制备了掺Fe^3＋TiO2粉末,用SEM和XRD测定了样品的形貌和晶型,研究了以自制的掺Fe^3＋A-TiO2对甲基橙溶液的光催化降解作用。结果表明：所制备的TiO2为锐钛矿型TiO2即A-TiO2。365nm紫外光照射下,用自制的掺Fe^3＋A-TiO2降解甲基橙溶液的最佳条件是：10mg·L^-1的甲基橙溶液中加入0.050g掺5%Fe^3＋（物质的量比）A-TiO2粉末,用HNO3调节溶液成酸性后,18℃恒温反应4h,降解率达到57.8%。