三江源国家公园生态保护路径研究

建立国家公园体制是我国生态文明体制改革的重点任务.三江源国家公园是中国第一个国家公园体制试点,以探索实现最严格的空间管控和最有效的生态系统保护为目标,以生态保护管理体制机制创新为突破口,科学划定空间布局,明确功能分区管控目标、管控措施,探索生态保护新路径和新模式.通过阐述三江源国家公园体制试点的重要意义,研究总结了4个...     

立法目的视阈下的国家公园制度研究

环境保护与经济发展之间的矛盾始终存在于人类的生产、生活之中,作为两者博弈的产物,环境保护制度起着居间调和的作用.在众多环境保护制度之中,自然保护地为协调保护与发展的矛盾、促进人类社会的可持续发展做出了巨大的贡献.而国家公园作为我国自然保护地体系建设的主体目标,其制度本身便承载着严格保护自然生态系统和合理利用环境资源的双...     

基于景观生态风险评价的白洋淀流域景观格局优化研究

流域景观生态风险评价是景观格局优化的现实依据,景观格局优化是流域生态环境修复和维护的有效途径之一。以白洋淀流域为研究区,从自然、人类活动和景观因素3个方面选取11个指标,采用空间主成分分析法对流域景观生态风险进行评价,识别出面积大于0.001 km²的水体和面积大于0.005 km²的林地作为生态源地,基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和网络结构评价法对流域景观格局进行优化。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖度、径流量等自然因素对白洋淀流域景观生态风险的影响最强烈,景观因素对生态风险的影响最小。(2)白洋淀流域景观生态风险较大,高风险区域位于研究区东南部和西北部,低风险区域零星分布在西部林地中。提取的生态源地总面积为11 319.85 km²,占流域总面积的35%。(3)构建了由39条生态廊道和21个生态节点组成的生态网络格局,形成道路型廊道、河流型廊道、绿带型廊道,优化后景观格局网络闭合度、节点连接率、网络连接度较高,景观格局连通度得到明显提升。基于景观生态风险评价的景观格局优化研究,可为全面推进白洋淀流域生态环境维护和修复提供决策...     

我国就地保护存在的问题及法律建议——以国家公园建设为契机

我国自然保护地制度仍然存在着管理混乱、资金不足、社区矛盾突出以及就地保护成效低下的问题.从规范上来说,自然保护地相关立法、规章缺乏体系甚至缺位.此外,自然整体保护意识的缺乏也容易导致保护和发展理念的失衡.目前,学界在自然保护地研究过程中对国家公园制度建设易陷入过分热情而缺乏理性的态度,因此,需要对国家公园自身进行理性审...     

社会-生态耦合分析视角下普达措国家公园生物多样性价值评估

基于社会-生态耦合分析视角,评估生态系统服务并量化服务间的权衡与协同作用对生态系统服务研究和国家公园规划管理具有理论与实践意义。以中国普达措国家公园为研究对象,采用SolVES模型和InVEST模型,构建感知生物多样性价值与生境质量的耦合度/耦合协调度模型,并结合热点分析工具得出社会-生态热点图,综合评估研究区生物多样性价值。结果表明：(1)感知生物多样性价值高值区呈现“多核心、多条状”的空间格局,与距道路远近以及距水体远近呈显著负相关关系,与海拔高低呈显著正相关关系,且在有林地的价值指数达到最大。(2)研究区生境质量的空间格局呈现“中部、中南部和东北部高而西部和东部低”的分布特征;其中,山区林地草地多为生境质量高值区,河谷平坝地区多为生境质量低值区。(3)感知生物多样性与生境质量的耦合度属于高水平耦合,两者处于良好协调的中级水平阶段,且耦合协调类型为社会滞后型。(4)社会-生态热点区域主要位于公园西南部,形成“单条状”分布特点,部分零星分布于东北部。相比之下,社会-生态冷点区域比较集中,主要位于公园东部,属于尼汝河下游流域。该研究可为重构生物多样性研究的理论框架以及生物多样性保护、调...     

白洋淀水体铁含量与其他水质因子的关系

于2009年5月—2010年3月,选择代表性月份对白洋淀水体水质进行监测,探讨水体中铁含量、形态及其与其他水质因子的相互关系。结果表明,白洋淀水体总铁含量范围为0.03～2.90 mg.L-1,各监测点位平均超标率为61.11%。从时间上来看,水体铁含量表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;从空间上来看,清洁对照点总铁含量最低,污水排放口、养鱼区次之,养鸭区和垃圾堆放点含量均较高。相关分析表明,水体总铁含量与总磷含量、叶绿素a含量、水体富营养化指数之间均呈显著相关性,与总氮含量未表现出显著相关性。     

基于生态系统变化特征的祁连山国家公园甘肃片区生态治理成效分析

祁连山是我国西部重要的水源产流区和生物多样性保护优先区,长期以来受自然和人为因素双重影响,生态系统出现了不同程度的退化。为筑牢国家西部生态安全屏障,在多个已有自然保护区的基础上开展祁连山国家公园体制试点,其中甘肃片区位于祁连山北坡,自20世纪80年代以来实施了生态保护、恢复与建设等生态保护和修复工程并取得了一定成效,对生态治理成效的评价有助于发现存在的生态问题、提升生态建设规划及管护决策的科学性。本研究利用多源遥感数据,在提取生态系统类型与质量参数的基础上,通过其变化特征分析生态治理的成效。研究表明,近20年,研究区生态系统结构基本稳定,草地、森林、灌丛面积明显增加,裸地减少、植被覆盖增加,生态环境质量整体上变好,说明生态治理工程的实施取得了明显成效。但是,研究区具有重要生态服务功能的生态系统面积所占比例小,仅占46.7%,生态系统整体脆弱,维护生态安全、生态安全屏障建设压力仍然较大,生态保护与建设正处于关键阶段,未来需要针对生态系统存在的退化风险,加大生态保护和建设力度。     

国家公园效果评价体系研究

建立国家公园是保护生物多样性和促进地方发展的重要途径之一,开展国家公园效果评价是了解国家公园功能发挥的有效途径。通过查阅大量文献及德尔菲法（Delphi）,确定了与国家公园效果相关的28个评价指标,同时以功能为主导,将评价指标归纳为5个功能指标群：保护功能指标群（7个评价指标）、科研功能指标群（6个评价指标）、游憩功能指标群（7个评价指标）、教育功能指标群（4个评价指标）和经济发展功能指标群（4个评价指标）,通过对评价指标的赋分（5分制原则）和计算权重,从而达到国家公园效果评价的量化,实现对国家公园建设效果的评价。     

西樵山国家森林公园有害植物现状分析

结合西樵山国家森林公园管理公司提供的植被及道路图,运用面上调查和点调查相结合的方法对西樵山国家森林公园的有害植物进行了系统和全面的调查,对西樵山国家森林公园的有害植物危害现状进行了分析.调查结果显示,西樵山国家森林公同有害植物共有25种,录属19科25属,包括本地种20种,外来种5种,达到严重危害的有19种.本地植物成灾面积达56万m2,外来植物成灾面积14万m2,本地植物与外来植物的成灾比例是4:1.针对主要的15种有害植物,对其分布、危害面积与危害特点进行了逐一分析与描述.根据西樵山国家森林公园有害植物的危害现状的分析,本地植物的危害程度和范围都比外来植物大得多,并分析了西樵山国家森林公园有害植物的发展趋势.     

Predicting long-term development of abandoned subalpine conifer forests in the Swiss National Park

In the past 35 years, various kinds of dynamic models have been used to study vegetation development during primary or secondary succession. Typically, one specific model or models with the same conceptual background were employed. It remains largely unknown to what extent such model-based findings, e.g., on the speed of succession, depend on the specific model approach.To address this issue, we estimated the time elapsing during secondary succession in subalpine conifer forests of the Swiss National Park using three models of different conceptual background: (i) a forest gap model, (ii) a Markov chain model, and (iii) a minimum spanning tree model.Starting from a 95- to 125-year-old mountain pine (Pinus montana Miller) forest, all three models predicted a similar successional development. Even though the forest gap model and the Markov chain model are based on totally different approaches and were calibrated using different data sets, they both forecasted that it would take 500–550 years to reach a late-successional forest stage. The minimum spanning tree model, which only reveals a certain number of time steps yielding a minimum time estimate, showed a development of tree density (stems/ha) that was similar to the results of the forest gap model, but a strict quantitative comparison is not feasible.Our study shows that modeling forest development using three different approaches is quite powerful to obtain a robust estimate of the speed of forest succession. In our case, this estimate is higher than what has been suggested in previous studies that investigated secondary forest succession. The use of several approaches allows for a more comprehensive analysis in terms of variables covered (e.g., relative forest cover in the Markov approach vs. stand-scale species composition in the forest gap model). We recommend that in studies focusing on the speed of succession, several models should be employed simultaneously to identify inconsistencies in our knowledge and to increase confidence in the results.     

天目湖水环境现状及生态旅游可持续发展对策

天目湖是江苏省开发建设的重点旅游风景区之一，然而旅游业的蓬勃发展也造成了天目湖的水环境的巨大破坏。文章根据对天目湖的全湖周年水质观测以及相关的历史资料的分析，在阐述天目湖水环境现状、旅游资源的优势的基础上，提出天目湖生态旅游可持续发展的对策与建议：良好的水质是天目湖持续发展生态旅游的首要条件；明确划定天目湖水源保护区的范围；因地制宜发展具有地方特色的旅游产业；增强污水处理能力，实施截污工程；恢复植被，控制氮磷的入湖量；养殖业适度发展；加强生态旅游资源开发利用中的保护与管理。     

A study of the Kazdagi (Mt. Ida) National Park: an ecological approach to the management of tourism

In the field of tourism, where environmental resources are the primary attraction, ecotourism is one of the sustainable approaches now considered as an alternative when considering today's increasing environmental problems. Indeed, according to the World Tourism Organisation, ecotourism is the fastest growing market within the tourist industry. The purpose of this study is to determine tourism activities sensitive to the environment, to help tourism in Turkey and neighbouring countries, and to help spread ecotourism by protecting biological species. The Kazdagi (Mt. Ida) area in Turkey is used as an example and case study.     

Designing the Masoala National Park in Madagascar Based on Biological and Socioeconomic Data

Abstract: Conservation biologists have developed powerful tools for reserve selection and design over the past two decades, yet seldom are protected areas actually designed on scientific grounds. Using fundamental biological and socioeconomic principles of conservation science, we designed a new protected area and its multiple-use zone on the Masoala Peninsula in the humid forest zone of Madagascar. The explicit design criteria determined the data gathered for the work, which included (1) spatial distribution and quality of habitat, (2) the areas and species at greatest risk, (3) the relationship between environmental gradients and species distributions, (4) current and predicted human settlement and land and resource use, and (5) the economic potential of natural forest management as an alternative to deforestation. We used a geographic information system to integrate these data layers and applied the design criteria to develop a park proposal that balanced human and wildlife needs. The proposal won the approval of local residents, and a national decree in 1997 designated 2100 km² of rainforest and three satellite marine reserves as the Masoala National Park, with a surrounding multiple-use zone of approximately 1000 km². The new park is Madagascar's largest protected area and protects more lowland (<400 m) humid forest habitat than the entire reserve system combined, a significant step forward in conserving a globally important ecoregion. Consideration of local needs and the national economy was a key element in gaining approval for the Masoala Park. Such an approach toward reserve design could be applied elsewhere to improve chances of establishing and maintaining protected areas over the long term.     

城市生态修复理念下的废弃矿坑公园景观重塑研究

城市规划区内的废弃矿坑给城市发展造成了严重的景观生态问题,对其开展生态修复既要注重景观再造,又要考虑衔接城市功能,更要注重为当地市民打造宜居生活环境.为了探讨以城市生态修复理念为导向,基于废弃矿坑自身特色构建以人为本的矿坑公园的规划设计过程,以广西钦州市钦南区犀牛脚镇6个废弃矿坑为研究对象,结合城市规划及其区域定位,提...     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果 ,依据系统分析原理 ,从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度 6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中 ,对延安市宝塔区近 8a(1 992— 1 999年 )区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明 :宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势 ,但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段 ,区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态     

Future Climate in the Yellowstone National Park Region and Its Potential Impact on Vegetation

Biotic responses to future changes in global climate are difficult to project for a particular region because the responses involve processes that operate at many spatial scales. This difficulty is exacerbated in mountainous regions, where future vegetation changes are often portrayed as simple upward displacements of vegetation zones in response to warming. We examine the scope of future responses that may occur in a mountainous area by illustrating the potential distributions of selected tree taxa in the region of Yellowstone National Park. The output of a coarse-resolution climate model that incorporated a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was interpolated onto a 5-minute grid of topographically adjusted climate data. The output was also used as input into statistical relationships between the occurrence of individual taxa and climate. The simulated vegetation changes include a combination of elevational and directional range adjustments. The range of high-elevation species decreases, and some species become regionally extirpated. The new communities have no analogue in the present-day vegetation because they mix low-elevation montane species currently in the region with extralocal species from the northern and central Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. The projected climate changes within the Yellowstone region and the individualism displayed by species in their potential range adjustments are equal or greater than the changes seen in the paleoecologic record during previous warming intervals. Although the results support conservation strategies that include habitat connectivity, the magnitude of the changes may exceed the ability of species to adjust their ranges. The predicted patterns call into question the adequacy of current management objectives to cope with the scope of future changes.