长沙、株洲和湘潭城市群土壤重金属分布特征

随着城市化进程的加快发展,城市扩张过程中对城市土壤地质环境造成的污染及所引起的人类健康问题越来越突出.近年来,全国许多城市及地区都开展了针对环境质量的土壤地质环境调查和评价,并取得了大量的基础资料.本研究采集长沙、株洲和湘潭城市群土壤样品,对土壤中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni含量进行监测,分析土壤重金属含量及污染现状,探讨土壤重金属含量的污染分布特征,并分析其内在联系,此外,在监测数据的基础上,对土壤重金属污染现状进行综合质量评价,为土壤环境保护、污染防治和利用提供理论依据和技术支持.     

北京市凉水河污灌区土壤重金属累积和形态分析

采用野外定点连续采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对北京市凉水河污灌区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni等重金属在土壤中的累积及其化学形态进行了系统研究.结果表明,①凉水河污灌区土壤中重金属的质量分数均高于北京地区的土壤背景值,特别是Cu和Pb分别达到北京市土壤环境背景值的3.47倍和4.53倍,凉水河污灌区土壤已经发生明显的重金属累积.②土壤重金属元素之间相关分析表明研究地区存在重金属复合污染,土壤有机质与土壤重金属显著相关表明污灌可能是导致土壤重金属富集的重要原因;土壤各理化性质与土壤重金属相关性表现不一致,土壤重金属富集与迁移的影响因素复杂多样.③Tessier连续提取法测定土壤5种重金属的形态分布规律均为:残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,铁锰结合态含量较高与污水中铁锰含量较高具有一定的关系;凉水河污灌区重金属潜在迁移能力顺序为:Cu>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cr.④综合分析各土壤重金属富集状况、形态分布及其生态毒性,Cu和Pb是凉水河污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属.     

广州市城市森林土壤重金属污染状况及其评价

城市森林土壤能储淤城市环境中的重金属污染元素,影响土壤环境质量.文章对广州市的城市森林区域中土壤重金属的污染状况进行研究,应用单项污染元素指数和综合污染指数对广州市城市森林土壤进行环境质量评价,结果表明:广州市机场高速林带林区土壤中As、Pb、Cd三重金属污染元素超标,广深铁路林带林区土壤中Cd重金属元素超标, 其他各林区严格控制环境重金属污染物未超标;帽峰山森林公园土壤重金属综合污染指数最低,表明森林群落对重金属污染元素的消减作用明显.土壤酶活性可以表征森林土壤中重金属污染状况,森林土壤中As、Cu、Zn含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关性;对可能影响城市森林土壤重金属含量因素的10个因子进行主成分分析,建立了城市森林土壤环境质量评价综合模型.     

中国蔬菜地土壤重金属健康风险基准的研究

对我国目前土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染评价情况进行了综述,根据全国已报道蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属含量的数据和相关资料,探讨了蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属含量之间的关系以及不同的蔬菜种类和品种中重金属的积累差异,并在已有土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染的评价指标基础上,对蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属的健康风险基准值进行了讨论,尤其对我国各地区蔬菜地土壤中重金属的污染指标值进行了统一的限定,可为制订蔬菜地土壤重金属健康风险标准提供科学依据.     

电子垃圾拆卸区域重金属污染的空间分布特征

本文对汕头市贵屿镇电子垃圾拆卸区重金属对周围空间的影响进行研究.结果表明,在土壤中,重金属的铜、锌、铅、镉的含量是土壤重金属含量本底值的的2到200倍.汞和铬的含量也比汕头市土壤中含量高出一倍以上.     

金昌市郊农田土壤Cu,Zn,Ni形态分布特征与生物有效性评价

通过野外调查和室内测试分析,研究了金昌市郊农田土壤重金属Cu,Zn和Ni的形态特征,并以麦粒中重金属含量为重点进行了Cu,Zn和Ni的生物有效性评价.结果表明,研究区域土壤重金属Cu和Ni污染严重;Cu的主要存在形态为有机结合态,Zn的主要存在形态为残渣态,而Ni的主要存在形态为潜在可利用态;三种元素的生物有效性大小顺序为NiZnCu.对麦粒中重金属健康风险进行评价反映出麦粒中Ni含量对人体健康风险较大,而Cu和Zn对人体健康风险较小.逐步回归分析结果表明,农田土壤中Cu可交换态和碳酸盐结合态对麦粒中Cu含量贡献最大,而对麦粒吸收Zn和Ni贡献最大的形态分别为Zn的碳酸盐结合态和Ni的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和有机结合态.土壤重金属Cu,Zn和Ni各形态分配系数较总量和各形态含量更适合表征本研究区域土壤重金属的生物有效性.     

大冶矿区土壤-蔬菜重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

对大冶铜绿山、铜山口矿区和非矿区的土壤、蔬菜重金属污染特征进行了分析,利用单因子污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了土壤环境质量,并进一步分析了蔬菜重金属暴露接触对当地居民的健康风险.结果表明,矿区附近蔬菜地土壤均受到不同程度上的重金属污染,尤其是Cu和Cd的污染.非矿区蔬菜地土壤受到重金属的中度污染,主要是Cd污染.矿区蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量均超过中国食品安全卫生标准,非矿区部分蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量超标.矿区居民食用各种蔬菜均会产生Pb和Cd的健康风险.青少年儿童食用蔬菜比成年人更易受到重金属的危害.     

南太行山山前平原工业园区土壤重金属污染特征及来源

为了探究工业园区土壤中重金属污染特征和来源,分析了南太行山山前平原某工业园区22个表层土壤样品以及2个区域背景土壤样品.测试土壤微量重金属元素含量以及土壤总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)和总硫(TS)含量,借助主成分分析讨论元素相关关系,利用聚类分析方法讨论受污染土壤的空间分布特征.结果表明:(1)区内22个土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr、Co、V和Sr等8种重金属含量平均值分别为85.05、161.32、39.51、42.57、90.80、13.79、117.56、173.23 mg·kg~(-1),是河南省土壤背景值的4.3倍、2.6倍、1.8倍、1.5倍、1.4倍、1.2倍、1倍和0.96倍.(2)区内22个土壤中TC、TN和TS的范围分别为2.19%—6.32%、0.12%—0.21%和0.03%—0.22%,均值分别为3.17%、0.17%和0.10%.区内Co、Ni、V和Cr等重金属元素含量较高的土壤主要分布在区内西南部,来源包括粉煤灰堆放场扬尘、企业燃煤排放废气等.Cu、Pb和Zn等重金属元素含量较高的土壤主要分布在区内中西部,来源包括化工厂、冶炼厂排放废气和粉尘等.土壤重金属Sr来自成土母岩中碳酸盐岩.其余土壤重金属元素受成土母质和工业废气、化学肥料等共同影响.     

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m~(-2)和2422.4 mg·100 m~(-2),且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg~(-1)和103.2 mg·kg~(-1)降低至1790.0 mg·kg~(-1)和85.94 mg·kg~(-1),同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg~(-1).因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.     

长期温室菜地土壤重金属累积状况及污染评价

为研究温室菜地种植对土壤重金属含量的影响,以中国农业大学曲周实验站长期定位试验土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属含量累积变化特征并对其进行了污染评价.结果表明,与河北省重金属土壤背景值相比,0—40 cm土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的含量均有不同程度的累积,其中Cd和Cu累积程度最高;除As和Ni外,0—20 cm土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的含量均有随种植年限的增长而增加的趋势;0—20 cm土壤Cd、Cu、Zn含量均分别显著高于20—40 cm土壤Cd、Cu、Zn含量(P0.05),0—20 cm土壤As含量显著低于20—40 cm土壤As含量;0—20 cm土壤中,重金属Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr与土壤p H呈显著负相关关系(P0.05).根据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)二级标准限值评价,2016年曲周实验站温室菜地0—20 cm土壤重金属环境质量处于轻污染状态,其中重金属Cd是主要的污染因子.     

环境中多溴联苯醚分析方法的研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类性能优异的阻燃剂,被广泛添加到工业产品和日常生活用品中.研究表明很多PBDEs单体具有持久性有机污染物(POPs)的特性,其中五溴和八溴联苯醚已被列入POPs清单.它们在环境中广泛存在,对环境和生态系统带来健康风险.本文概述了环境中PBDEs的前处理方法和仪器分析的研究进展,对不同的方法进行了综述和比较,并提出了PBDEs分析方法研究的发展趋势.     

Appropriate use of regression analysis in marine biology

The Model I linear regression theory is often used in the analysis of data under conditions when the Model II theory is clearly needed. Implications derived from the use of the two theories can differ greatly when there is not a high degree of correlation between the X and Y variables. The geometric mean Model II method is easy to use, and is probably needed in the analysis of most field data, since the X variable in field data is rarely under the control of the investigator.     

水中N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的污染现状及分析技术

N-亚硝胺是一类新兴的饮用水消毒副产物,毒性比常规的消毒副产物三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）更大.本文介绍了水中N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的种类和性质,综述了水中N-亚硝胺的浓度水平及目前的分析和检测方法,指出了在N-亚硝胺的分析和检测方面有待进一步研究的方向.     

Longitudinal analysis of bioaccumulative contaminants in freshwater fishes

The National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) was initiated in 1967 as a component of the National Pesticide Monitoring program. It consists of periodic collection of freshwater fish and other samples and the analysis of the concentrations of persistent environmental contaminants in these samples. For the analysis, the common approach has been to apply the mixed two-way ANOVA model to combined data. A main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot give a detailed temporal trend of the concentrations since the data are grouped. In this paper, we present an alternative approach that performs a longitudinal analysis of the information using random effects models. In the new approach, no grouping is needed and the data are treated as samples from continuous stochastic processes, which seems more appropriate than ANOVA for the problem.     

烃类污染物在大气气溶胶源解析方面的应用

分析了国内外的资料,并结合几年来对北京地区的研究成果,讨论了饱和烃、多环芳烃等有机污染物在源解析方面的应用。利用饱和烃进行源解析主要依靠正构烷烃的分布特征和主峰碳、CPI、OEP等参数,以及姥鲛烷和植烷的Pr/Ph、Pr/C17、Ph/C18比值;甾烷及萜烷等环状化合物,性质非常稳定,可以作为化石燃料燃烧的有机示踪物。通常情况下,不同来源的多环芳烃,Ant/Phe、Flua/Pyr、BaA/Chr等比值有一定的差别;因此这些比值也可以作为重要的诊断参数。     

Spatial analysis of chromium in southwestern part of Iran: probabilistic health risk and multivariate global sensitivity analysis

This study was concerned with chromium as a potential carcinogenic contaminant in 64 wells located in five aquifers, southwest of Iran. A probabilistic health risk assessment indicated a high risk to the local residents including adults and children in the study area. A sequential sensitivity analysis and a novel approach known as multivariate global sensitivity analysis using both principal component analysis and B-spline were applied to investigate the behavior of health risk model along time considering four independent input parameters in the risk equation. In this context, based on the results of sensitivity analysis, concentration of chromium in drinking water (C_w) and body weight (W) were the most influential parameters. Random forest (RF) was used as a variable selection method to choose the most influential parameters for the prediction of chromium. Five parameters, among 13 water quality variables, including phosphate, nitrate, fluoride, manganese and iron were selected by RF as the most important parameters for spatial prediction. Hybrid methods of RF and ordinary kriging (RFOK) and RF and inverse distance weighting (RFIDW) were then applied for spatial prediction of Cr using the secondary variables. The RFOK and RFIDW were more efficient than that of ordinary kriging (OK) with respect to a cross-validation algorithm. For instance, in terms of relative root mean squared error, the performance of OK was improved from 31.72 to 23.21 and 23.61 for RFOK and RFIDW, respectively.

     

基于遥感的泾河流域植被覆盖格局分析

以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,应用遥感和GIS技术对泾河流域植被覆盖格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)泾河流域植被覆盖类型以退化草地和草地为主,二者占流域总面积的53.30%;地面覆盖程度较高的森林、疏林仅占流域总面积的9.83%,流域植被覆盖程度较低。(2)受自然环境条件和人类活动的影响,退化草地、稀疏灌丛、郁闭灌丛和疏林破碎化程度较为严重,对地面覆盖程度最低的退化草地除集中分布于流域北部外,主要零散分布于流域中、南部,其斑块形状复杂多样,数量最多,应成为流域植被恢复的重点。(3)各植被覆盖类型的斑快数量组成以小斑块所占比例最大,最小斑块比率均在50.0%以上;森林的斑块面积多样性最大,草地的斑块面积多样性最小。     

Cross-correlation bias in lag analysis of aquatic time series

Cross-correlation analysis is the most valuable and widely used statistical tool for evaluating the strength and direction of time-lagged relationships between ecological variables. Although it is well understood that temporal autocorrelation can inflate estimates of cross correlations and cause high rates of incorrectly concluding that lags exist among time series (i.e. type I error), in this study we show that a problem we term intra-multiplicity can cause substantial bias in cross-correlation analysis even in the absence of autocorrelation. Intra-multiplicity refers to the numerous time lags examined and cross-correlation coefficients computed within a pair of time series during cross-correlation analysis. We show using Monte Carlo simulations that intra-multiplicity can spuriously inflate estimates of cross correlations by identifying incorrect time lags. Further, unlike autocorrelation, which generally identifies lags close to the true lag, intra-multiplicity can erroneously identify lags anywhere in the time series and commonly results in a direction change of the correlation (i.e. positive or negative). Using Monte Carlo simulations we develop formulas that quantify the bias introduced by intra-multiplicity as a function of sample size, true cross correlation between the series, and the number of time lags examined. A priori these formulas enable researchers to determine the sample size needed to minimize the biases introduced by intra-multiplicity. A posteriori the formulas can be used to predict the expected bias and type I error rate associated with the data at hand, as well as the maximum number of time lags that can be analyzed to minimize the effects of intra-multiplicity. We examine the relationship between commercial catch of chum salmon and surface temperatures of the North Pacific (1925–1992) to illustrate the problems of intra-multiplicity in fisheries studies and the application of our formulas. These analyses provide a more robust framework to assess the temporal relationships between ecological variables. Received: 28 July 2000 / Accepted: 6 December 2000     

An experimental analysis of compliance in dynamic emissions markets

Two important design elements for emission trading programs are whether and to what extent firms are able to bank emissions permits, and how these programs are to be enforced. In this paper we present results from laboratory emissions markets designed to investigate enforcement and compliance when these markets allow permit banking. Banking is motivated by a decrease in the aggregate permit supply in the middle of multi-period trading sessions. Consistent with theoretical insights, our experiments suggest that high permit violation penalties have little deterrence value in dynamic emissions markets, and that the main challenge of enforcing these programs is to motivate truthful self-reports of emissions.     

Rapid liquid chromatographic analysis of flurazepam in pharmaceutical preparation

An accurate and reproducible method for the analysis of flurazepam hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations has been described. A simple and rapid isocratic HPLC elution method was employed which requires about 15 minutes to be performed. The percentage mean recovery of flurazepam hydrochloride in Dalmane capsules was found to be 100.67% + 1.23% of the declared amount