洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危鸟类群落组成及多样性

2005年7至2007年4月,采用直接记数法和"GPS"技术定位监测对洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类资源及其环境进行调查。结果表明:洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类有218种,隶属于16目46科。其中古北界鸟类占优势,有118种,东洋界鸟类54,广布种鸟类46种。冬候鸟为主体,有118种,留鸟40种,夏侯鸟35种,旅鸟25种。按生态类群分,游禽45种、涉禽69种、陆禽3种、猛禽22种、攀禽11种、鸣禽68种;该湿地有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类7种、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类43种,国际湿地公约名录中的鸟类37种。洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数分别为4.489 7和0.576 5。     

广东新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落组成及多样性

2006年8月至2007年7月,采用系统抽样技术和样带法,对广东省江门市新会区银湖湾湿地鸟类群落进行研究,共记录70种,隶属13目28科48属。新会银湖湾湿地带鸟类平均密度356只/hm2,鸟类物种多样性指数3.690 2、均匀度指数0.875 6、优势度指数0.25。芦苇红树林潮间湿地、鱼塘莲藕湿地和农田果园是新会银湖湾湿地典型的生境,各生境的鸟类种类、密度和多样性差异较大。其中芦苇红树林潮间湿地55种,平均密度338只/hm2;鱼塘莲藕湿地有40种,平均密度279只/hm2;农田果园有38种,平均密度247只/hm2。3种生境中芦苇红树林潮间湿地鸟类的生物多样性最高,农田果园最低。     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落与多样性的研究

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类100种，隶属15日31科，其中古北界鸟类43种，东洋界鸟类45种，广布种鸟类12种。区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布，鸟类的多样性表现出明显季节性。该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种，中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种。5个湿地样区主要鸟类种类和数量的调查结果表明，汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场，鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高，分别为3．2306和3．2283；濠江口的多样性指数较低，为1．98l。群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响。文章还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议。     

广州南沙湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

采用系统抽样技术和样带法，对广州南沙地区湿地鸟类群落进行了研究，共记录到95种，隶属15目34科68属。国家Ⅱ类保护种类11种，广东省重点保护鸟类16种。东洋界鸟类44种，古北界种类41种，广布型种类10种。鸟类群落多样性以近岸及海岸湿地最高，多样性指数3．4250，均匀性指数0．8711。南沙地区湿地鸟类资源丰富，分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性，开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系，实现生态环境可持续发展，并提出厂相应的保护措施。     

全尺度人工湿地中植物多样性对生产力与多样性效应的影响

在中国东南部的全尺度复合垂直流人工湿地中开展2年的植物多样性实验,以研究植物多样性（包括植物物种丰富度和植物组成）对群落生产力与多样性效应（即互补效应、选择效应和净多样性效应）的影响及其产生机制。结果表明,2007年物种丰富度与群落生产力呈线形正相关,而2008年显著的单峰格局,其关系式为：y=-0.213x2＋3.455x＋15.192（R=0.215）。2008年物种丰富度与互补效应呈显著地线形负相关,而2007年呈单峰格局,其关系式为：y=-0.389x2＋6.974x-10.707（R=0.247）,而且2007年与2008年的互补效应与生产力都呈显著的正相关,表明互补效应对生产力的提高有重要作用。然而,2007年与2008年物种丰富度与选择效应之间均没有显著相关性,且选择效应与群落生产力之间也没有显著相关性,表明选择效应对生产力的提高作用不显著。2007年与2008年中物种组成对生产力、互补效应、选择效应与净多样性效应均有显著影响,说明人工湿地的植物配置对其生态系统功能的维持尤为重要。2008年物种丰富度与净多样性效应呈极显著地线形负相关,而2007年呈显著单峰格局,其关系式为：y=-0.329 x2＋5.968 x-12.659（R=0.234）,这种趋势主要是由于植物多样性-生态系统功能关系的影响因素（如物种的竞争力和生态位）在2年中有所变化。同时,2007年与2008年的多样性净效应与生产力都呈显著正相关关系,表明生产力与多样性净效应的变化趋势是同步的。与抽样效应假说不同的是,本实验中单种最高产物种（芦竹）在混种时没有表现出高产,主要是由于生长的分配、资源的竞争力与环境的变化等。     

密云水库不同封育年限灌丛群落结构及演替规律

灌丛群落为华北土石山区常见的次生植被类型,揭示其演替规律对明确北京区域森林动态及经营管理具有重要意义.采用样线调查方法,选择封育5、7、10和15 a的4个地段,进行10 m×10 m样地调查.运用空间代替时间数据处理方法,分析了灌丛群落的物种重要值、生物多样性指数、群落均匀度指数、生态优势度指数以及单位面积生物量变化情况.结果表明:随着封育年限的递增,灌丛先锋阳生性优势种重要值下降,阴生性和乔木树种重要值上升;封育到第7年时,乔木加入演替序列,到第15年时开始构建乔木层片;群落生态优势度指数降低,均匀度指数上升,灌丛植被向生物多样化和生态稳定的方向演替;研究区内植被潜在演替序列为:荆条Vitex negundo var.heterophyllax酸枣Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa灌丛→三裂绣线菊Spiraea trilobata灌丛→山杨Populus davidiana×椴树混交林→蒙古栎Quercus mongolica林.     

氮输入对沼泽湿地植物生长和氮吸收的影响

氮是湿地植物生长必不可少的营养元素之一,但当外源氮输入超出植物生长需要时,氮素将抑制植物生长。不同植物对氮输入的响应不同,同一植物不同器官对氮输入的响应也不一致。为了探讨氮输入对湿地植物生长和氮吸收的影响机制,本文选取滇西北典型湖泊湿地纳帕海湖滨挺水植物茭草（Zizania caduciflora）和水葱（Scirpus validus）为对象,通过控制实验,研究了3个不同氮输入水平[0 g·m-2·a-1（对照,CK）、20 g·m-2·a-1（N20）、40 g·m-2·a-1（N40）]对茭草和水葱生物量积累、根冠比、氮吸收的影响。结果表明：培养期内,茭草地上生物量始终表现为N40〉N20〉CK,即氮输入促进茭草地上生物量积累;而水葱地上生物量随培养时间不同而发生变化,培养早期N20处理促进水葱地上生物量积累,N40处理抑制水葱地上生物量积累。茭草地下生物量表现为N40〉CK〉N20,即氮输入不足抑制茭草地下生物量积累,足够氮输入促进茭草地下生物量积累;水葱地下生物量表现为CK〉N20〉N40,即氮输入抑制水葱地下生物量积累。植物地上部分和地下部分生长对氮输入的响应也不一致,导致植物根冠比发生变化,茭草根冠比表现为N20     

氮输入对纳帕海沼泽湿地土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响

选取纳帕海常见湿地植物茭草（Zizania caduciflora）和水葱（Scirpus validus）]及其生长土壤为对象,通过培养实验,研究了3个不同氮输入水平[0g-m^2（对照,NO）、20g-m^2（N20）、40g-m^2。（N40）]对茭草和水葱湿地土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响。结果表明：氮输入促进了茭草和水葱湿地土壤氨挥发化作用,增加了湿地土壤氨挥发的累积量。适量的氮输入对湿地土壤氨挥发促进显著。在培养前期适量氮输入下的氨挥发积累量高于高水平氮输入的,随着培养时间的延长,后期适量氮输入下的积累量明显下降;而高水半氮输入处理下氨挥发积累量的明显增加,适量氮输入下茭草氨挥发积累大于水葱。氮输入增强了菱草和水葱湿地土壤反硝化作用,加快了反硝化N2O的排放。适量的氮输入促进茭草反硝化作用和反硝化损失量增加明显,培养的前期的适量氮输入处理下的反硝化作用和反硝化N2O的排放增强不明显,随着培养时间的延长,高水平氮输入处理下的反硝化损失量越明显,并且水葱较茭草更为明显。后期适量氮输入下的反硝化损失速率和反硝化损失量高于高水平氮输入,适量氮输入较高水平氮输人促进明显,高水平的氮输入限制了反硝化损失,反硝化N2O的排放总量下降,土壤中氮富集增大。     

Impact of cocoa agricultural intensification on bird diversity and community composition

To meet the growing demand for chocolate, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) agriculture is expanding and intensifying. Although this threatens tropical forests, cocoa sustainability initiatives largely overlook biodiversity conservation. To inform these initiatives, we analyzed how cocoa agriculture affects bird diversity at farm and landscape scales with a meta-analysis of 23 studies. We extracted 214 Hedges' g* comparisons of bird diversity and 14 comparisons of community similarity between a forest baseline and 4 farming systems that cover an intensification gradient in landscapes with high and low forest cover, and we summarized 119 correlations between cocoa farm features and bird diversity. Bird diversity declined sharply in low shade cocoa. Cocoa with >30% canopy cover from diverse trees retained bird diversity similar to nearby primary or mature secondary forest but held a different community of birds. Diversity of endemic species, frugivores, and insectivores (agriculture avoiders) declined, whereas diversity of habitat generalists, migrants, nectarivores, and granivores (agriculture associates) increased. As forest decreased on the landscape, the difference in bird community composition between forest and cocoa also decreased, indicating agriculture associates replaced agriculture avoiders in forest patches. Our results emphasize the need to conserve forested landscapes (land sparing) and invest in mixed-shade agroforestry (land sharing) because each strategy benefits a diverse and distinct biological community.     

Preliminary survey of pharmaceutical residues in some important Romanian rivers

A number of important rivers of Romania were investigated for pharmaceutical and antifungal residues. In a post target approach analysis, a single-stage, high-resolution mass spectrometry was successfully applied for the screening of 43 pharmaceuticals and fungicides in water, using U-HPLC-Exactive Orbitrap MS at 50,000 full width at half maximum resolution. Detection was based on accurate masses and retention times. The study confirmed the presence of pharmaceuticals and antifungals such as diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, trimethoprim, thiabendazole, and clotrimazole, in water. Diclofenac and carbamazepine were the most frequently detected (eight samples); concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 ng L^?1. Low concentrations of griseofulvin were detected in the Prut River. Further monitoring studies should be carried out in order to fill the gaps of knowledge concerning the presence of pharmaceutical residues in Romanian water environment and to improve public understanding regarding the environmental risk of pharmaceutical contamination.     

Benefits to poorly studied taxa of conservation of bird and mammal diversity on islands

Protected area delineation and conservation action are urgently needed on marine islands, but the potential biodiversity benefits of these activities can be difficult to assess due to lack of species diversity information for lesser known taxa. We used linear mixed effects modeling and simple spatial analyses to investigate whether conservation activities based on the diversity of well‐known insular taxa (birds and mammals) are likely to also capture the diversity of lesser known taxa (reptiles, amphibians, vascular land plants, ants, land snails, butterflies, and tenebrionid beetles). We assembled total, threatened, and endemic diversity data for both well‐known and lesser known taxa and combined these with physical island biogeography characteristics for 1190 islands from 109 archipelagos. Among physical island biogeography factors, island area was the best indicator of diversity of both well‐known and little‐known taxa. Among taxonomic factors, total mammal species richness was the best indicator of total diversity of lesser known taxa, and the combination of threatened mammal and threatened bird diversity was the best indicator of lesser known endemic richness. The results of other intertaxon diversity comparisons were highly variable, however. Based on our results, we suggest that protecting islands above a certain minimum threshold area may be the most efficient use of conservation resources. For example, using our island database, if the threshold were set at 10 km² and the smallest 10% of islands greater than this threshold were protected, 119 islands would be protected. The islands would range in size from 10 to 29 km² and would include 268 lesser known species endemic to a single island, along with 11 bird and mammal species endemic to a single island. Our results suggest that for islands of equivalent size, prioritization based on total or threatened bird and mammal diversity may also capture opportunities to protect lesser known species endemic to islands. Beneficios de los Taxa Poco Estudiados para la Conservación de la Diversidad de Aves y Mamíferos en Islas     

秦皇岛主要入海河流污染及其对近岸海域影响研究

利用饮马河、洋河、汤河和戴河的水文和水质监测资料,分析了各河流的污染状况、营养状态、污染物入海通量及其对海域水质的影响。结果表明：秦皇岛市入海河流中饮马河和洋河污染较重;通过污染分担率分析,秦皇岛入海河流的首要污染物为DIN、COD,其次为PO43--P;采用综合营养状态指数法评价,汤河处于轻度富营养状态,戴河处于中度富营养状态,而洋河和饮马河都已达到重度富营养化状态,可见秦皇岛入海河流的富营养化现象非常严重;秦皇岛主要河流污染物入海通量近年来基本呈减小趋势,饮马河和洋河年均入海污染物量占到秦皇岛市陆源入海污染物总量的94.91%;通过相关分析表明,秦皇岛近岸海域的水质主要受入海河流影响,尤其是CODMn、DIN、PO43--P在河、海间存在线性关系,具有强相关性。因此应加强对入河污染物的管理,重点应放在生活污水、农业面源污染的治理上,从而改善近岸海域的水质状况。