Local level community forest management an effective tool in conserving forest biodiversity

Forest vegetation of a community managed forest (Van Panchayat) located between 1570–1700 m elevation was studied along four aspects. Quercus leucotrichophora was the dominant species on three of the four aspects. Across the aspects the total tree density ranged between 150 and 490 ind/ha, sapling density between 100 and 370 ind/ha, seedling density varied from 241 to 1090 ind/ha. The shrub density ranged from 166 to 690 ind/ha and herb density from 6000–17100 ind/ha. The total basal area of tree layer varied from 9.78 to 13.5 m²/ha showing that the forest is young. Species diversity value for tree layer varied from 0.14 to 1.69. Quercus leucotrichophora were regenerating well due to effective forest management by local communities. The higher proportion of seedlings of Quercus leucotrichophora indicating that the Van Panchayat are playing important role in conservation of oak forest of Himalaya.     

长江口沿岸碎波带刀鲚仔稚鱼摄食习性与浮游动物分布的相关性研究

为探明长江口沿岸碎波带浮游动物的分布与刀鲚仔稚鱼摄食的关系,2006年7~12月每月大潮期间在长江口沿岸碎波带设置13个站位点,用浮游Ⅰ型生物网(口径30 cm,网目0.2 mm)在表层拖曳采集浮游动物78次,采集到浮游动物72种,平均密度 3 278.95 个/网;用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)拖曳234次,采集到刀鲚仔稚鱼 37 170 尾,平均密度158.85尾/网。通过胃含物分析共鉴定刀鲚仔稚鱼饵料生物15种(类)(浮游动物11种,浮游幼体4类),平均摄食密度1.306个/尾。研究结果表明:前弯曲期仔鱼偏好摄食哲水蚤、剑水蚤和枝角类;弯曲期仔鱼偏好摄食猛水蚤和桡足类桡足幼体;后弯曲期仔鱼除偏好摄食桡足类幼体以外,也偏好摄食游泳能力较强的糠虾;稚鱼对糠虾有极强的偏好。水温和盐度对刀鲚仔稚鱼的摄食量影响较小;浮游动物分布并不直接影响刀鲚仔稚鱼分布,相关性较小。     

State of the population of the European pearl mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Margaritifera margaritifera</Emphasis> (L.) (Mollusca,Margaritiferidae) at the northeastern boundary of its range (Solza River,White Sea Basin)

Only two river basins in which the European pearl mussel has survived to date are known in Arkhangelsk oblast. These are the Solza and Kozha basins. The northeastern boundary of the European range of this species passes along the watershed between the basins of the Solza and the Shirshema (the Onega Peninsula) and then along the Onega-Northern Dvina watershed. The population density and the proportion of juveniles widely vary in different parts of the Solza Basin, and, therefore, the previously conclusion concerning the ageing of the population in the Kazanka River (Bolotov and Semushin, 2003) applies only to certain parts of this river. The highest density of the pearl mussel in the Solza Basin is 68 ind./m². Fish cultivation contributes to the conservation of this pearl mussel population, as the release of Atlantic salmon juveniles ensures reproduction of the mollusk under conditions of regulated river flow.     

Long-term Dynamics of Population Parameters of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aporrectodea caliginosa</Emphasis> Earthworm in an Annually Flooded Alder Forests in the Voronezh Nature Reserve

The 20-year dynamics of Aporrectodea caliginosa spring population parameters—the average density (ind./0.25 m²) and proportion of nonreproductive individuals (among earthworms found in 12 soil samples)— and the 10-year dynamics of their summer and autumn values were studied in an annually flooded alder forest in the Voronezh reserve. Three complete 3-year cycles and one complete 6-year cycle were revealed in the 20-year dynamics of spring population density. The 20-year series of average values of spring population density and proportion of nonreproductive individuals were found to be closely correlated with each other. A close correlation was also revealed between the 10-year series of summer density values and the corresponding dynamic series of summer precipitation.     

金沙江一期工程蓄水前长江上游产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场现状

2010~2012年每年5~7月在长江上游江津江段开展鱼类产卵场调查。结果表明长江上游现有产漂流性卵鱼类21种,其中特有鱼类6种,分别为长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、红唇薄鳅(Leptobotia rubrilabris)、中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)、长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)、圆筒吻鮈(Rhinogobio cylindricus)和异鳔鳅鮀(Gobiobotia boulengeri)。产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为32.42×10⁸粒、46.72×10⁸粒和39.71×10⁸粒,其中四大家鱼产卵量分别为3.21×10⁸粒、4.52×10⁸粒和2.69×10⁸粒,铜鱼产卵量分别为1.45×10⁸粒、3.33×10⁸粒和3.87×10⁸粒,长薄鳅产卵量分别为0.29×10⁸粒、0.99×10⁸粒和0.58×10⁸粒。产漂流性卵鱼类产卵高峰出现在5月底~7月初,产卵量日变化与流量和水温日变化显著相关,调查期间日均水位上涨率大于0.24 m/d产卵高峰最为集中。经推算,长江上游榕山镇、合江县和弥沱镇三江段为产漂流性卵鱼类的主要产卵场。金沙江一期工程蓄水后可能会对产漂流卵鱼类的繁殖产生影响。     

Transport of 131I through the grass-cow-milk pathway at a northeast US dairy following the chernobyl accident

Following the Chernobyl accident, samples of pasture grass and fresh farm milk were collected in northern New Jersey. The time-integrated activities of ¹³¹I were used to calculate a milk transfer coefficient of 0·001 d liter⁻¹. This value is at the lower range of those previously reported. No significant difference in the value of the transfer coefficient was seen when calculated based on the integrated ¹³¹I in the total grass as compared to only the upper portion of the grass. Therefore, for this event, the height of the vegetation grazed by the cows would not have influenced the concentration of ¹³¹I in fresh milk.     

Seasonal and inter-annual variation of Beryllium-7 deposition in birch-tree leaves and grass in the northeast upland area of the Czech Republic

The activity concentrations of Beryllium-7 (⁷Be), a naturally occurring radioisotope produced in the atmosphere, were measured in leaves of birch-trees, above-ground parts of grass, soil and rainwater in the mountain massive Kralicky Sneznik (the northeast of the Czech Republic, altitude about 750 m) in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Dried and ground samples of the plants and soils, and water samples from wet deposition were used to determine the ⁷Be content using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. The ⁷Be values ranged from 147.0 to 279.6 Bq kg⁻¹, from 48.7 to 740.8 Bq kg⁻¹, from 2.1 to 8.7 Bq kg⁻¹, and from 0.6 to 1.9 Bq kg⁻¹ in birch-tree leaves, grass samples, soils, and rainwater, respectively. Insignificant inter-annual variations but significant increase in the ⁷Be activity concentrations during the spring and summer months were observed in birch-tree leaves and grass samples. The seasonal variation of the ⁷Be concentrations in grass samples correlated (R² = 0.4663 and 0.6489) with precipitation. No similar correlation was found for ⁷Be in birch-tree leaves. Beryllium-7 content in birch-tree leaves and in aerial parts of grass was mainly caused by direct transport of ⁷Be from wet deposition into aerial parts of the observed plants.     

金沙江下游巧家江段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源研究

为掌握金沙江下游巧家江段产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖状况,为金沙江下游鱼类资源保护提供科学依据,于2017～2018年5～7月对金沙江下游巧家江段进行鱼类早期资源调查。结果表明,至少有14种(亚种)鱼类在金沙江下游江段繁殖,其中包括产漂流性卵鱼类12种,长江上游特有鱼类7种。两年调查期间,估算产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为6 949.73×10~4 ind和11 056.17×10~4 ind,其中长江上游特有鱼类产卵量分别为3 861.44×10~4 ind和5 338.16×10~4 ind。监测期间累计出现5次产卵高峰(2017年2次,2018年3次),合计产卵量为7 942.02×10~4 ind,占两年产卵总规模的42.67%。采用Pearson相关系数对鱼卵径流量与水环境因子进行分析,2018年水温与鱼卵径流量极显著正相关(P0.01),圆口铜鱼、长薄鳅和中华金沙鳅等特有鱼类产卵高峰均出现在流速增长期。产卵场范围为巧家县至攀枝花市江段,2017年主要产卵场分别为巧家县、会泽、会东和皎平渡4个江段;2018新增加了武定江段。与历史调查结果比较,本次调查长江上游特有鱼类种类数量相对增多,产卵总量变化不显著,产卵江段相对更为分散。建议加强巧家江段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源研究,尤其是特有物种人工繁殖技术研究,同时科学适宜地开展水利工程生态调度。     

Growth and potential reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Poa crymophila</Emphasis> in response to season precipitation shortage in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

The growing season in 2006 existed a quite less precipitation than previous years in the eastern of Tibetan Plateau, China. In order to explore the response strategies of the grass to drought year, the variations of growth and potential reproduction of Poa crymophila between rich (2005) and poor rainfall year (2006) were studied. Reproductive shoot biomass, above- and below-ground biomass pronounced decreased in the poor rainfall year, but the ratio of above-/below-ground biomass and vegetative shoot biomass increased. Carbon content in inflorescence increased significantly in 2006, but decreased significantly in root. Nitrogen contents and the C/N ratios in plant components were not significantly different. Sexual reproduction in 2005 and 2006 was not different. Season precipitation shortage could result in the higher mortality of vernal budding shoots or tillers. The results suggested that P. crymophila response to poor rainfall year (drought) by a smaller plant body, allocating more proportional biomass to above-ground, altering more carbon to inflorescence, and altering its reproductive way to sexual.     

Trace zinc and copper concentration in roadside surface soils and vegetation—measurement of local atmospheric pollution in Alice, South Africa

Surface soil and grass samples were collected from ten locations perpendicular to a major road in Alice and were analyzed for zinc and copper. The results revealed an association between zinc concentration and distance from road traffic. An association was also revealed between soil zinc and grass zinc which suggests same source for the metal in samples. The results for copper did not show any correlation between sample concentration and distance from road traffic. Neither did it show any correlation between soil zinc and soil copper or between grass zinc and grass copper which suggests different sources for the elements.     

金沙江二期工程蓄水前下游皎平渡江段产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场现状

为了解金沙江二期工程白鹤滩、乌东德水库蓄水前，金沙江下游产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场现状，2016～2018年在皎平渡江段使用弶网对产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源开展调查。结果显示:金沙江下游皎平渡江段产漂流性卵鱼类有7种，其中长江上游特有鱼类5种，分别为中华金沙鳅（Jinshaia sinensis）、长薄鳅（Leptobotia elongata）、圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）、长鳍吻鮈（Rhinogobio ventralis）和红唇薄鳅（Leptobotia rubrilabris）。2016～2018年产漂流性卵鱼类产卵量分别为2 140.0×104、2 189.9×104、2 486.2×104粒，产卵场主要分布在元谋县、永仁县、平地镇、金江镇和格里坪镇5个江段。金沙江下游皎平渡以上江段产漂流性卵鱼类产卵规模较大，但在二期工程蓄水后部分江段将成为淹没区，其产卵繁殖活动将会受到一定程度的影响。针对研究结果，建议对乌东德库尾以上干支流流水江段开展生境保护和修复。     

Autumn bed site selection by sika deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus nippon</Emphasis>) in the Taohongling National Nature Reserve,China

To better understand the habitat requirements of sika deer in the Taohongling National Nature Reserve, transect lines were set out to collect data on bed sites used by sika deer during the autumn. The results showed that sika deer displayed a preference for bed sites with a moderate height of grass fallow and brush fallow, lower shrub density, higher herb density, lower canopy coverage, and higher undergrowth coverage. The bed sites were also characterized as being located on sunny slopes, gentle slopes, and upper slopes, with high elevation. In addition, most bed sites were located far away from human disturbance (more than 1000 m). A logistic regression analysis model indicated that undergrowth coverage, slope location, canopy coverage, and height of undergrowth were important factors that contributed to the difference between used and non-used plots. The habitat–animal relationship is one of the most important types of information, which could provide important references for the conservation and management of sika deer and their habitats in the Taohongling reserve.     

Changes in mineral soil organic carbon stocks in the croplands of European Russia and the Ukraine, 1990–2070; comparison of three models and implications for climate mitigation

Three soil carbon models (RothC, CANDY and the Model of Humus Balance) were used to estimate the impacts of climate change on agricultural mineral soil carbon stocks in European Russia and the Ukraine using detailed spatial data on land-use, future land-use, cropping patterns, agricultural management, climate and soil type. Scenarios of climate were derived from the Hadley Centre climate Version 3 (HadCM3) model; future yields were determined using the Soil–Climate–Yield model, and land use was determined from regional agricultural and economic data and a model of agricultural economics. The models suggest that optimal management, which entails the replacement of row crops with other crops, and the use of extra years of grass in the rotation could reduce Soil organic carbon (SOC) loss in the croplands of European Russia and the Ukraine by 30–44% compared to the business-as-usual management. The environmentally sustainable management scenario (SUS), though applied for a limited area within the total region, suggests that much of this optimisation could be realised without damaging profitability for farmers.     

红壤坡地水土保持植物措施下柑橘林地水文生态效应

根据江西水土保持生态科技园2001～2008年不同处理措施柑橘林地径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料及2010年土壤含水量测试数据,分析了坡面尺度水土保持植物措施下柑橘林地的产流产沙及土壤水分的特征,研究了狗牙根带状覆盖、狗牙根全园覆盖、果园清耕3种措施下的蓄水保土效应。结果表明：有草被覆盖的柑橘林小区的产流产沙量明显小于柑橘清耕小区,狗牙根带状覆盖小区减流减沙效果最好,减流率为98.21%,减沙率为99.84%。在大部分土层深度,草被带状覆盖下的土壤水分含量最高,均大于清耕措施,而全园覆盖由于植物蒸腾耗水量大水分含量反而低于带状覆盖。条带植草是防治柑橘林地水土流失的有效措施,具有明显的减流减沙效应和蓄积水分作用     

Distribution of Calculated Indices and an Attempt of Its Biological Interpretation Using the Production Characteristics of Grass Communities

The distribution of indices characterizing the productivity structure of natural, semicultivated, and cultivated grass communities has been analyzed. The proportion of normally distributed series accounts for more than half of all series in wheat fields and herb–reedgrass meadows and less than one-third of all series in sown grass mixtures.     

基于景观生态学的区域土地利用结构变化特征

采用滁州市1996 ~2005年土地利用变更数据作为研究的基础材料,运用景观生态学中多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数等有关结构数量分析的方法,进行研究区土地利用结构分异的定量分析。研究结果表明：（1）该方法能够很好地揭示滁州市近几年来土地利用结构特征的变化规律;（2）滁州市土地利用结构变化特征更趋多样化和平均化;（3）1996 ~2005年滁州市各土地利用类型变化强度是：牧草地＞交通用地＞园地＞未利用地＞林地＞居民点与工矿用地＞耕地＞其他农用地＞水利设施用地,林地、居民点及工矿用地和其他农用地面积的增加主要是通过开发未利用地和耕地、园地、牧草地来进行平衡;（4）1996年~2005年滁州市主城区和各县（市）各类用地的相对变化及结构变化情况存在显著差异,主城区土地利用变化强度是居民点及工矿用地＞耕地＞牧草地＞林地＞未利用地＞交通用地＞其他农用地＞水利设施用地＞园地;而下辖各县（市）土地利用变化强度是牧草地＞未利用地＞耕地＞林地＞水利设施用地＞其他农用地＞居民点及工矿用地＞园地＞交通用地。最后根据研究结果提出相应对策与措施建议。     

安庆西江长江江豚饵料鱼资源评估

安庆西江是长江江豚（Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis）迁地保护的重要基地,为评估西江长江江豚饵料资源的供给能力,于2016年8月和2017年1月采用水声学探测与电捕取样相结合的方法,评估了西江水域鱼类群落结构和长江江豚可持续利用的鱼类资源。共采集到鱼类5目8科34种,夏季鱼类密度为1.4～5 662.3 ind./1 000 m3,均值为 253.3 ind./1 000 m3;冬季鱼类密度为0.8～2 338.1 ind./1 000 m3,均值为127.5 ind./1 000 m3。基于平均生物量和P/B-系数估算了西江鱼类生产力,并根据Y=0.5P对江豚可持续利用的饵料鱼产量进行了估算,西江可持续供长江江豚摄食的鱼类资源量约为 3 050～40 800 kg/a。为防止凶猛性鱼类种群过度发展与长江江豚争夺饵料资源,建议加强对西江鱼类群落的持续监测,并在必要时进行人工合理调控。 关键词： 西江;水声学;长江江豚;现存量;最大持续产量     

葛洲坝上下游江段鱼类时空分布特征研究

2009年6月和11月在葛洲坝上下游江段使用SIMRAD EY60回声探测仪对鱼类时空分布进行水声学调查。结果显示,葛洲坝上下游江段鱼类密度范围分别为2.8～122.7、8.8～888.8 ind./1 000 m3。上下游江段鱼类呈区域性分布,主要集中在西陵峡口、大江电站下游及三江等水域。大江电站下游流水区,鱼类一直集中在中下层。而在其它的静水和缓流区,6月份鱼类主要分布在中上层水域,11月份鱼类较为集中在中下层。6月份鱼类体长与分布水深无相关性（P>005）或负相关（P<005）,11月份体长与分布水深均呈正相关（P<005）。根据结果分析,由于葛洲坝上下游水文情势的差别,分布有不同生态类群的鱼类,因此形成区域性的水平分布。在静水和缓流区,垂直分布还存在季节间的变化。季节变化还对葛洲坝上下游江段鱼类体长与分布水深的关系有明显影响     

Some criteria for assessing the state and dynamics of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the Russian part of the species range

The state of sea otter populations has been assessed by a comparative method using criteria such as the density of equilibrium populations (on Medny and Iturup islands), food supply, and effects of certain external factors. Optimal values of population density for larger islands have been calculated using the Arcview GIS 3.3 program. For the inhabited water area (from the shoreline to the 50-m isobath), they range from 3.1 to 3.4 ind./km². The composition of sea otter diet and its changes on the Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, and southern Kamchatka are analyzed. The diameter of eaten sea urchins is considered as a parameter characterizing the degree of colonization of living space by sea otters. It is concluded that the abundance of these animals in the Russian part of the species range may slightly increase in the future due to the growth of their populations on the southern and middle Kurils.     

Combined influence of food level and inoculation density on competition between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anuraeopsis fissa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus patulus</Emphasis> or <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus macracanthus</Emphasis> (Rotifera: Brachionidae)

We tested separately the effect of two taxonomically related rotifers (B. patulus and B. macracanthus) on the population dynamics of another species (A. fissa) at low (0.5 ×10 ⁶) and high food levels (1.5 × 10⁶ cells/ml of Chlorella vulgaris) using different inoculation densities (0–100%). We also quantified the impact of A. fissa on the two brachionid species. Regardless of the presence of the competing species, an increase in the availability of food led to increase in the abundances of the three rotifers. The population growth of B. patulus, B. macracanthus, or A. fissa was affected negatively when cultured together with another species. An increase in the initial density of any one of the competing species became advantageous to maintain a certain population size. At a low algal food level, B. patulus was able to suppress A. fissa more strongly than B. macracanthus. On the other hand, at a high food level, B. macracanthus suppressed the population of A. fissa more strongly than B. patulus. Peak population densities for A. fissa varied from about 150 to 1000 ind./ml, depending on food density and the presence of competitors. The rate of population increase (r) of A. fissa, B. patulus, and B. macracanthus increased with an increase in food availability but decreased with increasing initial density of the competitor. Both Brachionus spp. experienced negative growth rates in the presence of A. fissa, especially at a high initial density of the latter. Published in Russian in Ekologiya, 2007, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 381–390. The article was submitted by the authors in English.