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生态区划的原则及其特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
由于社会经济的发展和人口的急剧增加,使得全球和区域性的生态环境问题日益尖锐,从而严重地阻碍了经济的进一步发展。如何协调发展与环境保护之间的矛盾,维护区域经济的可持续发展,是当前亟待解决的问题。这就要求对区域生态环境问题的形成机制及其演变规律进行细致地研究,进而划分不同的区域,提出生态环境的整治方案,这正是生态区划的研究内容。本文对生态区划的目的、原则和依据、划分的指标体系、生态区划的要素及特征进行了详细的论述,同时指出在我国经济发展的今天进行生态区划的必要性和迫切性。 相似文献
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一、环境保护的出发点 在历史发展的各个阶段,人类都在以各种各样的方法影响着它周围的环境。由于工业社会的高速发展,自然平衡的形式在数量以及范围上所遭到的猛烈侵犯而造成的世界范围的重大危险正在威胁着人类。对不可更新的原料的需求量的提高以及工业化和城市化都在使生物 相似文献
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水资源的持续开发和利用 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
随着人品的增长和经济的发展,越来越多的国家正面临着严重的水危机、水质的恶化和水生态系统的破坏使许多国家的淡水供应出现危机,所以水资源必须得到保护和合理的开发。本文探讨了全球水资源的短缺及其原因,并提出了解决水资源短缺的途径。 相似文献
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三年来每天进行SO_2和NH_3的浓度测量,根据每天的测量数据得到的月平均值显示出两种季节性的循环:冬季SO_2的浓度高,NH_3的浓度低;夏季则SO_2的浓度低,NH_3的浓度高。 用Junge和Ryan的NH_3—SO_2液态水模型在野外测量时计算的NH_3和SO_2浓度与观测的结果非常一致。 像Junge和Ryan模型指出的那样,夏季如果NH_3的浓度高,被氧化的SO_2的百分率就高,在此期间光化学反应产生的游离基使得SO_2的气相氧化更加强烈。 通过1972~1973年间硫酸盐的野外测量得到的SO_2氧化百分率与应用NH_3—SO_2液态水体系计算的结果的比较,证实了此模型应用于威尼斯环境的正确性。 相似文献
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随着人口的增长、粮食的短缺、资源的破坏、环境的污染、能源的枯竭、生态的失调、灾害的加重,导致了人类生态环境的恶化,使人类自身的生存与发展已日益受到威胁。当代上述的7大世界性问题都是相互联系的,而起因则是人口的增长.为此,各国的自然科学家和社会科学家都在从自己的学科出发,来寻求解决问题的途径,决策者成 相似文献
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3种载体固定化菌藻共生系统脱氮除磷效果的对比 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用3种不同载体(海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、复合载体),分别将小球藻和栅藻与活性污泥固定成菌藻共生系统,制成菌藻凝胶小球,单独菌、单独藻的凝胶小球,用于处理人工污水。结果表明,(1)复合载体固定的菌藻共生系统氮磷去除效果最好,PVA载体的脱氮除磷效果次于复合载体优于海藻酸钠;(2)固定化菌藻共生系统的脱氮除磷效果明显优于单独固定菌和单独固定藻,固定菌的效果较差;(3)3种载体包埋下的固定化小球藻的脱氮除磷效果均较相同载体固定化的栅藻效果好。 相似文献
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A three-stage system was developed to automate a batchwise toxicity testing protocol designed for assessing wastewater toxicity to activated sludge. The three-stage system used the luminescent bacterium Shkl. The three stages were cell storage, cell activation, and continuous toxicity testing. Shkl cells were stored in a bioreactor at 4 degrees C when the system was not in use and activated in another bioreactor for use in toxicity tests conducted in a continuous manner. The system could quickly be switched between the "off" and "on" modes, and operation of the system was easy. The stability of the system, in terms of cell density and bioluminescence in the storage and activation bioreactors, and the response of the activated cells to a metal and an organic toxicant were studied. The feasibility of the system design was demonstrated by simulating zinc toxicity episodes in synthetic wastewater. The needs for further modifications and improvements of the system were discussed. 相似文献
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根据“首次不罚制”在环境执法中推行的初步实践,指出了该制度自身存在的问题和制度外的制约因素,并提出了克服这些瓶颈因素的建议。 相似文献
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Nayef Z Ai-Mutairi 《Water environment research》2007,79(6):660-666
The biodiversity of the microbial communities of an aerobic selector and a conventional system treating slaughterhouse wastewater were evaluated using the Biolog technique (Biolog Inc., Hayward, California). Principal components analysis of patterns and level of microbial activity indicate that microbial communities statistically differentiate between the selector and conventional system. Biolog data indicated that there was seasonal variation in the structure and function of the microbial community in conventional samples, which may be a useful indicator of wastewater community disturbance and unsteadiness, while, for the selector system, there were no recognizable statistical differences between winter and summer data communities, Biodiversity indices indicated that the selector system maintained a high functional diversity (Shannon-Weaver diversity index [H'] from 3.8 to 4.6) than the conventional system (H' from 1.8 to 2.8). The high values in the selector system were a reflection of the fact that most of the carbon sources were used, contributing to the very high Shannon indices. In addition, the high substrate equitability values (J) obtained for the selector samples indicated that the microbial communities between the summer and winter samples used the carbon sources in the same proportion. In contrast, differences in the equitability of the microbial communities within the conventional system were observed. This indicated a pattern representing unevenness. 相似文献
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The fate of the aqueous phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction in a detention pond system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concentration of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in influent, effluent, and within a detention pond system was measured. The "soluble fraction" was operationally defined as the PAHs in solution that passed through a 1.2 μm filter. The results show that influent and effluent PAH concentrations were similar, indicating that dissolved PAH moved essentially unhindered through the detention pond system. In general, low molecular weight PAH were present at the highest concentrations and the highest PAH concentrations were measured in Summer. Also, year-to-year variations in PAH concentration were observed. At the end of sufficiently large storms, the pond was comparably unpolluted. During dry periods, the dissolved PAH concentration rose, possibly due to evapoconcentration and by partitioning of PAH from trapped contaminated sediment in the detention pond system. This study provides evidence that aqueous-phase PAH concentrations in runoff water were relatively unaffected by the passage through a conventional detention pond system. 相似文献
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激光传输在环境监控中的应用设计 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对将激光通信技术在环境监控中的应用进行了研究,探讨了大气环境下数据传输的信号调制方式以及提高通信距离和减少系统噪声的方法,设计了可用于环境监控数据传输的激光传输系统实用电路。经安装、调试、运行,结果表明,该系统在视距通信条件下应用,具有电路制作简单、设备架设灵活方便、数据传输性能稳定和传输系统成本低廉等优点。 相似文献
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采用间歇式摇床试验,研究了葡萄糖共基质条件下Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中Fe^0投加量、pH值、染料初始浓度对活性艳红X-3B模拟废水脱色率的影响,比较了Fe^0-厌氧微生物、纯厌氧微生物及纯Fe^0 3种体系中废水的脱色效果。结果表明:Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中初始浓度(50~500mg/L)对活性艳红X-3B的脱色率影响不大;而Fe^0投加量、pH值存在一个最佳范围;当Fe^0投加量为260mg/L,pH值为6.0,污泥浓度为0.35gVSS/L,停留时间约为30h时,体系中活性艳红X-3B的脱色率可达90%左右,比相同试验条件下纯Fe^0、纯厌氧微生物体系达到此脱色率所需时间分别缩短了约1/2、7/10。在Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中,由紫外可见分光光度分析可推测活性艳红X-3B的脱色机理主要是其偶氮键发生断裂,生成苯胺和萘类物质,而且苯胺和萘类物质能得到进一步降解。 相似文献