高浓度氨氮消化污泥脱水液半短程硝化试验研究

采用A/O工艺考察了消化污泥脱水液半短程硝化及维持的影响因素和控制方法.结果表明,在温度9～20℃、平均DO浓度5.4 mg/L、SRT 30 d左右时,进水氨氮负荷（以N计,下同）0.64 kg/(m³·d)的条件下启动,经过29 d实现了短程硝化,此后的65 d内,动态控制反应器游离氨FA>4 mg/L时,70%亚硝氮累积率的短程硝化得以维持;在实现短程硝化的基础上,进而实现了半短程硝化,出水氨氮与亚硝氮浓度比维持在1∶1.32左右;当氨氮负荷降至0.19 kg/(m³·d)时(FA<1 mg/L),短程遭到破坏,在不同FA下取样做FISH分析,进一步证明了高FA是维持半短程硝化的主要因素;在进水中COD为282 mg/L, C/N仅为0.85的条件下,由于实现了短程硝化,系统TN去除量约为91 mg/L.结果分析表明,消化污泥脱水液在中低温、高DO浓度、长SRT下,通过动态控制氨氮负荷和pH值等运行参数,在系统中维持适宜的FA浓度(>4 mg/L),可以实现并维持半短程硝化,为后续的厌氧氨氧化提供进水或回流到污水厂主流区而节省反硝化碳源.     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理高含氮废水的研究

采用实验室规模的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究其对高含氮、低C/N废水的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器的水力停留时间控制在1.0d时,亚硝化活性比较稳定,进水氨氮浓度对其影响不大.进水氨氮浓度在400～600 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮浓度都在260～280 mg/L,可以通过控制进水氨氮浓度调节出水亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率.亚硝化反应器出水的亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率对厌氧氨氧化脱氮率有重要的作用.当进水氨氮浓度为480 mg/L时,出水中亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.2左右,进入厌氧氨氧化反应器的氮物质去除率达到     

生物转盘系统中短程硝化的实现

在生物转盘反应器接种普通好氧污泥,在进水COD浓度为300mg/L,氨氮浓度为15mg/L,pH7.5～8.0,室温条件下启动试验,挂膜成功后对盘面以表层异养菌为主的生物膜层进行亚硝酸盐氧化菌的驯化,通过不断提高进水氨氮负荷和控制较低的C/N,系统硝化反应经历了由弱→强→弱的变化,而氨氧化反应不断得到强化。64d时,当进水N/C比为3.75,COD和氨氮浓度分别为40mg/L和150mg/L,氨氮面积负荷为7.46g/m·2d,HRT=3.16h时,出水亚硝氮累积率达到56.7%,系统中实现了短程硝化反应,随着系统的稳定,亚硝氮平均累积率为80%,最高达95.8%;驯化过程中生物膜厚度由0.2cm增加到0.5cm,颜色也由浅黄色变成黄褐色,镜检发现微生物种类变少,钟虫和累枝虫等消失,膜体中间由大量的丝状体连接。     

短程硝化反硝化新型生物反应器的特性研究

利用气提式反应器研究硝化过程中的亚硝酸积累现象,并在运行6个月后将其与一升流式污泥床反应器相连接,研究硝化反硝化联合工艺的处理效果。结果表明,在硝化部分,当进水氨氮浓度>98mg/L,游离氨(FA)为1.07mg/L时,亚硝态氮浓度开始逐渐上升,亚硝化率(NO2--N/NOX--N)>50%。实验条件下氨氮污泥负荷为0.53kg/(kg·d)时,氨氮去除率较高且亚硝化率最大,但当污泥负荷达到0.85kg/(kg·d)时,氨氮去除率降低。升流式污泥床反应器中形成明显的颗粒污泥,在碳源充足的条件下(即C/N>3),最终出水效果显著提高。     

高浓度游离氨冲击负荷对生物硝化的影响机制

工业废水厂或含工业废水较多的城市污水处理厂,在运行过程中可能会意外受到高浓度氨氮废水急性冲击负荷的影响,造成生物硝化反应受到抑制,出水不能稳定达标.为了指导实际污水处理厂应对游离氨(FA)急性冲击负荷造成的出水不达标问题,本文探究高浓度氨氮废水对污水生物硝化系统的影响机制.本文利用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理模拟高氨氮废水,通过监测氨氮最大比降解速率、硝酸盐氮最大比生成速率、亚硝化和硝化比耗氧速率,硝化菌丰度等指标,研究高浓度氨氮废水中FA对硝化菌活性的影响规律.结果表明,FA在低浓度范围内,增加FA急性负荷能够促进硝化活性,而当FA急性冲击负荷大于一定值时,会对硝化作用造成抑制;FA浓度越大,受到抑制的硝化生物活性所需要的恢复周期越长.利用荧光原位杂交分析技术,发现当进水FA浓度(以N计)从3.6 mg·L~(-1)升高到8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)菌群数量都略微升高,而当FA浓度大于8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,AOB和NOB菌群数量明显下降.FA对AOB和NOB菌群的临界抑制浓度分别为8.1 mg·L~(-1)和6.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB相对于AOB菌群更敏感.     

硝化菌群强化修复氨氮污染河流水体研究

利用已筛选的硝化菌群分别以游离菌和生物膜两种方式对成都市南干堰氨氮污染水体进行生物强化修复初步研究.结果表明,当进水氨氮浓度为23.91～24.27mg·L-1,在25℃、150r·min-1条件下,投加游离菌群36h后,氨氮去除率达95%,而在不添加游离菌的对照中,氨氮浓度没有下降.采用生物膜法,室温条件下,当进水氨氮浓度为8.00～18.38mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)2～4h时,出水氨氮浓度为0～1.11mg·L-1,氨氧化负荷最高可达0.139kg·m-3·d-1(以N计,下同),氨氮去除率达90%以上;;当进水氨氮浓度为7.84～14.62mg·L-1,HRT为0·5～1.0h时,修复后出水氨氮浓度为1.90～7.47mg·L-1,氨氧化负荷最高可达0.261kg·m-3·d-1;;当进水氨氮浓度稀释到3mg·L-1左右,氨氮可完全被去除,修复后水体几乎没有亚硝酸盐残留.采用PCR-DGGE分析生物膜上的微生物菌群,发现生物膜中不仅有硝化菌群生长,还包括其它与氮转化相关微生物菌群.该实验结果表明,运用硝化菌群进行氨氮污染水体强化修复具有显著的效果,实际应用中可根据污染水体氨氮浓度以及氨氧化负...     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺处理污泥脱水液

在缺氧滤床+好氧悬浮填料生物膜工艺中实现部分亚硝化,然后进行厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX),考察其对高含氮、低C/N污泥脱水液的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器在15~29℃、DO 6~9mg/L条件下,通过综合调控进水氨氮负荷(ALR)、进水碱度/氨氮、水力停留时间(HRT)等运行参数,可以调节出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)的比率,能够较好地实现部分亚硝化反应以完成厌氧氨氧化.当进水ALR为1.16kg/(m3·d),进水碱度/氨氮为5.1时,出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)在1.2左右,(NO2--N)/(NOx--N)大于90%,进入ANAMMOX反应器的氮物质去除率达到83.8%.     

供氧充足环境下SBBR实现短程硝化的控制研究

在供氧充足条件下对序批式生物膜反应器SBBR实现短程硝化的途径和机理进行研究.以垃圾渗滤液为处理对象,控制反应器主要环境参数为:溶解氧(DO)5mg/L, pH7.0,温度(t)25℃,采用全排水方式,进水周期为12h.通过数学推导和模型分析,确定以游离氨FA、C02和HN02浓度为直接控制因素,进水周期为间接控制因素,在SBBR反应器中实现了有效的短程硝化.结果表明,在氨氮NH ,4-N容积负荷0.52kg/(m3·d), NaHCO3浓度1.5mg/L的进水条件下, NH 4-N转化率达到89%, NO-2-N积累率达到83%,短程硝化作用显著.由此得出FA浓度是供氧充足情况下实现亚硝态氮NO-2-N积累的关键因素, CO2作为氨氧化细菌AOB的碳源,则具有进一步提升反应器性能的作用.     

焦化废水厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究

采用厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺处理焦化废水,在厌氧34℃、pH值7.5~8.5,HRT为33h的条件下,经过115d成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器.当进水NH4+-N、NO2--N浓度分别为80、90mg/L左右时, TN负荷可达160mg/(L·d),系统NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率最高分别达86%和98%,TN去除率可达75%. GC-MS分析结果表明,酚类是焦化废水中较易被生物利用的有机物,ANAMMOX过程对好氧短程硝化工艺出水残余低浓度酚类有机物有进一步去除作用.     

氨氧化细菌的富集培养及影响因素的研究

采用间歇培养方式,对富集氨氧化细菌的过程进行了研究,并探讨了温度、初始pH值、DO、碱度、进水氨氮浓度对短程硝化作用的影响.实验发现:氨氧化细菌富集完成后,氨氧化速率达到22.8 mg/(L·h),亚硝酸盐积累率在80％左右,氨氧化细菌的数量可提高至富集前的32.6倍.此外,对影响因素的研究发现,当温度30℃、pH=8.5、DO=0.5 mg/L、HCO3-/NH4+-N(摩尔比)=1.67、进水氨氮小于400 mg/L时,有利于实现短程硝化.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.