荔枝花雄蕊和雌蕊发育过程中碳氮化合物的动态变化

比较分析了荔枝花性决定中碳氮化合物的动态变化。结果发现：C/N较大有利于雄蕊分化,反之则有利于雌蕊分化;氨基酸含量较高有利于雌蕊分化,雄蕊的氨基酸含量仅为雌蕊的一半。脯氨酸与花粉育性存在着密切相关关系。另外,探讨了雌蕊或雄蕊败育的生理意义,在长期的进化中,败育的雌蕊或雄蕊“废物”重新被利用,为同一花中迅速发育的雌蕊或雄蕊提供能量和物质的需求,表5参13。     

荔枝花发育过程中雌雄蕊内源激素的动态变化

分析了荔枝花性别决定中雄蕊和雌蕊内源激素含量的动态变化 .结果发现 :雌蕊的发育与较高浓度的IAA和iPAs相关联 ;GA和ZRs的含量在较低浓度时有利于性器官发育 ,而较高浓度则抑制了对应性器官的发育 ;在败育的雄蕊或雌蕊中都含有较高浓度的ABA ,但从激素平衡的角度分析 ,促进生长物质与抑制生长物质的比值相对高时 ,即雄蕊的ABA浓度相对较低 ,雄蕊发育正常 ;当该比值相对较低时 ,即雌蕊的ABA浓度相对较高 ,雌蕊发育正常 .提出调节荔枝雌、雄花的发育不是某一种激素单独作用的结果 ,而是各种激素在时间、空间上的相互作用产生的综合效果 .图 2表 2参 17     

龙眼胚珠多胺含量变化与胚胎发育的关系

研究了龙眼胚胎发育与多胺(PAs)含量的关系.结果表明:正常发育的胚珠中多胺含量在胚胎发育的各个时期均高于败育胚珠.多胺含量在花后d10最高,其中腐胺(Put)约占多胺总含量的65%;以后各发育阶段多胺含量逐渐下降,其中d31~38下降幅度明显.不过,亚精胺(Spd)除d10外在正常胚珠中含量也大于败育胚珠.(Spd Spm)/(Put)和(Spm)/(PAs)比值变化与龙眼胚珠的发育有直接关系,表现为较高比值有利于胚胎发育,反之则抑制胚胎发育.多胺合成高峰先于核酸和蛋白质,推测多胺可能通过与核酸的相互作用参与核酸和蛋白质的合成和调节.图3表1参12     

低氧胁迫下钙调素拮抗剂对黄瓜幼苗根系多胺含量和呼吸代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下三氟拉嗪(TFP)对两个耐低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种幼苗根系中多胺含量和呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明,单纯低氧下,黄瓜幼苗根系中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量显著增加,琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性显著降低,乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著提高,乙醇和乳酸含量相应增加;与耐低氧能力较弱的"中农8号"相比,耐低氧能力较强的"绿霸春4号"幼苗根系ADH活性增加幅度和乙醇含量较高,LDH活性增加幅度、SDH活性降低幅度和乳酸含量较低;与单纯低氧胁迫相比,添加TFP处理能显著降低黄瓜幼苗根系中Spd和Spm含量,增加Put含量,同时,根系中SDH和ADH活性降低,LDH活性增加,乳酸含量升高,植株根系生长受到严重抑制,并且对耐低氧性较强的"绿霸春4号"幼苗伤害程度更加明显.表明在低氧胁迫下,Ca2 、CaM参与了黄瓜幼苗根系多胺及呼吸代谢过程,TFP处理抑制了Ca2 .CaM信使功能,从而降低了黄瓜植株耐低氧的能力.表5参25     

钙调素拮抗剂W7对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系生长和多胺动态变化的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了低氧胁迫下钙调素拈抗剂w7对黄瓜幼苗根系牛长及多胺含量变化的影响.结果表明,根系中的多胺以游离态为主,结合态和束缚态含量较少用50 mmol L-1w7预处理24 h,然后进行低氧胁迫处理.黄瓜根系内游离态精胺(spm)和亚精胺(spd)含量低于单纯低氧胁迫处理,腐胺(Put)含量高于单纯低氧胁迫处理;而结合态和束缚态的spm、Spd、Put含量均低于单纯低氧胁迫处理下的值,w7的使用导致了除游离态Put外的其他多胺含量的降低.游离态Put的高峰出现在d 2,结合态多胺的高峰出现在d 4,束缚态多胺的高峰出现在d 6,说明游离态Put有转变为结合态和束缚态多胺的趋势.W7预处理导致黄瓜根系内的多胺含量低于低氧胁迫处理下的值,削弱了黄瓜对低氧胁迫逆境的抵抗能力,幼苗生长变弱,表明ca2-·CaM信使系统通过影响多胺的含量来调节黄瓜对低氧胁迫逆境的适应.两个品种相比较,"绿霸春4号"受低氧胁迫和W7的影响小于"中农8号",表现出对低氧逆境较强的耐性.     

饮用水氯胺法消毒过程中-氯胺的水杨酸分光光度法测定

本文建市了一种水杨酸分光光度法,用于一氯胺的测定.结果表明,在水杨酸为1.0ml,硝普钠为0.10ml,pH值为11.8和反应时间为60min时,方法效果最好,吸光度与一氯胺具有很好的线性关系(R2=0.9999).一氯胺的回收率为100±5%.水中其它共存离子,如SO,,4>2-,PO43-,ca2+,Mg2+等在常见浓度范围内均不影响一氯胺的定量.方法检出限为0.02mg·1-1,对不同浓度标样的测定表明,相对标准偏差<10%,自来水本底中的加标回收率为96.0%-103.5%.     

饮用水氯胺法消毒过程中一氯胺的水杨酸分光光度法测定

本文建立了一种水杨酸分光光度法,用于一氯胺的测定.结果表明,在水杨酸为1.0ml,硝普钠为0.10ml,pH值为11.8和反应时间为60min时,方法效果最好,吸光度与一氯胺具有很好的线性关系(R~2=0.9999).一氯胺的回收率为100±5%.水中其它共存离子,如SO_4~(2-),PO_4~(3-),Ca(2 ),Mg(2 )等在常见浓度范围内均不影响一氯胺的定量.方法检出限为0.02mg·l~(-1),对不同浓度标样的测定表明,相对标准偏差<10%,自来水本底中的加标回收率为96.0%-103.5%.     

金针菇中蛋白质含量的变化和其中一个蛋白质的生物活性

在对金针菇(Flammulinavelutipes)子实体活性蛋白质纯化过程中发现,金针菇在不同环境条件下不同蛋白质的表达量有差异.通过阴离子交换层析、凝胶层析和高压液相色谱,从金针菇中分离纯化获得了一种蛋白质Zb.经SDS-PAGE测定该蛋白分子量(Mr)为 30×103,等电聚焦电泳表明该蛋白质的等电点为 4. 7,且该蛋白质不含糖.N-端测序表明,该蛋白质N-端的 20个氨基酸为PQVKTSWEDLANLGWPIQQV.此外,在HepG2. 2. 2. 15细胞株上检测该蛋白质体外对肝炎病毒的抑制作用,发现对HBsAg抑制作用明显,抑制中浓度为 0. 117μg/mL,但对HBeAg几乎无作用.以胃癌细胞株MGC80-3为研究对象,检测表明,该蛋白质对MGC80-3抑制率在 50%时的蛋白质浓度约为 0. 75μg/mL.以起始浓度为 0. 296mg/mL的Zb检测它的血凝活性时发现,Zb对兔血红细胞和人A、B、O血红细胞的血凝滴度为 2-12.但同时观察到Zb处理后的兔血红细胞形态发生改变. 图 6表 1参 15     

荔枝皮吸附孔雀绿的性能和机理

采用批量试验方法研究了荔枝皮对水中孔雀绿染料吸附的影响因素(吸附剂剂量、pH值和接触时间)、吸附等温线、吸附动力学和吸附热力学等,并探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明,荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮对孔雀绿的最佳吸附剂用量分别为4和2 g·L-1,最适pH值均为7.0,吸附平衡时间均为120 min;吸附过程均能用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型进行很好的描述,且均符合假二次动力学模型。荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮对孔雀绿的最大吸附量分别为72.46和169.49 mg·g-1。此外,吸附热力学试验结果表明,荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮对孔雀绿的吸附均属于自发吸热过程。     

水体中胺鲜酯残留量的测定及其光解特性

建立了利用固相萃取-气相色谱(SPE-GC)测定水体中胺鲜酯残留量的方法.考查了3种不同固相萃取柱(C18、florisil、OasisR HLB)对水溶性农药胺鲜酯的吸附效果,发现它们对水中胺鲜酯的萃取效率依次为8%、13% 和96%;进一步研究了利用OasisR HLB萃取水中胺鲜酯的最佳条件(洗脱剂二氯甲烷用量4～8 mL),OasisR HLB(60 mg)小柱对胺鲜酯的保留容量高达200 μg·柱-1.运用该方法测定胺鲜酯光解试验样品,结果表明胺鲜酯质量浓度的对数与光照时间呈良好的线性关系.胺鲜酯在氙灯下的光化学降解符合一级动力学反应,光解半衰期为82 min,较易光解.     

Changes in Lipid Peroxidation in the Gill and Muscle of the Marine Bivalve (Perna Viridis) During Exposure to Cadmium and Copper

The marine bivalve, Perna viridis was exposed to sublethal concentration (one third of 24 h LC₅₀) of either cadmium or copper for 1, 3 and 7 days and alterations in lipid peroxidation in the gill and muscle were investigated. Significant increase of the level of malondialdehyde, which is indicative of the peroxidative process, and a decrease of activity levels of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase were observed in both the tissues of copper exposed mussels. the exposure of mussels to cadmium did not elicit any of the above changes.     

pH、温度和水土比对酸性土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响

溶液中Al3 、Al-F和有机络合态铝（Al-OM的浓度随pH降低而增加,Al3 在总单核铝中所占比例随pH的降低而增加,而Al-F络合物呈相反的变化趋势.土壤中铝的溶解度与土壤中铝氧化物的结晶形态有关,处于较高纬度地区的土壤,由于铝氧化物的结晶形态较差,在相同pH下,其铝的溶解度较大.土壤溶液中有机络合态铝的浓度随温度升高而增加,在pH不变的情况下,土壤中无机铝的溶解量随温度降低而增加.随水土比增加,土壤溶液中Al3 、Al-F络合物和Al-OM浓度减小,但按每kg土计算的铝溶解量随水土比的增加而增加.     

拟南芥硫酯酶基因(atfata)在大肠杆菌中的表达及其对游离脂肪酸合成的影响

硫酯酶催化脂酰ACP(酰基载体蛋白)水解生成游离脂肪酸和ACP载体蛋白,能够解除脂肪酸合成与磷脂合成的偶联,是获得游离脂肪酸的关键基因.将拟南芥的硫酯酶基因atfata克隆到原核表达载体pET30a上,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达了His-tag融合蛋白,经SDS-PAGE检测获得特异性表达条带.对该重组菌株进行摇瓶发酵实验,GC-MS检测表明其与对照菌株脂肪酸组成并未发生变化;但其脂肪酸产量达到232.06 mg/L,比对照菌株提高了70%;同时胞外游离脂肪酸产量达到了33 mg/L,占总脂肪酸含量的15%,是野生菌株胞外脂肪酸产量的7倍.图3表2参17     

Changes in the ratio of the sulcus acusticus area to the sagitta area of Pomatoschistus minutus and P. lozanoi (Pisces,Gobiidae)

The Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas) and P. lozanoi (de Buen) stock of the ebb-tidal delta of the former Grevelingen estuary was sampled monthly from September 1992 to October 1993. Sagittae were extracted and the areas of the sagitta and sulcus acusticus were measured with a digitizer. The frequency response and auditory threshold of these two sympatric goby species were determined from the ratio of the sulcus acusticus area to the sagitta area (S:O ratio). The S:O ratio of P. minutus increased while in P. lozanoi the S:O ratio was constant with increasing standard length. The average S:O ratio of P. lozanoi was significantly higher than that of P. minutus of the same mean length, which makes the former more sensitive to sound frequency. The S:O ratios of these two sympatric fishes were lower than the S:O ratios of demersal and pelagic fishes available from the literature. An interspecific growth difference of sagitta and sulcus acusticus was observed. The sagitta and sulcus acusticus of P. minutus are larger than those of P. lozanoi of the same length.     

Important organic matter sources and trophic pathways for the nutrition of Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) and Valamugil buchanani (Bleeker, 1853) in Pangani macro-tidal estuary,Tanzania

The study investigated the spatial variation in the main sources of organic matter (OM) and trophic pathways for zooplanktivorous Hilsa kelee and phytodetritivorous Valamugil buchanani in fresh-water-influenced zone versus sea-water-dominated zone of Pangani estuary. The findings indicated significant inter-specific variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values (ANOVA, F?≥?84.3, p?F?≥?9.4, p?=?0.001) in both estuarine zones. Results also showed significant zonal-intraspecific variations in stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), FA profile and marginal differences in diet for the V. buchanani while no considerable differences were observed for H. kelee from two estuarine zones. The isotope mixing models and FA biomarkers revealed that the most important carbon sources to the nutrition of H. kelee were derived from microphytobenthos, macro-algae and sea grasses transferred through phytoplankton and detrital trophic pathways. In contrast, C₃ terrestrial plants and microphytobenthos were the main carbon source to the diet of V. buchanani; and were transferred via the benthic and detrital trophic pathways. Therefore, both terrestrial and in-situ OM sources were the main trophic resources base fuelling the planktonic and benthic food webs in Pangani estuary.     

铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。     

Application of cluster analysis to the geochemistry zonation of the estuary waters in the Tinto and Odiel rivers (Huelva,Spain)

The combination of acid water from mines, industrial effluents and sea water plays a determining role in the evolutionary process of the chemical makeup of the water in the estuary of the Tinto and Odiel rivers. This estuary is in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and is one of the estuarine systems on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Cádiz. From the statistical treatment of data obtained by analyzing samples of water from this system, which is affected by industrial and mining pollution processes, we can see how the sampling points studied form two large groups depending on whether they receive tidal or fluvial influences. Fluvial input contributes acid water with high concentrations of heavy metal, whereas industrial effluents are responsible for the presence of phosphates, silica and other nutrients. The estuarine system of the Tinto and Odiel Rivers can be divided into three areas – the Tinto estuary, the Odiel estuary and the area of confluence – based on the physical – chemical characteristics of the water.     

Dynamic zonation of Nerita plicata,N. undata and N. textilis (Prosobranchia: Neritacea) populations on a rocky shore in Kenya

Vertical zonation of Nerita plicata Linnaeus, N. undata Linnaeus, and N. textilis Dillwyn, inhabiting the rocky cliffs of Nyali, Kenya, was studied through several spring-neap tidal cycles from November to December (northeastern monsoon) 1981 and May to July (southeastern monsoon) 1982. For the first time, a monsoon-related cycle of migration in Nerita plicata and N. undata, superimposed on the shorter term spring-neap cycle is demonstrated. Both species rest predominantly in the upper eulittoral zone and the littoral fringe. N. plicata and N. undata rest at significantly higher levels during the southeastern monsoon (SEM) than during the northeastern monsoon (NEM) (P<0.001). On and around neap-tide days N. plicata, N. undata, and N. textilis occupy significantly distinct mean resting positions (P<0.001) in both seasons; N. undata being the highest in the SEM, followed by N. plicata, with N. textilis always in the lowest level. In the NEM, N. plicata and N. undata sometimes change order. On and around springtide days in both seasons, the upper two species, N. plicata and N. undata, rest close together with no significant difference in their mean resting positions, but with both significantly higher than N. textilis (P<0.001). Both the spring-neap and the monsoon migrations of N. plicata and N. undata are interpreted as either direct or indirect responses to wave action.     

Use of Fatty Acid Analysis to Determine Dispersal of Caspian Terns in the Columbia River Basin,U.S.A.

Abstract: Lethal control, which has been used to reduce local abundances of animals in conflict with humans or with endangered species, may not achieve management goals if animal movement is not considered. In populations with emigration and immigration, lethal control may induce compensatory immigration, if the source of attraction remains unchanged. Within the Columbia River Basin (Washington, U.S.A.), avian predators forage at dams because dams tend to reduce rates of emigration of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), artificially concentrating these prey. We used differences in fatty acid profiles between Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) at coastal and inland breeding colonies and terns culled by a lethal control program at a mid‐Columbia River dam to infer dispersal patterns. We modeled the rate of loss of fatty acid biomarkers, which are fatty acids that can be traced to a single prey species or groups of species, to infer whether and when terns foraging at dams had emigrated from the coast. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed that coastal terns had high levels of C₂₀ and C₂₂ monounsaturated fatty acids, whereas fatty acids of inland breeders were high in C18:3n3, C20:4n6, and C22:5n3. Models of the rate of loss of fatty acid showed that approximately 60% of the terns collected at Rock Island Dam were unlikely to have bred successfully at local (inland) sites, suggesting that terns foraging at dams come from an extensive area. Fatty acid biomarkers may provide accurate information about patterns of dispersal in animal populations and may be extremely valuable in cases where populations differ demonstrably in prey base.