矿区生态重建基础理论与方法研究

基于10年的矿区土地复垦科学研究的实践,分析了由矿区土地复垦到矿区生态重建研究现念的转变、矿区生态重建的理论基础,对矿区生态重建的概念、特点、范围及研究内容进行了界定,并探讨了矿区生态重建研究的认识、方法及其方案应具备的特点。     

试论矿区生态重建

针对矿区土地复垦涉及学科多、面广,而我国矿区生态重建基础理论研究又十分薄弱,许多基本概念和问题尚未获得统一认识,呈现出零散、杂乱的现象。基于１０年矿区土地复垦科学研究的实践,分析了由矿区土地复垦到矿区生态重建的研究观念转变、矿区生态重建的基础理论,对矿区生态重建的概念、特点、范围、时间尺度进行了界定,探讨了矿区生态重建研究的认识（论）、方法（论）,并以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例进行了验证。     

湘中锑矿区土壤重金属锑的污染特征

文章研究调查了冷水江锡矿山锑矿区、桃江板溪锑矿区、桃江马迹塘锑矿区、桃江武潭锑矿区、安化符竹溪金锑矿区及安化渣滓溪锑矿区及周围土壤中锑的含量及形态分布.结果表明:各矿区土壤中总锑含量范嗣为185.6-2 081.3 mg/kg,大大超过了土壤中锑的背景值,表明各矿区土壤已被严重污染.采用Tessier逐级提取法对土壤中...     

矿区土地复垦与生态重建效益演变与配置研究

矿区复合生态系统的重建是对未来空间系统结构和功能的超前安排,其效益的演变极大地受到自然、社会、经济的影响。论文从资源经济、生态经济角度,讨论了矿区土地复垦与生态重建效益的概念和内涵,分析了矿区生态系统演变、矿区生态重建目标、矿区生态系统类型、矿区生态重建措施及矿产资源综合利用对矿区生态系统“三大效益”配置的影响;并以平朔安太堡露天煤矿1985～2015年土地复垦与生态重建过程中的土地资源利用结构动态演变为实例,初步揭示矿区生态重建过程中“三大效益”的有序配置和高度统一问题;为优化矿区土地资源利用结构和建立矿区复合生态系统重建的效益评价指标体系提供理论基础。     

北京西山采石场不同自然恢复期主要植物叶绿素荧光特征

本次调查中共记录到35种植物,其中矿区28种植物,非矿区27种植物。矿区和非矿区共有种有20种。测定同时出现在矿区及非矿区的8种植物的荧光动力学曲线,发现白莲蒿(A.sacrorum)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、杠柳(Periplo-ca sepium)、黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)及荆条(Vitex negundo Var.Canna-bifolia)在矿区和非矿区生长状况差异不显著。胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolo)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)及榆树(Ulmus pumila)在矿区生长良好,这说明矿区恶劣的土质条件虽然影响着一些植物的生长,但是良好的光照条件却为这些植物的生长提供更多的机会。     

煤炭矿区大气环境容量与承载能力分析研究——以哈密市大南湖矿区西区为例

本文根据大南湖矿区西区总体规划项目布局、矿区所在大气环境功能区划,应用A值法计算矿区大气环境容量,并提出矿区总量控制要求.     

淮北市矿区生态保护总体规划

为了恢复和重建淮北矿区生态系统,本文按照矿区各塌陷地的不同特征,提出了矿区生态保护总体规划,该规划主要包括生态农业、生态工业、环保产业、生态旅游业和工业污染防治设施建设等,规划后最终使整个淮北矿区生态、社会、经济效益同步增长,矿区实现生态良性循环,促进淮北市的可持续发展。     

遥感技术在矿区环境调查中的应用

本文以神东矿区为例介绍了遥感技术在矿区环境调查中的应用方法,针对神东矿区的特点,提取了土地利用、植被覆盖、土壤侵蚀、土地复垦、土地沙漠化、地裂缝、地面塌陷等8个环境质量因子,利用遥感解译与野外验证相结合的方法获取矿区环境质量本底信息,在此基础上进行矿区环境治理综合研究。     

我国矿区污染地修复标准存在的问题与对策

我国矿区污染地不仅数量多而且形势严峻,实践中大规模的矿区污染地修复治理工作成效并不显著,除了受技术设备、资金、管理制度的限制之外,矿区污染地修复标准缺失、现有涉及矿区污染地修复标准的规定明显滞后且分散不系统、矿区污染地修复标准上位法缺失等也成为我国矿区污染场地修复的瓶颈。在厘清我国矿区污染地修复标准现状的基础上,分析了存在的问题,并提出完善我国矿区污染地修复标准的对策,即坚持人体健康与生态安全的价值目标、遵循分级分类与因地制宜的指导原则、秉承吸收借鉴与探索创新的思路方法、开展矿区污染地修复标准体系的顶层设计、加快土壤污染防治的立法研究等。     

淮北矿区生态环境保护与可持续发展研究

为了恢复和重建淮北矿区生态系统,本文按照矿区各塌陷地的不同特征,提出了矿区生态总体规划,该规划主要包括生态农业、生态工业、环保产业、生态旅游业和工业污染防治业建设等,规划后最终使整个淮北矿区生态、社会、经济效益协调增长,矿区实现生态良性循环,促进了淮北市的可持续发展。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.