基于Models-3的自修正空气质量预报系统及其效果检验

本文介绍了一个以Models-3为基础的自动化空气质量数值预报系统,该系统通过Gambas、Yabasic和R语言等工具进行开发,集成WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ三个模式,可通过监测数据进行自动修正,完成空气质量业务数值预报,并将结果发布到Web服务器上进行呈现。该系统对硬件的要求较低,将部署于一台DELL Optiplex 9010工作站上,设置6km—2km双层嵌套,进行成都市空气质量数值预报。本文分析了成都市2014年1月1日至2014年12月31日的空气质量数值预报结果,评价系统对成都市NO_2、SO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3、CO以及空气质量指数(AQI)的预报效果。结果显示,系统对于成都市2014年空气质量变化情况趋势的预报效果较好,302天有效预报中,24小时直接预报的空气质量等级准确率为58.27%,AQI预报相关系数0.71,观测值自动修正预报对24小时空气质量预报具有明显改善效果,使其等级预报准确率达到64.9%,相关系数提高到0.89。     

河北53个大气监测点联网明年1月1日按时发布PM2．5监测数据

记者从河北省环保厅获悉,截至12月20日,河北省53个国控空气质量监测点监测PM2.5的设备全部安装完成,并与河北省环保厅、环境保护部联网,各监测点进入设备调试阶段。按照环境保护部要求,河北省53个国控空气质量监测点被全部列入第一批与环境保护部联网对象。今年9月,河北省下发《关于进一步加强污染防治工作的意见》,提出全力推进大气污染防治,随后河北省启动对省内空气质量自动监测点升级改造项目,总投资8000余万元。     

环保总局称七大水系水质稳定海河淮河重度污染

据国家环保总局消息，中国环境监测总站2005年4月8日发布全国地表水水质及47个环保重点城市空气质量：与上月相比，七大水系及太湖、滇池和巢湖的总体水质保持稳定；在47个环保重点城市中，30个环保重点城市空气质量优良天数比例在80%以上，6个城市空气质量优良天数比例不到60％。     

当前城市空气质量周报工作中应注意解决好的几个问题

通过新闻媒介向全社会发布空气质量周报是国务院环境保护委员会１９９７年１月做出的决定，当时要求在全国４６个环境保护重点城市发布空气质量周报。当年５月２３日，南京市率先启动之后，相继有许多城市在当地电视台、广播电台、报纸上公布本地区一周来城市的空气质量状况。两年多来，空气质量周报工作的开展，为提高公众环境意识找到了新形式，使公众了解了环保知识，增强了公众保护环境和参与环境监督的自觉性，培养了公众良好的环境道德观念，促进了社会环境文化建设。为建立公众参与机制找到了新途径，使决策者们增加了压力，加大了对…     

乌鲁木齐市空气质量多模式预报预警体系建设与应用

城市空气质量预报是指导生产和生活、预防环境污染事件发生的重要手段,是环境监测的重要任务。本文对乌鲁木齐市空气质量预报业务系统的设计构建及各项模块的功能作用进行了详细的介绍,该系统主要包括环境监数据统计、数值预报管理、GIS数据分析管理、污染源清单建立、重污染案例库存储等模块。该预报预警体系可稳定提供乌鲁木齐市未来72小时的空气质量预测数据,为管理部门在空气质量预测预报、污染源来源解析与追踪、污染源排放削减管理。重污染过程分析等方面的研究应用提供丰富的技术手段支持。     

深圳市空气污染物时空分布特征

依据深圳市国家环境空气质量自动监测站2019年全年的SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO和O₃逐小时监测数据及对应空气质量指数(AQI)，分析了深圳市空气质量的时间变化和空间分布特征，并研究了社会经济因素和人为活动对污染物浓度的影响，旨在梳理深圳市空气质量状况及主要空气污染物变化规律，为环境管理提供技术参考。     

四川省空气自动监测数据采集系统建设

介绍了四川省空气质量监测工作的现状和存在的问题,提出了建设四川省空气自动监测数据采集系统的技术路线,建设完成了全省空气监测数据的统一采集。     

绿色奥运聚焦之三：奥运会北京空气质量没风险!

谁说来北京参加奥运会要戴口罩？截至到2007年12月31号,北京共完成蓝天246天,超额完成了今年的蓝天计划,空气质量达标的天数比去年多了5天,占全年365天的数比去年多了5天,占全年365天的67．4％,这从一个侧面再次粉碎了国际上对北京奥运会空气质量信心不足的传闻。     

北京地铁环境质量问题调查与对策分析

以北京地铁工作人员为调查对象,进行了有关地铁环境质量、空气质量和热环境满意度、不良症状出现情况以及地铁环境质量改善措施的主观问卷调查.调查对象对地铁环境质量的总体评价为略优于适中可接受,对空气质量的总体评价则介于适中可接受和较不满意之间.在地铁环境中夏天感觉热而冬天感觉适中的调查对象最多,夏天和冬天热环境平均评分分别为...     

基于灰色GM(1,1)模型的鞍山市环境空气质量预测

于2016年1月至2021年12月对鞍山市环境空气质量进行为期6年的在线连续监测，获得了典型的鞍山空气质量变化特征。采用灰色预测方法，利用2016—2021年鞍山环境空气质量数据，建构空气质量预测GM(1,1)模型，经相关检验修正符合要求后，建模结果显示模型精度高，可以满足对于鞍山市“十四五”空气质量预测要求。预测结果显示，在目前大气环境污染攻坚的管理要求下，未来五年鞍山市空气质量整体趋好，其中达标天数比例上升，综合指数下降，重点污染物PM_2.5年评价浓度下降，O₃浓度上升，可能在2026年与《环境空气质量标准》中环境空气污染物基本项目浓度限值二级标准持平，需要采取更有针对性的举措应对O3污染。     

成都市扬尘对大气环境影响初探

本文论述了成都市扬尘污染现状并统计了成都市扬尘排放量，说明成都市扬尘污染相当严重，已成为影响大气质量的主要因素之一。加强扬尘管理和治理应成为大气环境管理和治理的一项重要内容。     

Air Quality Management in UK Local Authorities: Public Understanding and Participation

Science and technology are an integral part of informing public policy on air pollution and transport management. Expectations of science and technology by society and their use by air quality policy makers has led to increasing reliance upon this evidence to promote health and well-being. This can be seen, for example, in the setting of the UK national objectives for air pollutants based on exposure and health effects. This paper addresses three questions. It assesses, through the use of focus groups, the public perceptions of air pollution and the atmospheric dispersion model output from the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System-Urban. Then it assesses their understanding of this information and its current presentation to the layperson. Finally, it assesses how their perceptions and understanding influence their solutions to local air quality management in the London Borough of Camden. The results show that participants in the study struggled with the concept of air pollution outside their sphere of experience, and they did not understand the scientific basis or modelling used to inform local policy. This is partly a result of the way this information is presented. They did not relate the technological evidence to their opinions of acceptable solutions or they expressed reluctance to suggest specific options. It is proposed that a well-informed public would make comprehensive decisions on air quality based upon a broader range of factors, incorporating the scientific reasoning and technological information as well as emotive and socio-economic factors. A balance between science and technological understanding with the validity of local expertise will improve air quality policy making to the greater satisfaction of all stakeholders.     

基于多目标决策的室内空气质量评价模型

在室内空气质量各单项评价指标的基础上,应用运筹学的决策理论,建立室内空气质量评价模型。并通过实例应用此模型对室内空气品质进行了评价研究,取得了满意的结果。与其他评价方法相比,该评价模型结构严谨、计算简便、结果合理、分辨率高。为室内空气质量评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。     

空气质量预测模拟技术演变与发展研究

近年来我国的环境问题日益引人注目,大气污染问题显得尤为突出。空气质量预测技术方法能够提前预测区域空间内的大气污染物浓度,其发展十分迅速。本文介绍了一些国内外常用的空气质量预测技术方法的原理及案例,对其结果与局限性进行归纳总结,并对其未来发展提出展望。空气质量预测技术方法分为两类:数值模拟和统计学习,数值模拟通常可以分为第一代、第二代和第三代空气质量模型,统计学习可以分为简单经验统计和机器学习。两类方法的目的都是尽可能真实、准确地实现特定时间、特定区域范围内大气污染物浓度的预测,但两类方法的原理算法差异较大。该研究系统梳理了空气质量预测技术方法演变的历程和发展的现状,展望了其发展趋势,分析了建立、健全空气质量预测技术标准规范体系的重要性,提出了相关参考建议。     

Development and Implementation of Strategic Frameworks for Air Quality Management in the UK and the European Community

The UK and the EC have recognized that the application of national and EC policies alone may not be cost effective in improving air quality in some areas, especially in traffic-congested urban centres and along major road transport corridors. Consequently both have introduced new strategic frameworksfor air quality management.This paper outlines and compares the UK National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS) and the EC approach, set out in the Air Quality Framework and Daughter Directives. Both frameworks shift responsibility for reviewing, assessing and managing air quality on to local authorities. The UK considers the NAQS will provide the principal means of carrying out its commitments under the new EC framework.Local authorities in the UK have begun the review and assessment phase of the NAQS. This paper examines the support that central government has had to provide to local authorities to ensure the NAQS will be effective. It offers insights into what other Member States are likely to face when implementing their interpretation of the EC air quality management framework. The paper highlights that many UK local authorities lacked even basic air quality management capabilities when the NAQS was being formulated. Consequently the UK Government has had to expand the national pollution monitoring networks (this was achieved primarily by affiliating the growing number of local authority funded sites), commission new detailed urban emissions inventories, and develop and validate a suite of air quality dispersion models. Training events in air quality assessment techniques have had to be offered and many detailed guidance notes issued to ensure an appropriate and consistent interpretation of the NAQS. Some government initiatives to support the implementation of the NAQS suffered delays which initially caused some unnecessary uncertainties and inconsistencies amongst local authorities conducting their review and assessment of air quality. This points to the importance of the Governmentensuring that the support for the management phase of the NAQS will be in place in time. This includes providing additional pollution-control powers and reformulating transport and planning policies in order to integrate air quality management more fully.     

Measuring neighbourhood air pollution: the case of Seattle's international district

Current US regulatory air quality monitoring networks measure ambient levels of pollutants and cannot capture the effects of mobile sources at the micro-scale. Despite the fact that overall air quality has been getting better, more vulnerable populations (children, the elderly, minorities and the poor) continue to suffer from traffic-related air pollution. As development intensifies in urban areas, more people are exposed to road-related air pollution. However, the only consideration given to air quality, if any, is based on ambient measures. This paper uses an inexpensive, portable Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) to measure Black Carbon (BC) emissions, a surrogate for diesel fuels emissions, in Seattle's International District. With the aid of a GPS receiver, street-level BC data were geocoded in real space-time. It was found that pollution levels differed substantially across the study area. The results show the need for street-level air pollution monitoring, revisions in current land use and transportation policies, and air quality planning practice.     

A methodology for estimation of vehicle emissions in an urban environment: an example from Greater Manchester

Road transport is a major contributor to urban air pollution. The introduction of local air qua lity management in the UK will require objective test procedures to evaluate and prioritise the air pollution benefits of existing transport systems and proposed developments. This methodology has been developed to assist the land use and transport planning professionals in evaluating current and potential future impacts on air quality. The method couples an emissions estimation procedure to a traffic flow database. It requires data on emission factors, the composition of the vehicle fleet, vehicle control technologies and the daily traffic flow profile. With these data, it is possible to generate emission estimates per kilometre, link or road as selected by the user. Forecasts can be made by varying input variables. The current methodology allows prediction of five or more pollutant species/classes, limited only by availability of emission factors. The method utilises a commercially available personal computer based spreadsheet. Further coupling of the method to a geographical information system will improve the decision support capability of the method.     

Comparison of air quality in the UK and Russia

Summary A comparison is made of some of the key elements of ambient air quality in the UK and the Russian Federation. In each country air quality has recently moved towards the top of public environmental concerns. The legislative and regulatory framework for controlling/improving air quality is considered briefly. In the Russian Federation ambient air ground level standards exist for over 20 chemicals. In contrast, in the UK, to date, only four EEC (European Union) imposed standards are in operation. The Russian standards are considerably stricter than those of the UK, but compliance in many cities is very poor. In each country air quality has benefited more from economic recessionary forces than direct government action. In both countries the trend is to a reduction in sulphur dioxide levels. In contrast, nitrogen dioxide levels are increasing primarily because of growing road traffic levels. An attempt is made to compare air quality in Moscow with that in London. Constraints include the use of different methodologies and forms of data presentation. However, the overall impression is of substantial similarities in the air quality of the two capital cities.     

Air quality assessment by contingent valuation in Ji'nan, China

Along with urbanization and environmental deterioration within China, many residents' desire for improved air quality has increased. To address this topic, this study focuses on the relationship between poor air quality and residents' willingness to pay for improved air quality in the city of Ji'nan. As a means of quantifying an individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for improved air quality, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1500 residents was chosen, based on the stratified sampling method. The respondents' WTP was then elicited through a series of face-to-face interviews, conducted using a range of hypothetical, open-ended scenario questions. The results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express a positive WTP, and that the average WTP was 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person, per year. In order to establish the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP, both a Probit model on the probability of a positive WTP, and a stepwise regression model were constructed. Most parameters in the econometric analysis demonstrated the expected results. It was found that annual household income, expenditure on the treatment of respiratory diseases and workers in the family significantly influenced WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount were also larger for men than for women. Unlike developed countries, most respondents regard air quality improvement as a government responsibility in that more than 40% of respondents had no incentive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, indicating a relatively low environmental consciousness.     

Diversity in sub-national EU implementation: the application of the EU Ambient Air Quality directive in 13 municipalities in the Netherlands

This paper offers an analysis of the implementation performance of the EU Ambient Air Quality directive in the Netherlands. It provides a systematic evaluation of the implementation of a procedural provision – the obligation to design air quality policy. It draws on original data on air quality policy measures that have been collected in 13 medium-sized Dutch municipalities. The analysis of differences in the implementation performance was performed using a novel three-dimensional conceptual framework. The findings illustrate great differences in the implementation performance between the municipalities. The focused comparison allowed establishing very precisely where the implementation performance is poor or even lacking, and which municipalities take their EU implementation task more seriously than others. Most puzzling, environmental problem pressure turned out not to act as a sufficient trigger for municipalities to take far-reaching air quality measures. In contrast to previous research, a more nuanced picture is painted when it comes to the concepts of ‘compliance’, ‘non-compliance’ and ‘over-compliance’. A careful dissection of the implementation performance based on the aspects of the conceptual framework produces hands-on recommendations to municipalities seeking to improve their air quality policy.