铅胁迫下La(NO3)3对油菜抗氧化酶的影响

用盆栽实验研究了 1g·kg- 1和 2g·kg- 1铅胁迫下 ,分别以 0 1 ,0 3和 0 5g·l- 1La(NO3 ) 3 溶液浸种 ,然后测定油菜幼苗中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)的含量 ,以及油菜幼苗生长的情况 .结果表明 ,稀土元素镧可以提高油菜幼苗地上和地下部分超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性 ,并降低丙二醛的含量 ,但是对于油菜幼苗生长的影响并不显著 ,显示镧能够在一定时间内抑制超氧阴离子自由基的产生以抵御铅的胁迫 .     

盐碱胁迫对三江藨草幼苗功能性状的影响

盐碱作为盐碱湿地生态系统的重要环境因子之一,影响着湿地植物的定植、生长和繁殖.以莫莫格盐碱湿地常见植物三江藨草(Scirpus nipponicus)为研究对象,设置了盐度(25,100,200 mmol/L)和pH值(7.79±0.06,9.42±0.02,10.40±0.01)各3个梯度处理,及1个空白处理作为对照,探讨不同盐碱胁迫及其交互作用对湿地植物三江藨草幼苗功能性状和生物量分配格局的影响.结果显示,盐碱胁迫对三江藨草幼苗生长、生物量积累及其分配均产生显著影响(P 0.05).与空白处理相比,随着盐碱胁迫的升高,三江藨草幼苗株高、分株数、球茎数等功能性状,以及根、根茎、球茎、地下、地上生物量和总生物量等均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;三江藨草幼苗在盐度和pH分别为25 mmol/L和7.79(±0.06)时生长最好,在盐度和pH分别为200 mmol/L和10.40(±0.01)时,植株全部死亡;盐碱胁迫对三江藨草幼苗生物量分配具有显著影响(P 0.05),随着盐碱胁迫增强,根和地上生物量分配增加,而球茎生物量分配减少,根茎生物量在25 mmol/L盐度处理下分配减少,在其他盐度处理下分配则增加.本研究表明碱胁迫对植物的伤害强于盐胁迫,湿地土壤的碱化对三江藨草的生长更为不利.(图4表3参43)     

铜胁迫下镧对水稻幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过液培实验,研究水稻幼苗在铜胁迫下,稀土元素镧对地上部及根系的生长、抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及质膜透性的影响.结果表明:水稻幼苗在铜胁迫(100 mg.l-1和200 mg.l-1CuSO4溶液)初期(0—3d),10 mg.l-1La(NO3)3能显著提高幼苗植株SOD的活性(p0.05),提高CAT的活性,降低幼苗植株MDA的含量.随着铜胁迫时间的延长(3—9d),抗氧化酶活性逐渐下降、MDA含量逐渐升高,表明了镧的保护作用开始减弱,在后期(第9天)甚至与铜发生协同作用,加剧了铜对水稻幼苗的毒害;其中,200 mg.l-1CuSO4溶液的协同作用更为明显,幼苗植株质膜透性明显增大(p0.05),生长受到抑制.分析表明,适量的稀土元素镧对铜胁迫下水稻生长具有一定的保护效应,但是这种效应与铜胁迫的浓度大小、胁迫的时间长短有着密切的关系.     

盐雾胁迫对榄仁幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,用叶片喷雾的方式对盐生植物榄仁（Terminalia catappa）的幼苗进行NaCl胁迫处理,研究了盐雾胁迫对其生长、5种矿质元素（Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、K＋、Cl-）和灰分在幼苗不同叶龄叶片和叶片各部分分布的影响,以探讨盐雾胁迫下的盐害机理,以此指导实际工作中盐害诊断与预防措施,为筛选耐盐树种建设沿海防护林提供依据。结果表明：盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的叶、茎、根生长比对照组缓慢,K＋在各叶片分区的分布差别较小,Ca2＋、Mg2＋、灰分在叶片中心区分布较多,Na＋和Cl-均向叶缘集中,且Na＋和Cl-质量分数显著增加（P〈0-05）,可见盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片盐分较易集中在叶尖、叶缘,这与叶片病斑多分布于叶尖、叶缘的症状相符。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片的灰分质量分数在叶片中心区分布最多,并呈现老叶〉成叶〉新叶,而且随胁迫时间增加呈升高趋势,叶片不同部位和不同叶龄的灰分质量分数都显著高于对照组（P〈0-05）,故盐雾胁迫促进植物体灰分积累。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的 K＋、Na＋、Cl-在新叶分布最多,Ca2＋在老叶分布最多,Mg2-在成熟叶分布最多,可见新叶对盐雾胁迫最敏感。不论是在叶片不同部分、不同叶龄的分布,还是在盐雾胁迫下5种矿质元素质量分数的变化上,榄仁幼苗体内的Na＋-Cl-存在极显著强正相关（P〈0.01）。     

苏打盐碱胁迫下水稻体内的Na＋、K＋响应

土地盐碱化是限制农业发展的主要因素之一.实践证明,盐碱地种植水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是土壤盐碱化治理、改良、利用的有效途径.土壤盐碱对水稻的影响表现为生长抑制、产量降低和生理异常等.深刻认识盐碱胁迫下水稻生理响应机制对耐盐碱水稻种质资源筛选、耐盐碱性鉴定和培育耐盐碱水稻品种具有重要意义.以不同比例的苏打盐碱土和非盐碱旱田土充分混合配制不同盐碱梯度的实验土壤.根据苏打盐碱土的特殊性,采用土壤ESP作为胁迫指标因子,观察不同生育期水稻植株对Na 、K 的吸收、运输和分配,分析植株体内的离子响应及植物与盐碱作用关系.结果表明:在分蘖期,Na 在根、叶和叶鞘中浓度的次序从高到低依次为根>叶鞘>叶.随着盐碱胁迫的增强,叶和叶鞘的Na /K 升高更加显著.水稻分蘖期叶片Na /K 与土壤ESP相关性更好,可以采用分蘖期叶片Na /K 来指示水稻对盐碱胁迫的离子响应.水稻生殖生长阶段,Na 的累积以根为主.Na 、K 在穗部、籽粒和颖壳中的浓度,在不同盐碱胁迫强度间差异不明显.     

外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

本文研究了添加外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明:添加外源褪黑素能促进As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子的萌发,提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率,促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素能使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加50μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%,CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%,SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%,丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻的根系活力,当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,50、100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。这说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As~(3+)胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害,有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏,显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

镧对铅胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

在铅胁迫的条件下 ,研究了镧对小麦幼苗生长期地上部分及根系超氧化物岐化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)的活性、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)的含量以及对植物生长的影响 .实验在严格控制的人工气候室进行 1 2d .Pb(NO) 3 处理量为 0 ,5 0 ,1 0 0mg·l- 1.在第二天至实验结束的研究结果表明 ,加La组与对照组比较有明显差异 ,根系的SOD和CAT各增加 0 4 5— 1 6 5倍和 32 2— 77 77% ,MDA减少 1 1 0 5—2 7 4 9% .当有铅胁迫时 ,在 0— 5d内 ,与对照组比较 ,镧使小麦幼苗的地上部分及根系的SOD和CAT有少量的但有统计学意义的增加 (p <0 0 5 ) ,MDA含量则减少 .表明La(NO3 ) 3 使抗氧化酶提高 ,增加了小麦抗铅胁迫的能力 ,但是只是在胁迫初期和胁迫不很严重的条件下 ,才具有这一作用 .     

燕麦对盐碱胁迫的反应和适应性

研究了自然盐碱胁迫对燕麦植株生长、水势、渗透调节物质质量分数以及对K 、Na 选择性吸收的影响,结果表明,随着土壤盐碱胁迫的增强燕麦植株生长受抑,叶片和根系的水势较对照均有所降低,其中裸燕麦较皮燕麦水势下降幅度大,表明裸燕麦比皮燕麦对盐碱胁迫更敏感。燕麦叶片内脯氨酸和可溶性糖累积。随着土壤盐碱胁迫的增强植株对Na 的吸收增加,对K 的吸收受到抑制,从而使w(Na )/w(K )和SNa K 值升高。在盐碱胁迫下,燕麦是以合成和积累有机溶质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)以及吸收和积累无机离子(Na )来进行渗透调节,以适应盐碱胁迫。     

沼液浸种对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨沼液对水稻早期萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以不同浓度沼液对日本晴水稻(Oryza sativa)种子浸种24 h后催芽,分析其种子萌发及幼苗生长情况.结果表明,2％沼液浸种可增加水稻幼苗根数和芽生物量,但降低了幼苗根生物量,该浓度沼液浸种对种子萌发率、萌发速率、幼苗芽长、茎粗及总根长没有显著影响(P＞0.05).更高浓度的沼液浸种对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均产生抑制作用.沼液浸种对根生物量的影响大于芽生物量,从而导致各浓度沼液处理组芽/根生物量比值均大于对照.对呼吸速率的分析结果进一步佐证了沼液处理对萌发后期水稻种子具有不利影响.建议水稻早期生产中慎用沼液.     

盐胁迫对海滨锦葵生长及Na~+、K~+离子积累的影响

大面积的沿海滩涂湿地及盐渍化的土壤是我国的土地后备资源,但由于其盐碱化严重,正常的作物不能生存,筛选耐盐能力强的经济植物是治理与改良盐碱地的最经济最有效的途径。海滨锦葵Kosteletzkya virginica原产于美国东部特拉华州至得克萨斯州的盐海岸带,近年来,其优良的经济利用价值备受关注。为更好地引种及开发利用海滨锦葵,了解其盐胁迫下的生物学特性是首要的课题。在自然生长条件下,通过设置5个NaCl盐梯度(0、2、4、8、15 g·L-1)对盆栽的海滨锦葵幼苗(具3～4片真叶)盐胁迫处理,研究了不同盐梯度胁迫下海滨锦葵的生长特性及根、叶中的Na、K含量。结果表明,15 g·L-1NaCl处理显著降低了株高、主根直径和叶面积(P<0.05),分别是对照的61.78%、57.73%和67.81%;主根干质量、须根干质量、茎干质量和叶干质量也分别下降了41.67%、50%、54.17%和26.19%;15 g·L-1NaCl处理并没有显著改变根质量比、茎质量比和根冠比,却显著提高了叶质量比,比对照增加了40%,同时对比叶面积和SPAD值也没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。和对照相比,15 g·L-1NaCl处理显著增加了主根、茎和叶中的Na+含量,降低了主根和茎中的K+含量,而叶中的K+离子含量却增加了46.37%,相关分析表明,叶中的K+和叶中的Na+没有明显的相关性(P>0.05),而与根、茎中的Na+极显著正相关,与K+含量极显著负相关(P<0.01)。     

镉胁迫下磁场对绿豆幼苗根茎叶显微结构的影响

以绿豆(Vigna radiata)为实验材料,比较研究了不同剂量磁场处理绿豆种子对种子电导率、幼苗生长和叶绿素含量的影响以及镉胁迫绿豆幼苗根、茎、叶显微结构的影响.结果表明:1)与对照相比,400mT、600mT、800mT、1000mT磁场均显著提高了种子电导率,且随着磁场强度的增加电导率显著增大;2)400mT、600mT、800mT磁场均能显著提高绿豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和幼苗发育,比较而言600mT效果最好,1000mT处理则显著降低了叶片叶绿素含量,抑制了幼苗发育;3)与对照组相比,5μmol·L-1镉胁迫绿豆幼苗栅栏组织和海面组织细胞排列紧密,厚度变薄,而种子经过600mT磁场预处理后再进行镉胁迫,厚度接近对照组.对于茎和根而言,镉胁迫抑制了形成层细胞分裂,维管束体积缩小,而种子经过600mT磁场预处理后再进行镉胁迫,其维管束体积增大接近对照组.表明,600mT磁场预处理种子可改善镉胁迫对幼苗的伤害.     

Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

Effect of phytohormone pretreatment on metabolic changes in Vigna radiata under salt stress

Efficiency of pretreatment as foliar spray of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin (6-furfuryl aminopurine) each ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M in restoring the metabolic alterations imposed by NaCl salinity (E.C. value 4.0 m mhos/cm) was investigated in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Application of NaCl resulted in about 7% and 9% decrease in phenol content in mung bean leaf and root respectively. In leaf, NaCl caused 40% increase in polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity over the control set. This effect was accentuated in root, where salinity caused 200% increase in the enzyme activity. In leaf and root of mung-bean plant, ascorbic acid content decreased about 29% and 31% respectively under salinity stress as compared with control. Ascorbic acid oxidase enzyme activity increased under stress by about 55% and 23% respectively in leaf and root. It was noted that all the three growth regulators used in the present study were able to overcome to variable extents the adverse effects of stress imposed by NaCl solution.     

盐碱地施用脱硫石膏对土壤养分及油葵光合特性的影响

通过分析宁夏平罗西大滩不同改良年份盐碱地土壤养分含量,测定油葵(Helianthus annuus)光合日变化曲线、光响应曲线和油葵产量,研究了施用脱硫石膏对盐碱地土壤改良及油葵光合特性的影响.结果表明,在盐碱土壤上施用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏后,土壤电导率、pH值随土壤改良年限增加而逐年下降,土壤有机质含量、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾则逐年上升.随着土壤改良年限增加,油葵叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度均明显下降,气孔限制值和水分利用效率也明显下降(P<0.01).同时,随着改良年限增加,油葵叶片暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和最大净光合速率增加,而光补偿点降低.施用脱硫石膏后油葵盘径、百粒重和产量随土壤改良年限增加也显著提高(P<0.05).因此,施用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏能够显著地改良盐碱地土壤、提高油葵叶片光合能力,从而促进作物生长、提高作物产量.图2表3参29     

Effect of kinetin on leaf protein content and its profile in mung bean under salt stress

Application of NaCl resulted in about 67% reduction in amino acid content and 24% reduction in buffer soluble protein content in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] leaf as compared with the control. Gel electrophoretic profile of buffer soluble protein content in leaf of mung bean showed an extra band in between 29 kD and 45 kD in stress protein profile as compared with control. It was noted that the foliar spray of kinetin (6-furfuryl aminopurine) used in the present study was able to overcome up to certain extent the adverse effects of stress caused by NaCl.     

Bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere of nineteen plant species and antimicrobial activity of their leaf secondary metabolites against leaf associated bacteria

Summary. The scope of this work was to examine whether leaf constitutive secondary metabolites play a role in determining bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere. To this aim, we surveyed nineteen native or cultivated plant species that share a common bacterial pool in a North Mediterranean area, and estimated the size of total and ice nucleation active (INA) bacterial populations on their leaves. Large differences in the colonization of their phyllosphere were found; the population size of epiphytic bacteria ranged from 7.5 × 10² to 1 × 10⁶ CFU/g fresh weight, in eucalypt and celery, respectively. Species native in Mediterranean-type climate areas, particularly those belonging to the group of aromatic plants, are characterized by scarce presence of INA bacteria. The antibacterial activity of essential oils, surface phenolics and leaf tissue extracts was also estimated against the INA strains P. syringae and E. herbicola, isolated from two of these plant species. E. herbicola proved more sensitive than P. syringae. Of the species examined, oregano [Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart], an aromatic plant, had the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas six species showed no activity at all. Further experiments were performed with oregano and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that represent two extremes in their secondary metabolite content. Both plants were inoculated with P. syringae. By the end of incubation, the bacterial population on bean plants was about 100 times higher than that on oregano leaves. Scanning electron micrographs showed that bacterial growth on oregano leaves was confined to sites away from glandular hairs. Results from the bacterial colonization survey together with those from the toxicity tests showed that all species rich in antibacterial secondary metabolites harbored low leaf bacterial populations. These results provide substantial evidence that leaf secondary metabolites function as constitutive defense chemicals against microbial invasions. However, the fact that species with non- or moderately active leaf secondary metabolites are not always highly colonized suggests mediation of other unknown factors, the contribution of which requires further investigation.     

Impact of cadmium toxicity on leaf area,stomatal frequency,stomatal index and pigment content in mungbean seedlings

Effect of different concentrations of CdSO4 (10(-4) M, 5 x 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M) on leaf area, stomatal frequency, stomatal index and pigment content in 6 days old mungbean seedlings was studied under laboratory conditions. Except at 10(-4) M CdSO4, leaf area decreased with an increase in the concentration of CdSO4. Stomatal frequency on the leaf surface increased at 5 x 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M CdSO4 in comparison to untreated control. However, reverse was the case for stomatal index. Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a/b ratio were increased at 10(-4) M CdSO4, and decreased thereafter with an increase in the concentration of Cd2+. Possible reasons for the stimulatory effect at low concentrations and inhibitory effect with higher concentrations are discussed.     

Supplemental UV-B radiation induced changes in growth, pigments and antioxidant pool of bean (Dolichos lablab) under field conditions

Present study is conducted to evaluate the response of bean (Dolichos lablabcv . pusa early prolific) plants to supplemental UV-B (sUV-B: 280-315 nm: 7.2 kJ m(-2) d(-1)) radiation. UV-B caused alteration in biomass translocation pattern with more retention of biomass in below ground parts leading to an increment in root shoot ratio. Specific leaf area (SLA) which is the measure of leaf thinness, increased in plants under sUV-B exposure by 95.7 and 82.3% after 15 and 30 days after germination. Photosynthetic machinery of bean plants was the potential target of UV-B as photosynthetic rate was decreased by 88.6% at 30 days after germination. sUV-B lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species thus generating oxidative stress. Stimulation of antioxidant defense system (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) was observed due to sUV-B radiation. Phenolic content decreased (34.7 and 18.6%) but protein showed varied response, increased initially (34%) thereafter declined (10.2%) under sUV-B radiation.     

喀斯特特有植物罗甸小米核桃幼苗对光照强度的可塑性响应

研究光照强度对1年生喀斯特特有植物罗甸小米核桃幼苗可塑性的影响,探讨其在个体定居初期如何响应不同光照强度的变化及其生态适应策略.设置约为自然光100％、75％、50％和25％的光照强度处理材料,4个月后收获,比较分析罗甸小米核桃幼苗的形态、生物量分配和生理性状在不同光照强度处理下的差异,并对可塑性指标进行综合评价.结果...     

甜椒穴盘苗对不同程度水分胁迫-复水的生理生化响应

对温室甜椒穴盘苗进行水分处理,探讨了不同程度水分胁迫-复水过程中叶片生理生化特性的变化.叶片相对含水量(RWC)、渗透势随基质水分减少而降低,渗调能力逐步增强.POD、SOD、CAT酶活性随水分减少而上升,SOD对水分胁迫最敏感,复水后主要由POD、CAT负责清除H2O2和过氧化物.游离氨基酸、脯氨酸随基质水分减少急剧上升,复水后大幅下降,可能为水分胁迫下主要渗透调节物质.水分胁迫下,甜椒叶片可溶性蛋白主要降解为氨基酸的形式参与渗透调节.RWC降至45%(停水后d3)时,可溶性糖显著积累,但明显晚于氨基酸,但它基础含量高,主要在较为严重的水分胁迫时发挥作用.尽管水分胁迫使保护酶活性和渗透调节能力均提高,但任何程度的胁迫均不可避免伤害幼苗.穴盘苗生产中,建议“水分胁迫锻炼”时间以不超过3d逐步达到RWC≥45%为宜.图4表2参12