天津市土壤多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和生态风险评价

采用气相色谱-质谱联机方法(GC-MS)分析了天津市不同功能区10个采样点表层土壤样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,并对其污染特征、来源和生态风险进行了分析.结果表明:天津市土壤中16种多环芳烃的总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为142—1.49×103ng·g-1,平均浓度765 ng·g-1,Bap浓度范围7.06—118 ng·g-1,平均值37.6 ng·g-1.∑PAHs浓度均值呈工业区近郊区城区远郊区趋势.采用PAHs成分谱、污染物的特征比值和主成分分析的污染来源解析结果表明:工业区PAHs主要来源于焦化、煤和天然气的燃烧,以及机动车的污染排放;城区和郊区土壤中PAHs除来自于煤和焦炭的燃烧外,机动车污染是一个非常重要的污染源.根据荷兰土壤质量标准,所有采样点均有PAHs单体超标,其中西青、津南、北辰、汉沽、塘沽和大港采样点超过荷兰土壤标准规定的10种多环芳烃的苯并(a)芘(Bap)毒性当量浓度(TEQ Bap10)限值33 ng·g-1,说明天津近郊区和工业区土壤已受到PAHs的污染,存在潜在的生态风险.     

黔南州土壤中多环芳烃的污染现状及来源分析

采集贵州省黔南州12个县、市的表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品99个,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析,探讨了表层土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况及来源.结果表明,16种PAHs均有不同程度检出,12个县市土壤中∑PAHs平均含量在42.4～163.1 ng·g-1之间,含量最高的是都匀市,最低的是惠水县,全州平均值为68.7ng·g-1.通过与国内外土壤中PAHs含量的对比,研究区的土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染,含量处于较低水平,各地污染程度有一定差距.在组成上,4环以上PAHs所占比例较高.根据2～3环和4～6环PAHs含量所占比例及菲(Phe)/蒽(Ant)、荧蒽(Flua)/芘(Pyr)比值,可以推断全州范围内PAHs主要来自工业燃煤、生活用煤的不完全燃烧和汽车尾气的污染等,污染水平与地区生产、生活方式密切相关.通过以上研究结果,可初步了解黔南州土壤中PAHs的污染现状,为以后土壤污染防治提供参考.     

我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况及来源浅析

统计了2004—2007年间公开发表文献中我国表层(0~30 cm)土壤中美国环保署规定的16种优先控制PAHs含量调查数据,总计约41项研究,包括34个市(地)区的2 353个样点,以研究区域的地理位置划分为东北地区、京津及周围地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区和中西南地区5大区域。从全国范围看,我国浅层土壤中PAHs总量范围为ND(未检出)~27 580.9μg·kg~(-1),平均值为1 462.55μg·kg~(-1);7种致癌PAHs含量范围为ND~3 657.67μg·kg~(-1),平均值为636.64μg·kg~(-1),约占PAHs总量的44%。全国2~3环PAHs、4环PAHs和≥5环PAHs所占比例相当。区域间PAHs含量差异较大,处于北方的东北地区、京津及周围地区以及处于南北过渡区的长三角地区表层土壤中PAHs类型主要为4环和≥5环PAHs,代表性单体PAH也多为致癌PAH,处于南方的珠三角地区和中西南地区表层土壤中PAHs主要类型包括2~3环PAHs,代表性单体PAH较少为致癌PAH。利用特征化合物比例法〔Ant/178、Baa/228、Ilp/(Ilp+Bpe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)〕对PAHs来源进行分析,结果表明我国表层土壤中PAHs来源以草、木材和煤燃烧为主,汽车尾气排放及石油源也占相当比例;Ilp/(Ilp+Bpe)与Fla/(Fla+Pyr)比值分析表明,京津及周围地区表层土壤中PAHs来源绝大部分以草、木和煤燃烧为主,而长三角和珠三角地区PAHs来源以汽车尾气排放所占比例较大。从PAHs总量来看,我国有23%的土壤未受PAHs污染,轻微污染土壤占31%,污染土壤占8%,严重污染土壤占38%;根据Bap指标进行的评价结果表明,我国有20%的土壤受到污染。2种评估结果均表明北方受污染土壤样点比例要明显高于南方。     

中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃含量及来源解析

以表层土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为研究对象,查阅2000—2016年间发表的101篇中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃的文献,系统分析了中国主要地区表层土壤中PAHs的含量、组分、分布特征及主要来源,为中国土壤多环芳烃污染防治提供科学依据。结果表明:中国主要地区表层土壤中16种优控多环芳烃总量(中位值)(∑PAHs)为515.70 ng·g~(-1),和其他国家相比处于中等水平。16种多环芳烃(PAHs)在表层土中以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)和萘(Nap)的含量(中位值)最高,苊烯(Acy)、苊(Ane)以及茚苯并(1,2,3,-cd)芘(Inp)含量(中位值)最低;∑PAHs含量(中位值)地域分布表现为西北地区华北地区东北地区华东地区华中地区华南地区西南地区。表层土壤PAHs组成以高环(4环及以上)为主,占60.06%,不同地区PAHs的组成不同;通过对16种检出PAHs进行聚类分析,得出中国主要地区PAHs主要有煤炭燃烧源、油类燃料燃烧源、焦油生产源、石油源和生物质燃烧源等5个来源。结合同分异构体比值法和污染物特征指数法,进一步对22个省区表层土壤PAHs进行聚类分析,得出新疆、天津、陕西表层土壤PAHs主要来源于液化石油燃料及原油的污染,燃料成分主要为汽油;福建、吉林、山西、贵州和江西表层土壤中PAHs主要来源于草、木材、煤炭及生物质燃烧;北京、湖北、黑龙江、安徽、西藏、江苏、广东、浙江、湖南、山东、宁夏、重庆及香港等表层土壤PAHs则主要来源于液体化石燃料、生物质及煤炭的燃烧,燃料成分为煤炭和汽油。     

大型钢铁厂及其周边土壤多环芳烃污染现状调查、评价与源解析

采用气相色谱-质谱联机方法(GC-MS)分析了东北某钢铁厂及周边居住区、风景区共11个采样点表层土壤样品16种多环芳烃(PAHs),结果表明,钢铁工业区16种PAHs(∑PAHs)浓度范围为3.39×103—1.54×105ng·g-1,平均浓度3.21×104ng·g-1;居住区∑PAHs浓度范围为587—6.70×103ng·g-1,平均浓度3.82×103ng·g-1;风景区千山∑PAHs浓度385 ng·g-1.∑PAHs和Bap浓度均呈工业区>居住区>风景区趋势.与国内外其他研究结果相比,该钢铁工业区及其周边居住区土壤PAHs污染相对较为严重,11个采样点中有9个采样点土壤∑PAHs为严重污染,4个采样点苯并(a)芘(Bap)浓度超过加拿大土壤质量基准.利用特征比值法(Diagnostic Rate)和主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对钢铁工业区及其周边地区土壤进行了源解析,结果表明,钢铁工业区土壤中PAHs主要来源于焦炉、燃煤、柴油燃烧等污染源,周边地区土壤除受工业污染源排放影响外,机动车汽油、柴油污染排放也有重要影响.     

太原市公园土壤中多环芳烃污染特征

本研究于2016年采集太原市公园14个表层土壤样品,应用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GCMS)分析了样品中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,并探讨了PAHs的来源和健康风险.结果表明,样品中∑16PAHs平均浓度为1301.99 ng·g~(-1)(范围为294.36—2540.64 ng·g-1),与国内其他城市相比属于较高污染水平.土壤中PAHs以4环为主,其次为5环、3环、6环、2环.PAHs空间分布受污染排放源和暴露时间的影响存在较大差异.源解析结果表明,土壤中PAHs主要来自煤和机动车排放、焦化、生物质燃烧,3种来源贡献率分别为64.58%、18.75%、16.67%.通过风险评价发现所有土壤中PAHs均超过相应的标准,存在相当高的潜在风险,对公众健康存在影响,应当引起高度重视.     

黄海近岸表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析

采集了黄海近岸(日照岚山海域)12个站位的表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,结果显示16种PAHs含量范围在76.384～7512.023 ng·g-1,平均值为2622.576 ng·g-1.低环PAHs组分所占比重较大,中高环PAHs相对较小.利用比值法定性解析PAHs的来源,初步判断PAHs可能来自燃煤、燃油、焦化、柴油泄漏等污染源.进一步引用相关源成分谱,应用化学质量平衡模型(CMB8.2)对PAHs的来源进行定最解析,拟合计算结果表明研究海域表层沉积物中PAHs的主要来源为燃煤源、燃油源(主要为柴油燃烧)和焦炉源,其相对贡献率分别为53.99%、25.57%和13.97%.     

深圳表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源

2007年1月采集深圳市36个土壤,采用气相色谱-质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析.结果表明:16种PAHs的含量范围在67.77137.0 ng · g-1之间,平均值为664.7 ng · g-1,其中苯并[b]荧蒽的含量最高,致癌性PAHs占总量的51.9﹪.PAHs在深圳不同土地利用类型的土壤中的含量由高到低的次序为:菜园地,城区,果园地,林地.PAHs主要来源于燃烧来源,果园地、林地中的PAHs主要来源于长距离的大气迁移,部分城区土壤指示有石油来源.深圳市19.4﹪的土壤属重污染,重污染的土壤主要分布在菜园地和城区两类土壤中,城区表层土壤PAHs含量较国外其他城市低.结果对于认识PAHs在深圳土壤中的分布规律和环境迁移、以及如何控制PAHs污染具有重要的意义.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定土壤及底泥样品中的多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定了某化工厂火灾后周边土壤和底泥中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和硝基多环芳烃(Nitro-PAHs).结果表明,距离爆炸地点最近的几个采样点PAHs的含量均在16.61μg·g-1以上,其中厂东北采样点的PAHs总含量甚至高达417.4μg·g-1,污染最为严重;部分样品中检测到三环以下的硝基多环芳烃,三环以上的几乎均未检出.说明在燃烧爆炸过程中产生了多环芳烃,但没有显著产生高致癌性、致突变性的硝基多环芳烃.     

环渤海北部沿海地区表层土壤中PAHs的污染特征及风险评价

系统采集了环渤海北部沿海地区31个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析了16种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子载荷法揭示了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平.结果表明,沿海地区65%的土壤已被污染,最高污染样点PAHs含量达920.4ng·g-1,平均含量309.5ng·g-1,与国内外相关研究比较,处于中低等污染水平.各类燃料的不完全燃烧是该地区土壤中PAHs的主要来源,石油类挥发或泄漏对采油区土壤中PAHs的累积影响显著.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).