有机物对连续流Anammox脱氮及微生物群落影响

采用UASB连续流反应器,研究了不同有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能及微生物群落结构的长期影响,结果表明,在COD浓度分别为0,20,40,60和80mg/L时,40mg/L COD浓度条件下对厌氧氨氧化反应的促进程度最大,TN和COD去除率稳定在88.5%和75.3%.在低浓度COD（20mg/L）条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应受影响程度不明显,而COD为60和80mg/L时,系统脱氮性能受到不同程度的抑制.通过高通量测序技术对不同COD浓度下的微生物群落结构进行分析,结果表明不同COD浓度下,绿曲挠菌门（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）等占据主导,且随着COD浓度从0增至80mg/L,浮霉菌门相对丰度从24.60%降至7.70%,其中的Candidatus Brocadia属降幅最大,丰度从12.14%减至3.63%,变形菌门相对丰度从15.40%增至36.30%,其中Bdelloribrio菌属的增幅最大,丰度从0.01%增至8.39%.     

连续流分段进水短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺的反硝化脱氮特性

采用连续流分段进水短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial denitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation,PD-Anammox）耦合反硝化工艺处理低C/N生活污水,研究了污染物去除、典型周期COD及氮素沿程变化特征、短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化和反硝化对TN去除贡献。结果表明:在平均进水ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）为193.1,58.6,60.3 mg/L的条件下,系统出水平均ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）分别为46.3,1.5,13.4 mg/L,低于GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。采用NO₃--N预缺氧和进水点后置,可实现缺氧区NO₃--N→NO₂--N转化,同时完成厌氧氨氧化过程;缺氧区设置厌氧氨氧化悬浮填料,可提高系统TN去除率。通过缺氧区物料衡算,缺氧1区厌氧氨氧化对TN去除贡献率（ΔPD-Anammox/ΔTN）均值为54.37%,缺氧2区的ΔPD-Anammox/ΔTN均值为64.17%。     

厌氧氨氧化脱氮除碳功能菌群结构及代谢途径

为明确不同有机物浓度(50～150mg/L)和竹炭同时存在下厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥系统的脱氮除碳功能菌群结构及代谢途径差异,采用宏基因组测序技术对其微生物分布规律和碳氮代谢基因表达进行了研究.结果表明,当COD浓度为50,150mg/L,添加竹炭显著提升了厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)的相对丰度,Candidatus_Kuen...     

NaHCO3投加量对废铁屑耦合厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮效能的影响

考察了进水中Na HCO3投加量对废铁屑耦合厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,Na HCO3投加量由250mg/L逐渐减少至125mg/L,常规厌氧氨氧化系统(R1)TN去除率下降至65%以下,污泥比活性下降约16%,而废铁屑(10g)耦合厌氧氨氧化系统(R2和R3)TN去除率提升至76.9%～82.2%,并且污泥比活性比R1高39.5%～51.4%;NaHCO₃投加量的减少同时造成R1中ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH4+-N比逐渐升高至0.34,而R2和R3中ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比低至0.2～0.21.进水中无机碳源(IC)不足(而非pH值或碱度)是导致R1脱氮效能恶化的主要原因,废铁屑耦合厌氧氨氧化系统可以有效应对无机碳源不足产生的不利影响并提升系统的脱氮效能.此外,在无机碳源不足(IC/TN=0.04)的条件下,废铁屑与厌氧氨氧化直接耦合系统(R2)比间接耦合系统(R3)具有更高的脱氮效能、污泥比活性以及NO_3...     

氧化石墨烯强化厌氧氨氧化菌的脱氮性能

采用氧化石墨烯（GO）增强厌氧氨氧化菌的脱氮性能.通过批次试验观察GO对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响,结果表明：当GO浓度为0.15g/L时,厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮性能最好,总氮去除率比无GO的空白组提高18.6%;当GO剂量达到0.2g/L时,厌氧氨氧化菌活性受到抑制,总氮去除率比空白组降低了26.0%.通过对照实验研究GO对厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮性能的长期影响,结果表明：添加GO的R2反应器在每个基质浓度阶段的平均总氮去除率分别为85.3%,83.2%,81.1%,80.8%,均高于未添加GO的R1反应器.对R2反应器周期内脱氮性能进行动力学分析发现,修正的Boltzmann模型和修正的Gompertz模型比修正的Logistic模型更适合描述GO作用下周期内基质去除特性,并且通过模型得到了周期内任意t时刻下的出水总氮浓度和总氮去除率预测公式.     

PFOA与PFOS对厌氧氨氧化污泥特性和微生物群落的影响

通过序批实验研究了不同浓度(0.5,1mg/L)与不同类型的全氟化合物(PFCs)对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)污泥脱氮性能及微生物群落的影响.结果表明,0.5与1mg/L全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对anammox污泥的脱氮性能无明显抑制作用;1mg/L PFOA(OA1)与PFOS(OS1)添加...     

Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance,microbial community and N2O production

In this study,the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated.The results of the longterm experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity,to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency.Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal,accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% o...     

Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli

With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions.     

潜流水平湿地对农业灌溉径流氮磷的去除

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地,对农业灌溉径流(TN约为7mg/L,TP约为0.5mg/L)中氮磷进行了为期1年的去除研究.在水力停留时间(HRT)为2,4,6d时,TP和TN的去除率均大于87%和68%.湿地对TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除受HRT的影响较大(P<0.05),对PO₄^3--P的去除受HRT的影响较小.在不同HRT情况下,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO3--N和PO₄^3--P的去除率均高于93%,出水浓度一般均小于0.04mg/L.且出水中的TP和TN主要为有机态,存在一个TP和TN背景浓度.TN去除率与负荷之间具有很好的相关性(R2=0.9968),但是TP去除率与负荷之间相关性较差(R²=0.5987).以HRT为2d计算,1m²的芦苇床处理该农业灌溉径流的能力为0.1m³/d,出水TN和TP浓度可控制在0.50mg/L和0.154mg/L以下.     

铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响.短期实验结果表明,铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能影响主要分为3个阶段.刺激阶段,Cu2+浓度0~1mg/L和Zn2+浓度0~4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,微生物活性受到刺激,氮去除速率迅速增加;稳定阶段,Cu2+浓度1~8mg/L时,氮去除速率处于稳定状态.抑制阶段,Cu2+浓度大于8mg/L和Zn2+大于4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,氮去除速率逐步下降.Cu2+、Zn2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长期影响表明,当进水Cu2+浓度达到4mg/L和Zn2+达到8mg/L时厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性将受到抑制.降低进水重金属浓度后,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性可以得到恢复.厌氧氨氧化菌对Cu2+的敏感性强于Zn2+.     

新型PD/A工艺同步处理低C/N生活原水和二级出水

通过一种新型的短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化（Partial Denitrification/Anammox,PD/A）固定生物膜工艺,同步处理模拟的低C/N城市污水厂生活原水和二级出水,研究了不同进水C/N（1.3,1.5,1.6,1.8）和不同pH值（7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0）下该工艺的脱氮效果.结果表明,逐步提高进水C/N强化了系统的完全反硝化作用,平均NO₃^--N去除率从52.3%增长至85.7%;较高的进水pH值促进了短程反硝化过程中NO₂^--N的积累,继而强化了厌氧氨氧化的自养脱氮作用,平均NH₄⁺-N去除率从82.2%增长至89.7%.在C/N=1.6、pH=9.0的条件下,该工艺达到了88.3%的TN去除率,出水TN稳定低于2mg/L.此外,分析了PD/A固定生物膜工艺在传统AAO工艺升级改造中的潜力.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

去除预处理生活污水的潜流人工湿地中试除氮性能

为研究人工湿地除氮机制,构建并考察了中试潜流人工湿地对不同形态氮的去除效果,并通过分析出水各种形态氮的分布和湿地系统内部不同形态氮的二维分布特征研究了人工湿地的除氮机制. 结果表明,进水ρ(TN)为30～115 mg/L,ρ(NH₄+-N)为25～60 mg/L,ρ(COD_Cr)为90～190 mg/L,水力停留时间为4 d条件下,氮素被有效去除,TN去除率为32%～70%,NH₄+-N去除率为33%～73%;试验系统脱氮的主要方式为硝化/反硝化作用;湿地上部主要进行硝化反应,中下部主要进行反硝化反应;湿地下半部对NH₄+-N去除贡献有限,硝化作用受限;欲提高系统除氮效率,需提高溶解氧水平并改善有机氮矿化条件.      

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

Performance of a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process for treating wastewater with different substrates at ambient temperature

The stability and parameters of a bio-ceramic filter for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal were investigated.The completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) reactor was fed with different concentrations of ammonia(400,300,and 200mg N/L) but constant influent ammonia load.The results showed that the CANON system can achieve good treatment performance at ambient temperature(15-23°C).The average removal rate and removal loading of NH4+-N and TN was 83.90%,1.26kg N/(m3·day),and 70.14%,1.09kg N/(m3·day),respectively.Among the influencing factors like pH,dissolved oxygen and alkalinity,it was indicated that the pH was the key parameter of the performance of the CANON system.Observing the variation of pH would contribute to better control of the CANON system in an intuitive and fast way.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of microorganisms further revealed that there were some significant changes in the community structure of ammonium oxidizing bacteria,which had low diversity in different stages,while the species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(anammox) bacteria were fewer and the community composition was relatively stable.These observations showed that anaerobic ammonia oxidation was more stable than the aerobic ammonia oxidation,which could explain that why the CANON system maintained a good removal efficiency under the changing substrate conditions.     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺强化脱氮除磷

为强化CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺的脱氮除磷性能,通过调整进水C/N〔ρ(COD_Cr)/ρ(TN)〕、进水端厌氧池和缺氧池的进水流量比对CMICAO工艺参数进行优化,考察其对氮、磷去除的影响. 结果表明:试验条件下,C/N的提高可增强SND(同步硝化反硝化)作用,氮的去除效果也随之提高,C/N≥7时,前好氧池同步硝化反硝化率达到61%,出水ρ(TN)≤9.0 mg/L;在相同工况下,较低的C/N下反硝化除磷现象更明显. 综合考虑,C/N在5~7范围内,可取得较好的整体脱氮除磷效果. 优化工艺进水碳源分配可提高碳源利用效率,氮、磷的去除效果受进水流量比的影响较大,当厌氧池和缺氧池进水流量比为2.0时,可强化缺氧池的反硝化除磷作用,TN和TP去除率分别为75%和92%,出水ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH+₄-N)、ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)分别为28.7、1.9、9.2和0.27 mg/L,通过优化实现了CMICAO工艺对氮、磷去除的强化.      

Comparative cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and ions to Escherichia coli in binary mixtures

The objective of this study was to understand toxicity of mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) (ZnO and TiO₂) and their ions to Escherichia coli. Results indicated the decrease in percentage growth of E. coli with the increase in concentration of NPs both in single and mixture setups. Even a small concentration of 1 mg/L was observed to be significantly toxic to E. coli in binary mixture setup (exposure concentration: 1 mg/L ZnO and 1 mg/L TiO₂; 21.15% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control). Exposure of E. coli to mixture of NPs at 1000 mg/L (i.e., 1000 mg/L ZnO and 1000 mg/L TiO₂) resulted in 99.63% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control. Toxic effects of ions to E. coli were found to be lesser than their corresponding NPs. The percentage growth reduction was found to be 36% for binary mixture of zinc and titanium ions at the highest concentration (i.e., 803.0 mg/L Zn and 593.3 mg/L Ti where ion concentrations are equal to the Zn ions present in 1000 mg/L ZnO NP solution and Ti^+ 4 ions present in 1000 mg/L TiO₂ NP solution). Nature of mixture toxicity of the two NPs to E. coli was found to be antagonistic. The alkaline phosphatase (Alp) assay indicated that the maximum damage was observed when E. coli was exposed to 1000 mg/L of mixture of NPs. This study tries to fill the knowledge gap on information of toxicity of mixture of NPs to bacteria which has not been reported earlier.     

混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响

以乙酸钠和丙酸钠1:2混合作为碳源,进水COD浓度分别为200,400,600,800mg/L,研究混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响,并通过比较微生物体内储能物质的变化,探讨混合碳源浓度对生物脱氮除磷性能影响的机理.结果表明,当进水磷和氨氮浓度分别为12,30mg/L时,随着进水COD由200增加至800mg/L,磷去除率由39.9%提升至86.4%(氮去除率从13.5%提升至96.4%).进水COD为400mg/L时单位挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的磷和氮去除量达到最高[分别为(4.31±0.08)和(6.15±0.22)mg/g].当进水COD由200增加至400mg/L时生物除磷活性增强,而COD继续增加会使污泥沉降性能变差,脱氮除磷生物活性降低.好氧吸磷和同步硝化反硝化主要由微生物体内储能物质多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)驱动,当进水COD为400mg/L时单位VSS消耗的PHA最多.混合碳源浓度通过影响碳源的好氧代谢,使微生物体内储能物质的积累/转化量不同,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷性能.     

芦苇碳源-表面流人工湿地对农田退水脱氮的长期效能研究

针对农田退水NO₃^--N占比高、C/N低,氮污染难以去除的问题,将经济易得的芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎叶碎段装填在表面流人工湿地(packed surface flow construct wetland,PSFW)的表层作为外加碳源,以研究其长期运行情况下的脱氮效能。结果表明：第29~149天,外加芦苇茎叶碎段的PSFW的脱氮效能明显高于无芦苇茎叶碎段的空白PSFW₀;进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(16.4±1.0)和(17.7±2.0)mg/L,HRT按3、4和2 d运行时,HRT为4 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN去除率分别为(87.4±6.0)%和(74.1±6.0)%,PSFW₀去除率仅为(14.4±4.0)%和(14.4±3.0)%;第150~269天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍高于PSFW₀,在进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(10.4±1.0)和(10.8±1.0)mg/L,HRT按3、2和1 d运行时,HRT为3 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN的去除率分别为(91.9±7.0)%和(90.2±7.0)%,PSFW₀去除率分别为(91.3±5.0)%和(86.4±6.0)%。第270~334天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍低于PSFW₀;进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(5.7±0.4)和(7.2±0.8)mg/L,HRT为3 d时,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN的去除率分别为(88.6±10.0)%和(82.5±7.0)%,PSFW₀去除率分别为(94.0±6.0)%和(87.8±3.0)%。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化底物竞争抑制特性

通过连续流实验和批式实验研究了有机物和NO₂^--N对厌氧氨氧化菌和反硝化菌耦合脱氮特性的影响.在连续流实验中,保证底物NO₂^--N充足,研究了葡萄糖有机物对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥反应器脱氮性能的影响.当进水葡萄糖有机物的COD浓度为100mg/L时,颗粒污泥具有良好的厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮活性,当COD浓度为200mg/L时,颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮活性较差.当进水COD浓度分别为100,200mg/L时,反应器中颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化NH₄⁺-N去除活性分别为0.096,0.071kg NH₄⁺-N/（kgVSS-d）,厌氧氨氧化NO₂^--N去除活性分别为0.153,0.092kg NO₂^--N/（kgVSS-d）,反硝化NO₂^--N去除活性分别为0.111,0.212kg NO₂^--N/（kgVSS-d）.在批式实验中,研究了碳源种类和COD/NO₂^--N比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化颗粒污泥脱氮性能的影响.控制COD/NO₂^--N比为1~4,以葡萄糖为碳源时,厌氧氨氧化菌在亚硝态的竞争过程中占据优势;以乙酸钠为碳源时,控制COD/NO₂^--N比为1~4,厌氧氨氧化菌在亚硝态的竞争过程中处于劣势.