Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ)on a green alga(ChloreUa pyrenoidosa)in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples(without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ)was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ)concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ)on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ)concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ)from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ)played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn（II） on the growth of a green alga （ Chlorella pyrenoidosa）

Toxic effect of Zn（II） on a green alga （Chlorella pyrenoidosa） in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated. The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples （without adding any clay or Zn（II））. When Zn（II） was added, the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples, which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn（II） concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn（II） on the clays. When the solution system was diluted, the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn（II） concentration as in the diluted system. This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn（II） from the zinc-contaminated clays, although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite. Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn（H） played an important part in its toxicity, and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorption and desorption are important processes that affect atrazine transport,transformation,and bioavailability in soils.In this study,the adsorption–desorption characteristics of atrazine in three soils(laterite,paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method.The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps:a"fast" adsorption and a "slow" adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models.It was found that the adsorption data on laterite,and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better.The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows:paddy soil alluvial soil laterite.Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic.The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred.Furthermore,lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorption of atrazine in soils.The atrazine adsorption in these three tested soils was controlled by physical adsorption,including partition and surface adsorption.At lower equilibrium concentration,the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration,partition was predominant.     

The effect of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption

The effects of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption were investigated.After combination with DBM,the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of kaolinite and goethite improved compared with the application of the minerals independently.The modeling results of potentiometric titration data proved that the site concentrations of kaolinite and goethite increased by 80%and 30%,respectively after combination with DBM.However,the involvement of functional groups in the DBM/mineral combinations resulted in lower concentrations of observed sites than the theoretical values and led to the enhancement of desorption rates by NH_4NO_3 and EDTA-Na_2.The DBM-mineral complexes might also help to prevent heavy metals from entering DBM cells to improve the survivability of DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.During the combination process,the extracellular proteins of DBM provided more binding sites for the minerals to absorb Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ).In particular,an especially stable complexation site was formed between goethite and phosphodiester bonds from EPS to enhance the Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacity.So,we can conclude that the DBM–mineral complexes could improve the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of minerals and protect DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.     

Adsorption and desorption of herbicide monosulfuron-ester in Chinese soils

Monosulfuron-ester is a new, low rate, sulfonylurea herbicide that is being promoted for annual broadleaf and gramineal weed control; however, there is a lack of published information on its behavior in soils. The adsorption and desorption of monosulfuronester by seven type soils were measured using a batch equilibrium technique. The results showed that the Freundlich equation fitted its adsorption and desorption well, and the Freundlich constant values (Kf-ads) ranged from 0.88 to 5.66. Adsorption isotherms were nonlinear with 1/nf-ads values < 1. Soil pH, organic matter (OM), and clay content were the main factors influencing its adsorption and desorption. Adsorption and desorption were negatively correlated with pH 4.0–8.0 while positively correlated with OM and clay content. The adsorption of monosulfuron-ester was mainly a physical process, because its free energy (ΔG) in seven soils was less than 40 kJ/mol. Monosulfuron-ester adsorption by three soils increased with increasing CaCl2 concentration using CaCl2 as a background electrolyte. Monosulfuron-ester desorption was hysteretic in all tested soils.     

Adsorption of zinc on manganite(γ-MnOOH): particle concentration effect and adsorption reversibility

The adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) on τ-MnOOH as a function of particle concentrations (Cp) were studied. An obvious Cp effect was observed in this adsorption system. The degree of adsorption hysteresis increased greatly with the increasing of Cp, indicating that the extent of the real metastable-equilibrium states deviating from the ideal equilibrium state was enhanced with the increasing of Cp. The Cp-reversibility relationship confirmed the metastable-equilibrium adsorption (MEA) inequality (Pan, 1998a), which was the core formulation of the MEA theory. Because the MEA inequality was based on the basic hypothesis of MEA theory that adsorption densitιy ι is not a state variable, the Cp-reversibility relationship gave indirect evidence to the basic hypothesis of MEA theory.     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorptionanddesorptionareimportantprocessesthataffectatrazinetransport,transformation,andbioavailabilityinsoils.Inthisstudy,theadsorption–desorptioncharacteristicsofatrazinein three soils (laterite, paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method. The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps: a “fast” adsorption and a “slow” adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models. It was found that the adsorption data on laterite, and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better. The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows: paddy soil > alluvial soil > laterite. Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic. The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred. Furthermore, lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorptionofatrazineinsoils.Theatrazineadsorptioninthesethreetestedsoilswascontrolled by physical adsorption, including partition and surface adsorption. At lower equilibrium concentration, the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration, partition was predominant.     

Competitive and cooperative adsorption behaviors of phenol and aniline onto nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents

The adsorption behaviors of phenol and aniline on nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents(NDA100 and Amberlite XAD4) were investigated in single or binary batch system at 293K and 313K respectively in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherms of phenol and aniline on both adsorbents in both systems fitted well Langmuir equation, which indicated a favourable and exothermic process. At the lower equilibrium concentrations, the individual amount adsorbed of phenol or aniline on macroreticular adsorbents in single-component systems was higher than those in binary-component systems because of the competition between phenol and aniline towards the adsorption sites. It is noteworthy, on the contrast, that at higher concentrations, the total uptake amounts of phenol and aniline in binary-component systems were obviously larger than that in single-component systems, and a large excess was noted on the adsorbent surface at saturation, which is presumably due to the cooperative effect primarily arisen from the hydrogen bonding or weak acidbase interaction between phenol and aniline.     

Particle concentration effect in adsorption/desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on anatase type nano TiO_2

Adsorption/desorption in a new Zn(Ⅱ)-TiO_2 adsorption system was investigated at different particle concentrations(C_p).TEM,SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the TiO_2 particles were an aggregation of nano-sized(approximately 10 nm)pure anatase-type TiO_2. Adsorption experiments were carried out with particle concentrations of 100,400 and 1000 mg/L,and their adsorption isotherms were found to decline successively,showing an obvious C_p effect.Desorption experiments indicated that adsorption in this system was irreversible,and the irreversibility increased with increasing C_p.These phenomena could be explained by the MEA(metastable equilibrium adsorption)theory and the C_p effect could be modeled well with an MEA-Freundlich-type C_p effect isotherm equation. This study may help understand environmental behavior of contaminants on ultrafine natural particles.     

关于对烟花爆竹行业开征环境税问题探讨研究

如今燃放烟花爆竹所带来的环境问题已经日益明显,特别是对环境空气质量的影响。在当今雾霾笼罩的大氛围下,对烟花爆竹的生产和销售、消费领域采取适当环境经济手段来调控(如征收环境税)就显得很有必要,这在一定程度上可以控制烟花爆竹的消费量,减少燃放烟花爆竹所造成的环境外部性。同时用征收来的环境税对研发采用环保药剂、先进技术的企业进行补贴、奖励,或者对于这些企业给予一定的环境税优惠,可以引导烟花爆竹产业朝着更加健康的方向发展。     

黄土高原南部土壤退化机理研究

黄土高原土壤侵蚀极其严重 ,这不仅导致了土壤生产力的降低 ,同时也导致了土壤的退化。本文在定位监测、室内分析及野外调查的基础上 ,研究了黄土高原南部土壤的退化机理。结果表明 :土壤中 <0 0 1mm颗粒和土壤养分流失是造成黄土高原土壤退化的主要原因 ,耕地土壤结构状况的恶化和土壤酶的流失使土壤退化程度进一步加剧 ,从而成为严重制约该区经济发展障碍。     

《控制船舶有害防污底系统国际公约》及有关问题探讨

介绍了《控制船舶有害防污底系统国际公约》产生的历史背景和基本内容，论述了中国加入该公约的必要性及对中国产生的影响，并提出中国加入控制船舶有害防污底系统国际公约后对策和建议。     

大米草人工败育技术研究

大米草的蔓延,不但严重影响了滩涂养殖业,同时也对滩涂生态造成了巨大的破坏,致使红树林生态群大面积消失.我们研制出一种能够导致大米草败育的药剂--米草败育灵,可使大米草种子100%败育,从而可以有效地控制其通过种子传播的方式蔓延.经检测该药剂对环境安全,对水生生物安全且使用后在土壤中检测不到残留.     

液化石油气推广应用的可行性研究

城市交通带来的大气污染问题日趋严重，为解决这一问题，国内外科研人员进行了数十年的开发研究，液化石油替代传统燃料作为机动车动力源已被认为是解决城市机动车尾气污染行之有效的办法，该方法集环保、经济、安全等优点，是未来汽车工业发展的方向。本文针对目前我国城市大气污染现状，分析比较现有防治对策措施，对液化气汽车在国内推广应用的可行性进行了简单阐述。     

骨炭对铅的吸附性能研究

文章旨在研究骨炭对铅的吸附性能,为利用骨炭修复铅污染的土壤做出有意义的探索。研究了骨炭对铅的吸附等温线、吸附动力学以及砷、镉和其它因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:骨炭能在短时间内吸附大量的铅离子,实验用浙江骨炭和英国骨炭对铅的饱和吸附量分别为222.2mg/g和227.3mg/g,均高于有报道的其他类型炭;骨炭对铅的等温吸附符合兰格缪尔方程;在pH2.5～6之间,英国骨炭对铅的吸附量随pH的升高略有下降,浙江骨炭对铅的吸附量随pH的升高变化不大;当支持电解质KNO3的浓度在0.005～0.1mg/L范围内逐渐增大时,英国骨炭对铅的吸附量略有减小,而浙江骨炭的吸附量变化不大;100mg/L的砷和200mg/L的镉对骨炭吸附铅离子没有显著影响;骨炭对水溶液中铅离子的吸附过程是一个复杂的非均相固液反应。     

基于低影响开发的雨洪管理研究现状和趋势研究

降雨径流是影响城市河流水质以及发生内涝的主要原因之一,传统的雨水管理模式已经不能适应现代城市的发展,低影响开发是基于模拟自然水文状况的原理,采用源头控制来消减、利用和延缓径流以及控制径流污染的一种分散的、多样性的、景观化的微型控制单元。国内低影响开发的工程实践还比较少,在借鉴国外有关低影响开发的设计方法、效果监测以及模型模拟方面的理论同时,国内还需要开展长期效果监测来建立自己的设计参数数据库以及研究适合国内的设计决策支持工具。     

交通源重金属污染研究进展

随着我国经济社会、高速公路的飞速发展,居民人均拥有汽车及机动车保有量都大大增加了,研究交通源重金属污染显得越来越重要。本文介绍了交通源重金属的来源,对交通源重金属的排放量及影响因素、公路旁各环境介质中的重金属、重金属的形态和生物有效性、重金属对人体健康的影响进行了综述。为交通源重金属污染的研究提供了一定的思路。     

丘陵道路下实际行驶污染物排放研究

为研究丘陵道路特征对实际行驶排放（RDE）试验中污染物排放和动力学特性校验的影响,本文利用一辆轻型汽油车,在重庆地区满足国六排放法规要求的4条不同道路特征的路线上各进行了两次RDE试验.结果表明：CO₂与道路坡度呈显著线性相关,坡度每增加1%,CO₂排放因子平均增加22.4%,CO和PN则与道路坡度呈二次多项式关系,NO_x与坡度无明显相关性.从移动平均窗口层面对比考虑坡度的VSP_pos[95]（路段中正比功率升序排列的第95个百分位值）和不考虑坡度的v·a_pos[95]（速度与正加速乘积升序排列的第95个百分位值）与PN的关系,发现窗口VSP_pos[95]和v·a_pos[95]与PN的二次拟合R2平均值分别为0.93和0.72,当窗口累计正海拔增量大于600 m/100 km时,VSP_pos[95]与PN的相关性明显优于v·a_pos[95],建议在累计正海拔增量大于600 m/100 km的...     

基于分形的图像压缩算法研究

介绍了分形图像压缩理论,传统DCT变换算法和四叉树分形图像压缩算法,改进的分形图像压缩方法,分形与小波相结合的图像压缩算法,彩色图像压缩算法以及对分形图像压缩未来发展的展望.