土壤添加亚砷酸钠对大豆生长和植株氮、磷、钾含量的影响

利用土壤盆栽实验,研究了0、5、10、30、50、100mg·kg^-1的土壤加砷水平对大豆生长和氮、磷、钾养分含量的影响.结果表明,当土壤加砷水平达到50mg·kg^-1时,大豆出现中毒症状,叶片皱缩,叶色变暗,叶缘焦枯,植株矮化,成熟延迟.大豆株高随加砷水平的提高而降低,并呈极显著的负指数相关关系.土壤加砷达到10...     

水培条件下油白菜对Pb、Cd吸收和转运的影响

采用水培实验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了不同含量Pb、Cd单一和复合污染对金属Pb、Cd吸收和转运的影响。结果表明,Pb和Cd主要在油白菜的根部富集;Cd和Pb不同添加量与油白菜体内累积量之间呈显著正相关。复合污染处理中,油白菜地上部的转运系数BCFCd随外源Pb含量的增大而增加,而根部则相反,即BCFCd随外源Pb含量的增大而降低,说明外源Pb可以促进油白菜对Cd在叶片中的富集,但会抑制Cd在根中的富集;油白菜地上部的BCFPb随外源Cd含量的增大而降低,而根部则相反,即BCFPb随外源Cd含量的增大而增加,说明外源Cd可以促进油白菜对Pb在根中的富集,但会抑制Pb在叶片的富集,Cd对Pb的富集具有双重作用;高含量的Pb(≥500 mg/L)会促进油白菜根部的Cd向地上部转运,而高含量Cd会抑制油白菜根部的Pb向地上部转运,使得更多的Pb滞留在油白菜地下部。     

NO和H2O2对大豆幼苗铝毒害的缓解效应及其相互作用

NO和H₂O₂作为信号分子参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应,为了确定NO和H₂O₂介导的大豆耐铝作用以及二者的交互作用,以浙春3号大豆为材料,分析了铝毒胁迫下根尖内源及外源NO和H₂O₂对大豆铝毒的缓解效应,并研究了NO和H₂O₂代谢相关酶的活性变化, 其中外源NO由SNP(亚硝基铁氰化钠,Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O)提供. 结果显示:Al处理显著抑制大豆根生长,促使Al在根尖积累并显著提高大豆根尖内源w(NO)和w(H₂O₂). 在H₂O₂₊Al、SNP+Al和H₂O₂₊SNP+Al处理下,大豆根相对伸长率比单独Al处理下分别升高了64.6%、63.5%和69.5%,根尖w(Al)则分别减少了34.6%、36.8%和32.9%,表明NO和H₂O₂对铝毒害均具有缓解作用.外源NO能够促使根尖内源H₂O₂显著积累,降低POD(过氧化物酶)活性,而外源H₂O₂对内源根尖w(NO)无影响.NO和H₂O₂在缓解铝毒的信号途径中存在信号互作,NO处于H₂O₂的上游,其通过POD活性调节内源w(H₂O₂).      

小麦根表铁氧化物及植物铁载体对植物吸收镉的影响

用营养液培养方法,模拟在不同铁浓度条件下,小麦根表铁氧化物及植物铁载体对植物吸收镉的影响。结果表明,随着溶液中加入的Fe(OH)₃量的增加,小麦的吸镉量也相应增加;但当Fe(OH)₃的加入量超过一定限度后继续增加时,小麦的吸镉量减少。此外,小麦的根分泌物特别是其中的植物铁载体对覆有Fe(OH)₃的根系吸收镉有一定的影响。缺铁预培养小麦的根系植物铁载体分泌率比加铁预培养的小麦高5倍左右,缺铁预培养的小麦植株吸镉量也高于加铁预培养的小麦植株     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

根表铁膜在人工湿地磷去除中的作用及基质的影响

本研究构建了基质铁含量分别为10.68％、23.52％、44.20％和pH分别为7.0、7.3、7.9的3个水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,在对污水进行5个月处理后,分析了各系统不同区域植物根表铁膜形成量及植物、基质、根表铁膜中磷的分配量,以期阐明植物根表铁膜在人工湿地磷去除中的作用及基质的影响.结果表明,经过5个月的污水处理,3个系统植物根表都出现了明显的铁膜,形成量在15 ～35 g·kg-1(以根干重计)之间,铁膜的形成量受到基质铁含量和pH共同影响,基质铁含量的增加,同时pH不增加或增加幅度较小时,铁膜形成量会相应增加;但若含铁基质材料碱性较强时,基质铁含量增加导致pH大幅增加时,根表铁膜形成量则不随基质铁含量增加而增加3个系统铁膜中磷含量都在20g·kg-1(以根干重计)左右,相差不大,铁膜磷含量受基质对磷的竞争和植物吸收转移影响.各系统中,铁膜单位磷含量远高于植物和基质,并且分配在铁膜中的磷总量既高于植物地上部分也高于地下部分,甚至与植物地上和地下部分总和接近,表明铁膜在人工湿地中是一个重要的磷吸附截留部位,对人工湿地磷的去除具有重要作用.     

矿业废弃地不同生态修复模式下植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征

为了筛选出适合矿业废弃地复垦生态修复的植物材料,通过在排土场布设生态修复试验,开展不同生态修复模式对植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征影响的研究.结果 表明,不同生态修复模式下共出现存活植物8科10种,多为草本植物,乔灌草小区修复效果最佳,植物覆盖度达到100％,存活率超过69％,植物群落多样性指数表现为:乔灌草＞灌草＞乔...     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator, which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb. The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues. The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was: leaf > stem > root. The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied. The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application. Compared with CK (control check), EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant. The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23–680.56 mg/kg to 29.07–1905.57 mg/kg. This research demonstrated that B. maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil, especially, combination with EDTA.     

施用水溶性有机肥条件下水稻对稻田土壤砷镉的提取效能

为了对砷(As)、镉(Cd)复合污染稻田土壤进行清洁修复,开展了田间试验,在施用水溶性有机肥强化As、Cd溶出条件下利用水稻作为修复稻进行提取. 为了评估水溶性有机肥的作用以及水稻的提取效能,分别在水稻分蘖期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期,利用扩散梯度薄膜技术(DGT)原位监测土壤剖面有效态As、Cd浓度的变化;收获时利用分级提取方法揭示土壤As、Cd赋存形态的变化,并分析植株各部位As、Cd的积累量;为了阐明去除根系的重要性,对比分析了保留和去除根系处理间土壤As、Cd浓度的差异. 结果表明,施用水溶性有机肥(OF)促进了土壤As、Cd的溶出释放,例如,OF处理39 d后土壤DGT-As (扩散梯度薄膜提取态As)和DGT-Cd (扩散梯度薄膜提取态Cd)平均浓度分别较空白对照升高了34.2%、54.9%. 水稻单株提取As、Cd总量分别为12.63、1.18 mg,其中根系As、Cd积累量占比分别为97.6%、81.3%. 与保留根系处理相比,移除根系使土壤As、Cd总量分别降低了5%、10%,土壤剖面DGT提取态的As、Cd平均浓度分别降低了41.9%、56.4%,作物易利用态As(F1+F2)和Cd(F1+F2)浓度分别降低了9.8%、6.1%. 研究显示,水溶性有机肥可促进土壤As、Cd的溶出,可作为利用水稻生长及根系移除来降低稻田土壤作物有效态As、Cd的强化策略,为As、Cd复合污染稻田土壤清洁与安全利用提供了一条有益路径.      

根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收诺氟沙星的影响

采用水培法研究了水稻根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收诺氟沙星的影响.结果表明,水稻根表的铁氧化物胶膜生成量随溶液中Fe2+质量浓度的增加而增加.营养液中添加诺氟沙星之后,根表铁膜量不同程度地降低,且随着添加诺氟沙星质量浓度的增加铁膜减少量有所增加.根表诺氟沙星含量与根表铁膜含量具有相关性,且相关性系数为0.959(诺氟沙星=10 mg·L-1)和0.987(诺氟沙星=50 mg·L-1),根内诺氟沙星含量以及地上部诺氟沙星含量,与根表铁膜含量没有显著相关性.添加不同质量浓度的诺氟沙星,水稻根表、根内以及地上部所含诺氟沙星的质量分数:水稻根表为87.7%~97.6%,根内为0.8%~4.8%,地上部为1.5%~7.5%,根表诺氟沙星远远大于根内以及地上部的诺氟沙星含量.因此,水稻根表形成的铁氧化物胶膜在一定程度上是一个诺氟沙星富集库,但是并没有对诺氟沙星迁移到水稻根内和地上部起到明显的促进或抑制作用.     

Remediation effect of compost on soluble mercury transfer in a crop of Phaseolus vulgaris

We studied the dynamics of mercury (Hg) transfer in Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in soil with Hg-doped compost at the maximum levels permitted by Colombian law on organic amendments. Quantitative evaluation of transfer was made in different plant organs: roots, stem, leaves, pods and seeds. Matrix effect was determined in doped soil assays, using soil with and without addition of compost. Results showed that the use of organic matter reduced Hg transfer to the plant and the amount transferred was differentially distributed to the organs. We observed an inverse relationship between concentration and distance from the body to the root. It was evident that transfer was mediated by quantitative factors; the greater the presence of mercury in soil, the larger the amount that will be transferred. Results also indicate the remedial effect of compost and the presence of a barrier, at the root level, against mercury translocation to the plant aerial parts.     

Remediation effect of compost on soluble mercury transfer in a crop of Phaseolus vulgaris

We studied the dynamics of mercury (Hg) transfer in Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in soil with Hg-doped compost at the maximum levels permitted by Colombian law on organic amendments. Quantitative evaluation of transfer was made in different plant organs: roots, stem, leaves, pods and seeds. Matrix effect was determined in doped soil assays, using soil with and without addition of compost. Results showed that the use of organic matter reduced Hg transfer to the plant and the amount transferred was differentially distributed to the organs. We observed an inverse relationship between concentration and distance from the body to the root. It was evident that transfer was mediated by quantitative factors; the greater the presence of mercury in soil, the larger the amount that will be transferred. Results also indicate the remedial effect of compost and the presence of a barrier, at the root level, against mercury translocation to the plant aerial parts.     

复合改良剂FZB对砷镉污染土壤的修复效果

通过小白菜盆栽种植试验,研究了复合改良剂FZB(硫酸铁+沸石+改性生物炭)在不同施加量条件下对土壤基本理化性质、As和Cd的生物有效性和赋存形态,以及小白菜累积转运As和Cd的影响.结果表明,在砷镉复合污染农田土壤中,施用复合改良剂FZB后,小白菜根际土壤pH、有机质含量和阳离子交换量均呈现上升趋势;土壤中有效态As和...     

Carbon exchange by establishing biofuel crops in Central Illinois

Perennial grass biofuels may contribute to long-term carbon sequestration in soils, thereby providing a broad range of environmental benefits. To quantify those benefits, the carbon balance was investigated over three perennial grass biofuel crops - miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and a mixture of native prairie plants - and a row crop control (maize-maize-soy) in Central Illinois, USA, during the establishment phase of the perennial grasses (2008-2011). The eddy covariance technique was used to calculate fluxes of carbon dioxide and energy balance components, such as latent and sensible heat fluxes. Whereas maize attained the highest maximal carbon uptake rates, the perennial grasses had significantly extended growing seasons, such that their total carbon uptake rivaled that of corn in the second growing season and greatly exceeded that of soy in the third growing season. To account for the removal of carbon through harvest, net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) was combined with estimates of yields, resulting in the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB). After 2.5 years, NECB for the maize/soybean plot was positive (a source of carbon), while the grasses were a sink of carbon. Continuous measurements over the next years are required in order to confirm whether miscanthus, switchgrass and prairie can sustain a long-term sink of carbon if managed for biofuels, i.e., if harvested annually.     

三江平原沼泽湿地污水处理的实地模拟研究

现场模拟发现，沼泽湿地生态系统对污水中N、P的净化速度随时间的延长呈指数规律下降，初期净化效果与污水中N、P的含量为正相关关系。毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）生态系统和乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）生态系统对N、P的去除量大于纯沼泽水，毛果苔背系统又高于乌拉 苔草，表明植物各类和重量、泥炭土厚度等都影响净化效率。通过统计显示，毛果苔草生态系统不同组分对N的净化能力大小的排列次序为：茎叶＞泥炭＞根系＞枯落物；对P的净化能力排列次序为：根系＞泥炭＞茎叶＞枯落物。按单位质量组分对P的去除量由小到大对比，泥炭：茎叶：枯落物：根第为1.00:1.81:2.95:3.84；而对N的净化效果由小到大对比，泥炭：枯落物：根系：茎叶为1.00:1.62:2.00:5.11。毛果苔果地上部分单位干重对N的吸附量是地下部分的大约2.6倍，表现出N具有从根系向茎叶传递积累的特性；相反，毛果苔草地下部分单位干重对P的吸量是地上部分的大约2.1倍，显示P主要积累于毛苔草的根系中。     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

土壤中十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)的植物吸收传输特征及微观机制研究

采用温室土培实验,研究了土壤中新型溴代阻燃剂十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）在不同种属植物中的吸收和传输特征,以及植物脂的影响作用;进一步应用计算模拟的手段解析了植物载脂蛋白与DBDPE的分子间相互作用,以阐明DBDPE的植物吸收传输的微观机制.结果表明,在玉米、小麦和黄瓜3种植物的根和地上部均检测到了DBDPE,根中DBDPE的含量高出地上部1~2个数量级.植物中累积的DBDPE量随时间的变化存在明显的生长稀释效应（p<0.05）.DBDPE的根吸收和茎向传输表现出植物种属间的显著差异（p<0.05）,根富集因子（RCF）顺序为黄瓜（0.30~0.57） > 小麦（0.10~0.39） > 玉米（0.03~0.26）,而传输系数（TF）为小麦（0.17~0.20） > 玉米（0.16~0.19） > 黄瓜（0.04~0.07）.DBDPE的根吸收量及RCF值与植物根脂含量成显著正相关关系（r=0.94,p<0.01;r=0.98,p<0.01）;其地上部累积量及TF值与植物地上部脂含量显著正相关（r=0.77,p<0.05;r=0.94,p<0.05）,但与植物根脂含量呈显著负相关关系（r=-0.74,p<0.05;r=-0.76,p<0.05）,说明脂是控制植物吸收和传输DBDPE的重要组分.分子对接的结果显示,DBDPE能键合进入3种植物载脂蛋白的活性区域并与载脂蛋白特异性的活性位点作用,且DBDPE与载脂蛋白的结合方式及结合能力存在植物种属的显著差异,两者的结合强弱与根吸收DBDPE能力的顺序一致,印证了实验结果.本研究有助于理解植物中DBDPE的吸收传输特征及机制,可为深入认识DBDPE的陆生生态环境行为提供重要依据.     

潜流湿地中植物对脱氮除磷效果的影响中试研究

通过潜流湿地的中试,研究了芦苇和茭草在潜流湿地中的氮磷吸收量变化,植物收割对系统的影响以及植物对改善系统流态的作用.结果表明,依靠收割植物去除氮磷是不显著的,氮磷吸收量占去除量在5%左右.同时证明植物在进入冬季前开始出现释放氮磷现象,最佳收割期应该在9～10月份.植物对维持根系周围微生态环境起着重要的作用,收割会导致系统出水水质的波动.流态试验表明,植物根系能够改善系统的流态,植物床较空白床死区率减少5%～10%,增加系统的空间利用率,延长系统的水力停留时间.     

Accumulation, transportation, and distribution of tetracycline and cadmium in rice

Co-exposure to heavy metal and antibiotic pollution might result in complexation and synergistic interactions, affecting rice growth and further exacerbating pollutant enrichment. Therefore, our study sought to clarify the influence of different Tetracycline (TC) and Cadmium(Cd) concentration ratios (both alone and combined) on rice growth, pollutant accumulation, and transportation during the tillering stage in hydroponic system. Surprisingly, our findings indicated that the interaction between TC and Cd could alleviate the toxic effects of TC/Cd on aerial rice structures and decrease pollutant burdens during root elongation. In contrast, TC and Cd synergistically promoted the accumulation of TC/Cd in rice roots. However, their interaction increased the accumulation of TC in roots while decreasing the accumulation of Cd when the toxicant doses increased. The strong affinity of rice to Cd promoted its upward transport from the roots, whereas the toxic effects of TC reduced TC transport. Therefore, the combined toxicity of the two pollutants inhibited their upward transport. Additionally, a low concentration of TC promoted the accumulation of Cd in rice mainly in the root tip. Furthermore, a certain dose of TC promoted the upward migration of Cd from the root tip. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrated that Cd mainly accumulated in the epidermis and stele of the root, whereas Fe mainly accumulated in the epidermis, which inhibited the absorption and accumulation of Cd by the rice roots through the generation of a Fe plaque. Our findings thus provide insights into the effects of TC and Cd co-exposure on rice growth.     

重金属铜对萝卜种子发芽性能指标的影响研究

重金属铜是植物生长发育所必需的一种微量元素,但是当浓度过高时对作物会造成一定毒害。因此,对高等植物进行重金属毒理试验就尤为重要。目前已建立的高等植物毒理试验有三种方法,即1．根伸长试验;2．种子发芽试验;3．早期植物幼苗生长试验。本实验所研究的就是在不同浓度的重金属铜的影响下,萝卜的生长状况。通过所做的根的伸长实验、发芽实验和叶绿素实验,对重金属对植物的影响问题,做了一个早期的、比较完整的分析。