外源添加磷和有机酸模拟铅污染土壤钝化效果及产物的稳定性研究

有机酸可提高土壤磷有效性,且能影响对重金属的固定,其在磷活化和重金属钝化方面具有非常复杂的功能.本研究以模拟铅污染土壤为对象,外源添加磷和柠檬酸,采用BCR三步连续提取法、0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取和毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)评价有机酸存在下磷对模拟铅污染土壤的钝化效果;以苹果酸、NaNO3溶液为解吸剂探讨磷-柠檬酸-铅体系的稳定性.结果表明,无柠檬酸时,酸提取态Pb含量随磷浓度的增加而降低;加磷100 mg·kg-1、400 mg·kg-1时,酸提取态Pb含量随柠檬酸浓度增加而显著增加.残渣态Pb与酸提取态Pb的变化趋势相反,说明磷能降低土壤铅的生物有效性,柠檬酸则作用相反.有机酸浓度一定时,随磷浓度增加,0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取和TCLP提取的铅含量均呈降低趋势,表明磷具有钝化铅污染土壤的效果;但磷浓度一定时,它们提取铅含量随柠檬酸浓度增加表现出相反的变化趋势.土壤铅的解吸率随苹果酸浓度增加、pH值减小、离子强度增加而提高,且只添加磷处理的土壤铅解吸量较添加磷和柠檬酸共同处理的土壤少,前者钝化的铅稳定性更高.     

镁基膨润土和水泥对砷铅复合污染土壤的钝化效能与机理研究

利用镁基膨润土（MB）和水泥（SN）作为钝化剂修复化工厂砷（As）、铅（Pb）复合污染土壤,探索了两种钝化剂对土壤pH值、有机碳含量（OC）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、浸出毒性及重金属形态分布的影响,结合钝化前后土壤形貌的变化,初步揭示了钝化机理.结果表明,两种钝化剂均可使土壤pH值显著升高,有机碳含量增加,阳离子交换能力增强.钝化30 d后,MB-5对As、Pb的钝化率分别达到67.09%和65.93%;SN-5对As、Pb的钝化率分别达到65.76%和65.04%.经两种钝化剂处理后,Pb的弱酸提取态和可还原态向更加稳定的可氧化态和残渣态转化.MB处理使土壤As由可交换态、可氧化态向无定形铁结合态、结晶性铁结合态转化,SN处理使土壤As向残渣态转化.两种钝化剂均可使土壤的微观形态从片状转变为碎屑状、增加团聚颗粒.与SN相比,MB更能促使土壤As（Ⅲ）向As（V）转化,从而显著降低土壤毒性.     

塔宾曲霉胞外聚合物协同膨润土钝化处理铅污染土壤

钝化修复技术因投入低、见效快、操作简单等特点,对中低浓度土壤污染的修复具有优越性。微生物胞外聚合物（EPS）具有优异的重金属吸附能力,用EPS溶液协同膨润土钝化处理铅污染土壤,考察了EPS用量、酸雨处理、钝化处理时间对钝化效果的影响。结果表明:EPS对铅（Ⅱ）吸附容量为241 mg/g。在钝化实验中随着EPS用量增加,钝化效果先增强后减弱,加入膨润土后能与EPS产生协同钝化效果,最多能增加59%的残渣态铅,酸雨处理和延长处理时间均能增加钝化效果。针对不同污染途径进行的多种评估结果表明,EPS与膨润土能有效降低土壤中可提取态铅的比例。     

磷酸盐对铅污染土壤稳定化修复机理的研究

在铅污染土壤中分别加入磷酸二氢钠(SDP)、磷酸氢二钠(DSP)、磷酸钠(TPA),研究不同磷酸盐对铅污染土壤的稳定化效果及其修复机理,并与未处理的铅污染土壤进行比较。结果表明:SDP、DSP、TPA处理后,均能在较短的养护时间(5d)后显著降低污染土壤中铅的浸出浓度,最佳稳定率分别达78.98%、86.43%、91.47%,且磷酸盐的作用效果与其投加量呈正相关,稳定化效果能在较长时间内保持稳定;磷酸盐的作用机理主要是通过磷酸根与铅离子生成在较大的pH值范围内稳定存在的磷酸铅类化合物,特别是Pb_(10)(PO_4)_6(OH)_2的形成有利于提高污染土壤中铅的稳定性。     

富里酸-纳米零价铁复合物对土壤中铅的钝化

为了降低土壤中重金属铅的生物活性,将从富硒土壤中提取的富里酸(FA)和传统方法制得的纳米零价铁(NZVI)复合,制得不同FA质量比的复合物,探讨其对土壤铅污染的钝化效应。以SEM、FTIR以及XRD对复合物进行表征;通过土壤培养试验,研究各复合物在不同投加量及反应时间下对土壤中铅的DTPA有效态的影响,并以Tessier五步连续提取法比较形态变化规律,探讨其钝化效果。结果表明:FA与NZVI合成了不同质量比的复合物;在相同投加量下,土壤中铅的二乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)有效态随着复合物中FA质量分数提高而减小;以FA质量分数10%的复合物投加土壤质量的2%(20.0 g/kg)进行土壤培育,第10天时土壤中铅的DTPA有效态降低83.01%;加入复合物后,土壤中铅明显从可交换态和碳酸盐结合态向铁锰氧化物结合态和残留态转化,有机结合态含量基本不变,这种变化在添加FA质量占1%的复合物时尤为显著,使得可交换态和碳酸盐结合态分别降低了50.61%和66.90%。基于不同的形态表征方法,土壤铅活性形态均呈下降趋势,表明所制备的复合物对土壤铅具有一定的钝化效应,但其机制有别,表现出的钝化规律具有差异性。     

纳米羟基磷灰石修复镉铅污染土壤的效果评价

文章研究以纳米羟基磷灰石为修复材料,采用人工模拟污染土壤的方法,借助Tessier五步法分析土壤中镉、铅的形态,研究了纳米羟基磷灰石对镉、铅污染土壤的修复效果,研究结果表明:n-HAP对土壤中有效态镉有一定程度的吸附钝化作用;n-HAP的投加比例为5%时,对Cd污染土壤的修复效果最好,Cd的有效态下降比率达到了49%;n-HAP对人工模拟污染土壤中有效态铅的钝化效果比较明显,对有效态铅的降低率达到了90%的水平,且平衡时间越长,修复效果越好;n-HAP对铅污染土壤的修复效果要好于镉污染的。     

毛竹遗态Fe/C复合材料对As(Ⅴ)污染土壤的钝化修复性能

选择广西红壤为背景土壤,以自制毛竹遗态Fe/C复合材料（PBGC-Fe/C）为钝化剂,对As（Ⅴ）污染土壤进行钝化修复,结合扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和红外光谱（FT-IR）的表征结果对钝化机制展开分析.结果表明：PBGC-Fe/C能有效钝化修复高浓度As（Ⅴ）污染土壤,在投加比例为5%、含水量为25%和材料粒径为100目的条件下,PBGC-Fe/C对500 mg·kg^-1和1000 mg·kg^-1As（Ⅴ）污染土壤的稳定率分别可达80.95%和73.49%;毛竹炭遗态结构有吸附点位多的优势,酸性条件有利于土壤中As（Ⅴ）的钝化.PBGC-Fe/C不仅可吸附固定砷,同时可促使砷的形态转向稳定化,化学络合和离子交换在钝化修复过程中起主要作用.     

降雨对不同形态土壤铅迁移转化的影响研究

以修正的BCR连续提取法为基础,将土壤铅分为酸可提取态铅、可还原态铅、可氧化态铅和残渣态铅这4种形态,运用室内土柱淋溶模拟实验,研究了降雨pH及降雨量对土壤中不同形态铅迁移转化的影响。结果表明,降雨pH能明显影响土壤pH;土壤中酸可提取态铅在降雨作用下最易迁移,经pH=7.04的降雨淋溶后,酸可提取态铅基本释放完;可还原态铅含量随降雨pH的降低及降雨量的增加而逐渐降低;可氧化态铅较稳定,基本不受降雨pH及降雨量的影响;而残渣态铅经pH=4.28的降雨淋溶后,含量反而增加,这可能是其他形态铅向其转化造成的;在降雨作用下,不同形态土壤铅表现出迁移性:酸可提取态铅可还原态铅可氧化态铅残渣态铅;另外,降雨pH及降雨量对土壤中铅的形态分布也有明显影响。     

针铁矿-富里酸复合材料对铅镉污染土壤的钝化修复性能

珠三角地区作为粤港澳大湾区的重要经济区域,工矿企业多,土壤重金属污染状况较为严重,且多以铅镉复合污染为主,研发安全高效的重金属修复材料与技术对保障区域环境质量和人居安全具有重要意义.本文拟采用钝化修复技术,以南方红壤中典型矿物针铁矿为主体,制备了针铁矿-富里酸复合材料,并将其应用于铅镉复合污染土壤的钝化修复.结果表明,复合材料中富里酸所占的质量分数越高,对铅镉钝化作用效果越好;土壤中铅镉的钝化率(IE)随钝化时间的延长而增加,并趋于稳定;钝化修复后可交换态及碳酸盐结合态Pb含量降低,残渣态Pb含量增加,土壤中Cd可交换态含量降低,铁锰氧化态及残渣态含量显著增加;钝化修复后土壤CEC、速效钾及铵态氮含量均有所提高;综合评价认为针铁矿-富里酸复合材料应用于红壤铅镉钝化修复有效可行.     

含磷基材固化/稳定化铅污染土的铅形态演化和浸出特性

采用过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)及水泥(OPC)固化稳定铅(Pb)重金属污染土。通过无侧限抗压强度(UCS)、毒性浸出(TCLP)试验研究了铅污染土固化体的力学和浸出特性,并通过形态提取(BCR)分析了固化体中铅赋存形态,结合重金属形态分布特征,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)评价了重金属的潜在风险程度。试验结果表明:过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)和水泥均可显著降低固化体中铅浸出特性,过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)固化体的浸出浓度远低于水泥固化体,当过磷酸钙添加量分别为5%和10%时,固化体中铅浸出浓度低于GB/T 5085. 3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》。形态提取试验表明:水泥(OPC)和过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)均可促使Pb从活性态(弱酸提取态)向较稳定态(可还原态、残渣态)转化,但过磷酸钙-水泥(SPCC)固化体中残渣态Pb的含量较高。基于改进BCR法获得F1(弱酸态)的基础上,运用风险评价编码法评价了固化后污染土中铅的生态风险等级,对比未固化土,生态风险等级大幅降低。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.