镉与S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的联合毒性作用

采用毒性标准实验方法研究了Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独及联合作用对斜生栅藻急性毒性、总可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独作用时EC50均随时间的延长而减小,且S-异丙甲草胺的急性毒性大于Cd2+;Cd2+、S-异丙甲草胺的EC50-24h分别为0.27 mg·L-1、0.24 mg·L-1,EC50-96h分别为0.16mg·L-1、0.13 mg·L-1.Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺联合作用时低浓度表现为协同作用,高浓度表现为拮抗作用.暴露96 h后,Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独及联合作用下,随有毒物质浓度升高,斜生栅藻总可溶性蛋白含量降低,SOD酶活性先激活后抑制,细胞膜通透性逐渐增大.     

Molecular toxicity and defense mechanisms induced by silver nanoparticles in Drosophila melanogaster

The widely use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents gives rise to potential environmental risks. AgNPs exposure have been reported to cause toxicity in animals. Nevertheless, the known mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity are still limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxicity of AgNPs exposure using Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that AgNPs significantly decreased Drosophila fecundity, the third-instar larvae weight and rates of pupation and eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. AgNPs reduced fat body cell viability in MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. AgNPs caused DNA damage in hemocytes and S2 cells. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of the entire metallothionein gene family were increased under AgNPs exposure as determined by RNA-seq analysis and validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that Drosophila responded to the metal toxicity of AgNPs by producing metallothioneins for detoxification. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity and may provide clues to effect on other organisms, including humans.     

Water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation of silver nanoparticles in environmental waters

The inevitable release of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into aquatic environments has drawn great concerns about its environmental toxicity and safety. Although aggregation and transformation play crucial roles in the transport and toxicity of AgNPs, how the water chemistry of environmental waters influences the aggregation and transformation of engineered AgNPs is still not well understood. In this study, the aggregation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AgNPs was investigated in eight typical environmental water samples (with different ionic strengths, hardness, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations) by using UV–visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Raman spectroscopy was applied to probe the interaction of DOM with the surface of AgNPs. Further, the photo-transformation and morphology changes of AgNPs in environmental waters were studied by UV–visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggested that both electrolytes (especially Ca^2 + and Mg^2 +) and DOM in the surface waters are key parameters for AgNP aggregation, and sunlight could accelerate the morphology change, aggregation, and further sedimentation of AgNPs. This water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation should have significant environmental impacts on the transport and toxicity of AgNPs in the aquatic environments.     

S-异丙甲草胺与镉对斜生栅藻光合作用的影响

采用毒性试验标准方法研究了Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独及联合作用对斜生栅藻叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光特性的影响.暴露96 h后,Cd2+和S-异丙甲草胺单独作用对斜生栅藻叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数F0、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、NPQ和rETR均有一定影响,表明Cd2+和S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻光合作用产生影响,PSⅡ受损,抑制光合作用的原初反应,阻碍光合电子传递的过程,对热能的耗散能力逐渐丧失.Cd2+对斜生栅藻叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数影响要显著大于S-异丙甲草胺的影响,影响程度随有毒物质浓度的升高而增加,光强为231μmol·(m2·s)-1时,空白组Y(Ⅱ)的平均降幅为62.5%,Cd2+处理组随Cd2+浓度的升高平均降幅分别为68.0%、82.5%和100%,S-异丙甲草胺处理组平均降幅分别为66.1%、72.1%和79.6%.Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺联合作用对叶绿素荧光参数的影响主要是Cd2+的影响.     

水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度(30、40、50、60、70 mg·L-1)和不同粒径(0～75μm、75 ～ 96μm、96 ～150 μm、150～ 250 μm)水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)叶绿素a含量、抗氧化系酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光合参数变化的影响,探讨了水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性影响的机制.结果表明,预处理与未处理悬浮颗粒物在一定浓度范围内会促进藻类生长,超过各自临界浓度(预处理为40 mg·L-1、未处理为50 mg·L-1)后,随着颗粒物浓度的增加会对藻类生长产生抑制现象未经处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物对斜生栅藻都表现出抑制作用,0～75μm粒径组颗粒物作用下藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等均显著区别于其他粒径组的作用(p＜0.05).经过预处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物中,96～150μm粒径组对藻类的生长抑制较其他粒径组明显,且小粒径组颗粒物对藻类体内SOD、CAT、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等影响较大.受不同浓度悬浮颗粒物胁迫的斜生栅藻相对电子传递速率随着时间延长在一定程度上降低,但这种抑制作用在藻细胞的耐受范围,藻细胞可以通过自身调节将电子传递速率恢复到正常水平甚至更高以抵抗逆境环境.     

凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...     

Coating independent cytotoxicity of citrate- and PEG-coated silver nanoparticles on a human hepatoma cell line

The antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) resulted in their increasing incorporation into consumer,industrial and biomedical products.Therefore,human and environmental exposure to AgNPs(either as an engineered product or a contaminant)supports the emergent research on the features conferring them different toxicity profiles.In this study,30 ran AgNPs coated with citrate or poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) were used to assess the influence of coating on the effects produced on a human hepatoma cell line(HepG2),namely in terms of viability,apoptosis,apoptotic related genes,cell cycle and cyclins gene expression.Both types of coated AgNPs decreased cell proliferation and viability with a similar toxicity profile.At the concentrations used(11 and 5 μg/mL corresponding to IC50 and-IC10 levels,respectively) the amount of cells undergoing apoptosis was not significant and the apoptotic related genes BCL2(anti-apoptotic gene)and BAX(pro-apoptotic gene) were both downregulated.Moreover,both AgNPs affected HepG2 cell cycle progression at the higher concentration(11 μg/mL) by increasing the percentage of cells in S(synthesis phase) and G2(Gap 2 phase) phases.Considering the cell-cycle related genes,the expression of cyclin B1 and cyclin E1 genes were decreased.Thus,this work has shown that citrate- and PEG-coated AgNPs impact on HepG2 apoptotic gene expression,cell cycle dynamics and cyclin regulation in a similar way.More research is needed to determine the properties that confer AgNPs at lower toxicity,since their use has proved helpful in several industrial and biomedical contexts.     

重金属铅、铬胁迫对斜生栅藻的生长、光合性能及抗氧化系统的影响

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus JNU49)为研究对象,研究了重金属Pb2+、Cr3+、Cr6+对斜生栅藻生物量积累、光合性能及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,Pb2+、Cr3+、Cr6+对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为82.94、121.15、23.65μmol·L-1.半数抑制浓度胁迫下,斜生栅藻的放氧速率分别在第2~8 d(Pb2+胁迫)、1~3 d(Cr3+、Cr6+胁迫)受到明显抑制,而呼吸速率无明显变化;Pb2+胁迫下,斜生栅藻光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转化效率(Yield)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)均明显低于对照,光化学淬灭(qP)从第1~5 d高于对照,而第6~8 d则显著低于对照;Cr3+和Cr6+胁迫对斜生栅藻光合性能的影响不如Pb2+胁迫明显.斜生栅藻丙二醛(MDA)含量在重金属胁迫下变高,以第3、4 d尤为明显;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,于第3、4 d较为明显;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化活性(T-AOC)在重金属胁迫下均小幅度提升.通过本研究发现,斜生栅藻的生物量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和SOD活性等指标对重金属胁迫的反应均较为灵敏,可作为评估重金属胁迫对微藻危害的指标.     

异丙甲草胺与锌共存对斜生栅藻毒性手性差异影响

为评价重金属与手性农药共存的生物选择性毒性,采用毒性试验标准方法研究了Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺单独及与锌共存对斜生栅藻的手性毒性差异.结果表明,Zn2+存在条件下Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的生长趋势影响与除草剂单独作用时的趋势基本相同,Zn2+的存在降低了高浓度除草剂对斜生栅藻的生长抑制作用,处理初期(24 h)0.30 mg·L-1Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺单独对斜生栅藻生长的抑制率分别为49.61%和59.73%,与Zn2+联合作用其抑制率分别为38.41%和42.52%.Zn2+的存在增加了Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的立体选择性毒性差异,使S-异丙甲草胺急性毒性增大的程度大于Rac-异丙甲草胺毒性的增加;与Zn2+的联合毒性作用类型表现为除草剂在低浓度下为部分相加作用,高浓度下为拮抗作用;除草剂单独及与Zn2+联合作用处理96 h后的斜生栅藻叶绿素含量变化与其生长趋势基本一致.     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negativ...     

Is there a silver lining? Aggregation and photo-transformation of silver nanoparticles in environmental waters

Is the aggregation of silver nanoparticles in environmental waters a silver lining? The answer is not simple. Clearly, however, the aggregation and photo-transformation of AgNPs are complicated and could be more significant than previously thought. The difference in the water chemistry that controls the aggregation and photo-transformation of AgNPs results in the varying behavior and fate of AgNPs among different water bodies.     

Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli

With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions.     

Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica

The current research study focuses to formulate the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for the first time from silver acetate using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica, a member of family Ebenaceae. TEM analysis revealed the average diameter of Ag NPs around 8 nm which is in good agreement with the average crystallite size (10 nm) calculated from X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Further the study has been extended to the antimicrobial activity against test pathogenic Gram (+) ve, Gram (−) ve bacterial and fungal strains. The bioinspired Ag-NP showed promising activity against all the tested bacterial strains and the activity was enhanced with increased dosage levels.     

硝基芳烃类对斜生栅列藻的毒性及中毒症状

藻类实验是水生态毒理学研究中的主要方法。通过ＯＥＣＤ标准藻类阻碍生长实验,得到２５种典型硝基芳烃化合物对斜生栅列藻的４８ｈ半数有效抑制浓度ＥＣ５０值。其毒性由高到低的顺序为：二硝基氯苯〉二硝基苯〉二硝基苯胺〉二氯硝基苯＝二硝基甲苯〉硝基溴苯＝硝基氯苯〉硝基甲苯＝硝基苯甲醚＝硝基苯酚〉硝基苯胺〉硝基苯。同时在光学显微下详细观察到斜生栅列藻的中毒症状：①似亲孢子释放受阻;②质壁分离;③细胞核和细胞器解     

Intracellular biosynthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. and studies on their physicochemical and biological properties

In this present study, we reported broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) as a potential candidate for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) in green chemistry method. The synthesized metal nanoparticles are evaluated their antimicrobial efficacy against different human pathogenic organisms. The physico-chemical properties of gold nanoparticles were analyzed using different analytical techniques such as a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer. In addition, gold and silver NP antimicrobial efficacy was checked by disc diffusion assay. UV–Vis color intensity of the nanoparticles was shown at 540 and 450 nm for gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. Higher magnification of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy image shows the variable morphology of the gold nanoparticles such as spherical, rod and triangular shapes and silver nanoparticles were seen in spherical shapes. The average spherical size of the particles was observed in 24–38 nm for gold and 30–45 nm for silver NPs. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles which were crystalline in nature. Additionally, the functional metabolites were identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. IR spectra revealed phenols, alcohols, aldehydes (sugar moieties), vitamins and proteins are present in the broccoli extract which are accountable to synthesize the nanoparticles. The synthesized gold and silver NPs inhibited the growth of the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens at the concentration of 50 μg/mL respectively. In addition, broccoli mediated gold and silver nanoparticles have shown potent antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.     

固定化Lysinibacilluscresolivorans的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体制备及间甲酚的降解

针对生物降解过程容易受到外界不利环境影响及低浓度下动力学效率不高的问题,制备了具有吸附功能的微生物固定化载体并研究了对间甲酚的降解.在聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)固定化载体中加入海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)、聚羟基丁酸酯(poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)和粉末活性炭(activated carbon,AC),采用循环冷冻-解冻结合硼酸法制备了具吸附功能的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体,并用其包埋固定化1株间甲酚优势降解菌Lysinibacillus cresolivorans,考察了载体微观结构、稳定性及扩散性对固定化微生物降解间甲酚的影响.结果表明,PVA-SA-PHB-AC载体比表面积和平均孔径分别为15.30m2.g-1和33.68 nm,对间甲酚的吸附容量和扩散系数分别为3.86 mg.g-1和5.62×10-8m2.min-1,可稳定使用60 d以上;固定化L.cresolivorans的间甲酚去除为吸附-降解的耦合,去除速率由载体传质速率与微生物降解速率共同决定,间甲酚浓度低于350 mg.L-1时,载体传质速率小于微生物降解速率,间甲酚去除速率由传质速率决定,浓度高于380 mg.L-1时相反;添加了吸附剂的载体扩散系数会减小,但能耐受更高的底物浓度,且在更宽的浓度范围可以实现高效的降解作用.间甲酚的降解规律及其差异性显示出经吸附功能改性的载体因传质作用的加强而实现反应动力学的提高,并且存在一个合理的浓度区间.     

白洋淀荷茎叶提取液对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻化感效应

本研究探讨了活体荷不同部位(茎和叶)提取出液对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻生长化感效应,为推广荷遏制水华暴发及制作抑藻制剂提供理论基础.实验设计了5个浓度梯度,结果表明,荷叶浸出液对藻类的抑制效果优于荷茎浸出液,当荷叶浸出质量浓度为25 g.L-1时,对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为71.33%、78.14%.浸出液成分的GC-MS分析表明,荷叶和茎浸出液都含有丙酰胺,质量浓度分别为1.1 mg.L-1、0.2 mg.L-1.并根据概率计算法,分别计算了两种藻类的半浓度效应.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对土臭素和2-甲基异冰片的降解动力学特性

土臭素(geosmin,GSM)和2-甲基异冰片(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)是2种普遍存在于养殖水体中的土腥异味化合物,微生物降解是去除这两种物质的有效途径.本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)降解GSM和2-MIB的动力学特性.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对GSM(1 000~2 000 ng·L-1)和2-MIB(1 000~2 000 ng·L-1)具有较好的降解性能,降解率均达90%以上;枯草芽孢杆菌对这些异味化合物的降解符合伪一级反应动力学,其生物降解速率常数(K)范围为0.14~0.41,降解速率不随GSM和MIB初始浓度的变化而变化;枯草芽孢杆菌对GSM降解的最大比生长速率umax为0.311,Monod常数KS为1.73,而在降解MIB过程中枯草芽孢杆菌的生长不符合Monod方程(R2=0.781).     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对短裸甲藻的抑制机制研究

为揭示化感物质邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)对短裸甲藻(Gymnodinium breve)的抑制机制,研究了DBP对短裸甲藻丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、亚显微结构、不同超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的影响.结果表明,DBP引起了细胞MDA的积累,3 mg.L-1的DBP处理组在72 h处出现最大值,为0.34μmol.(109cells)-1,是对照组的2.3倍;细胞膜出现大量突起,细胞内形成大量液泡,膜结构解体最终空洞、死亡.CuZn-SOD位于藻细胞质,在DBP影响下,活性升高,表明藻细胞质(包括细胞膜)内积累的ROS诱导了酶的活性;而位于线粒体的Mn-SOD活性降低,可能是由于ROS在线粒体内积累过度导致其失活,DBP可能通过作用于短裸甲藻线粒体和细胞膜,从而引起藻细胞氧化损伤,最终导致细胞空洞化死亡.该结果对赤潮化感抑制剂的实际应用具有理论指导作用.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对短裸甲藻活性氧自由基的影响

为揭示邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)对短裸甲藻(Gymnodinium breve)的抑制机制,采用荧光探针法和比色法研究了DBP对短裸甲藻活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、羟自由基.OH和过氧化氢H2O2含量以及超氧阴离子自由基O.2-产生速率的影响,同时观察了电子传递链抑制剂对DBP诱导ROS能力的影响.结果表明DBP诱导了短裸甲藻ROS的积累.随浓度的增大,DBP促进了.OH、H2O2的积累,如3 mg.L-1的DBP处理组,培养至48 h时.OH出现一个极大峰值33U.mL-1,约为对照组的2.4倍;H2 O2含量培养至72 h出现最大值,约为250 nmol.(107 cells)-1,约为对照组的5倍;但是DBP对O.2-产生速率的影响并没有显示出规律性.电子传递链选择性抑制实验表明DBP可能影响了藻细胞线粒体和细胞膜2个位点上电子传递,使.OH、H2O2含量和O.2-产生速率受到了不同的影响,最终诱导了短裸甲藻总ROS的积累.可见,DBP导致ROS的过量积累是其抑制藻细胞生长的主要机制.本研究结果对揭示化感物质抑制藻类的机制提供了科学依据.