Fossil carbon emissions associated with carbon flowsof wood products

Specific fossil carbon (C) emissions and primary energy useassociated with the manufacture of different wood product groups inFinland are estimated and expressed as emissions or energy use per amountof wood-based C in raw material and per amount in end product. Thecalculation includes both emissions from supplied fuels within the forestindustries, and from electricity and district heat purchased from externalsources. The results are compared to fossil C emissions from the wholelifecycle of harvested wood products. The results of the study show, forinstance, that the emission of fossil C per wood-based C in end products(MgC/MgC) is of the order of 0.07 for sawn wood and 0.3–0.6 for paperin the manufacturing stage. The primary energy use per wood-based C inend product is of the order of 2 MWh/MgC for sawn wood, whereas forvirgin paper grades the figure is between 17 and 19 MWh/MgC. Theprimary energy content is highest in papers based on chemical pulping, butaround 60% of the energy used is produced in this case from by-productwood wastes (black liquor, bark etc.). The specific fossil C emission andprimary energy divided by the estimated service life of the wood productare measures for the relative burden of maintaining the corresponding woodproduct pool. These figures should be kept in mind when considering woodproducts as a potential C sink option.     

Review of post-combustion carbon dioxide capture technologies using activated carbon

Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is the largest anthropogenic greenhouse gas(GHG) on the planet contributing to the global warming. Currently, there are three capture technologies of trapping CO_2 from the flue gas and they are pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion. Among these, the post-combustion is widely popular as it can be retrofitted for a short to medium term without encountering any significant technology risks or changes.Activated carbon is widely used as a universal separation medium with series of advantages compared to the first generation capture processes based on amine-based scrubbing which are inherently energy intensive. The goal of this review is to elucidate the three CO_2 capture technologies with a focus on the use of activated carbon(AC) as an adsorbent for post-combustion anthropogenic CO_2 flue gas capture prior to emission to atmosphere. Furthermore, this coherent review summarizes the recent ongoing research on the preparation of activated carbon from various sources to provide a profound understanding on the current progress to highlight the challenges of the CO_2 mitigation efforts along with the mathematical modeling of CO_2 capture. AC is widely seen as a universal adsorbent due to its unique properties such as high surface area and porous texture. Other applications of AC in the removal of contaminants from flue gas, heavy metal and organic compounds, as a catalyst and catalyst support and in the electronics and electroplating industry are also discussed in this study.     

碳同位素方法在水体溶解有机碳来源解析中的应用

水体碳库是全球碳库的重要组成部分,对区域乃至全球碳循环具有重要影响。溶解性有机碳（DOC）是水体主要的有机碳库,受自然和人类的双重影响,存在不同碳赋存方式之间的转化,代表了水体中的生物活动水平和受污染程度,并在水体碳循环乃至全球碳循环中发挥重要作用。碳来源是研究碳循环的基础,目前,碳同位素示踪方法是研究水体DOC来源最为有效的手段之一,并已进行了一系列颇有成果的研究,得出水体DOC大致有两种来源,即内源和外源,内源包括水生生物有机碳释放和颗粒有机碳（POC）降解等,外源包括陆源输入、大气降解、污水汇入等。本文验证了一种将δ¹³C与Δ¹⁴C值相结合示踪水体DOC来源的有效方法。碳来源示踪方法的不断改进和研究的不断深入,将有助于区分人为干扰对碳来源的影响,识别碳的储存与释放过程,从而进一步了解碳循环模式。     

计算你的碳足迹

作为全球气候变暖的重要原因,碳排放已引起世界各国政府及部分有远见企业的重视.2007年6月20日,英国环境、食品及农村事务部在官方网站发布二氧化碳排放量计算器,让公众可以随时上网计算自己每天生活中排放的二氧化碳量,从而引发了网络中此前发布的类似计算工具的火爆局面.     

关于统筹实现碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景的几点建议

习近平总书记在第75届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表的重要讲话为我国实现碳达峰目标和碳中和愿景指明了方向。本文针对我国如何统筹碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景工作提出如下建议:一是要充分认识我国实现碳达峰目标的困难和挑战。二是要充分认识到我国碳达峰的任务艰巨,但有一定的基础条件。三是要树立战胜困难的信心和决心。四是要认真总结北京、河北、河南、山西、四川等已经初步实现碳达峰目标地区的经验。五是统筹碳达峰与碳中和,提早安排碳中和各项工作。六是统筹提高能源效率和发展非化石能源。七是统筹能源转型和发展转型。八是成立国家碳中和发展基金。九是建立碳达峰、碳中和的政策机制。十是加强碳达峰、碳中和的国际合作。     

碳中和目标下中国省域碳平衡能力与城镇化的关系

厘清碳平衡能力与城镇化的关系对实现碳中和目标和推动新型城镇化发展具有重要的理论价值及实践意义。采用温室气体清单法、碳吸收清查法、碳平衡指标法和多元城镇化测量法分别测算1999—2018年中国省域碳平衡能力与各类城镇化指标,利用空间自然断点分级法和Granger因果检验法分别分析中国省域碳平衡能力与城镇化的时空演变特征及互动关系。主要结论如下：（1）中国碳排放不断增多,碳吸收不断减少,碳平衡能力呈上升、下降、先减后增和先增后减四种趋势,碳排放呈“东多西少”分布,碳吸收与碳平衡能力分别呈“西多东少”和“西强东弱”分布。（2）中国人口、经济、空间、生态城镇化和城镇化综合指标不断提升,其中空间城镇化大致呈“西高东低”分布,其余则呈“东高西低”分布。（3）除空间城镇化外,中国整体碳平衡能力与各类城镇化的关系均为反馈型,而各省域增长保护型数量最多,中立型数量最少。     

碳达峰碳中和目标下自然资源管理领域的关键问题

基于低碳目标创新自然资源管理体制,对于提升生态系统碳汇水平和自然资源支撑能力,推动经济社会中长期低碳转型具有重要意义。围绕“双碳”目标下的自然资源管理,九位专家分别从不同视角提出了创新自然资源管理的策略,为基于“资源要素—国土空间—生态系统”多层次视角构建低碳导向的自然资源管理体制提供参考借鉴。专家认为：未来应构建“双碳”目标下自然资源管理领域的系统性应对框架,建立健全自然资源“要素—空间—系统”多层次协同管理的体制机制;构建全域自然资源及国土空间碳循环监测网络和符合中国国情的碳核算标准体系,探索差别化国土空间管控方案;加强“自然—经济—社会”复合系统的资源流通管理,探寻基于资源优化管理的区域协同碳减排路径;将碳汇价值纳入碳交易和生态补偿体系,构建基于国土空间碳中和评价的区域横向碳补偿制度,推动区域协同减排和公平协调发展。     

碳交易政策对工业碳生产率的影响及传导机制

以2005~2017年30个省市面板数据为研究样本,采用双重差分、动态效应检验和三重差分等方法,考察了碳交易政策对工业碳生产率的影响效果及异质性,同时利用多重中介效应模型,解析碳交易对工业碳生产率的实现机制.结果表明,碳交易政策显著提升了工业碳生产率,实现了"降碳促经"效果,且该效果保持逐年上升趋势;异质性检验表明,各试点地区对政策的响应程度存在一定差异,北京、天津、上海、湖北工业碳生产率的提升效果较为显著,而广东、重庆未能对政策做出充分响应;机制分析发现,碳交易政策能够有效激励环境治理效应、结构优化效应和技术革新效应,进而影响工业碳生产率提升,其中结构优化效应是响应政策最为充分的机制.本文研究结果可为中国未来碳市场运行提供一定参考.     

碳量子点修饰石墨相氮化碳光催化降解罗丹明B的研究

利用抗坏血酸（AA）对石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）进行改性,制备出表面含有碳量子点（CQDs）的催化剂CQDs/g-C₃N₄.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、紫外可见光漫反射（UV-Vis DRS）、透射电镜（TEM）、光致发光光谱（PL）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对催化剂进行结构、形貌、光学性能测试.发现CQDs很好的负载到了g-C₃N₄表面,增加了催化剂表面活性位点.UV-Vis DRS表明碳量子点能够使催化剂的吸收光谱发生红移,同时缩小了催化剂的带隙宽度,增强了对光的吸收能力.光致发光光谱则显示了碳量子点的修饰能够有效的抑制光生电子空穴对的复合,从而提高光催化性能.通过光降解实验表明0.01g CQDs/g-C₃N₄催化剂在80℃下,3h对罗丹明B（RhB）的降解率为57.2%.捕获剂实验则说明了超氧自由基（·O₂^-）在光降解体系中起到了促进反应速率的作用.     

活性炭处理皂素废水及其再生的实验研究

采用活性炭对皂素废水进行吸附处理,研究了活性炭投加量、吸附时间及吸附次数对皂素废水色度去除率的影响.同时,研究了在微波辐照条件下,微波功率和辐照时间对吸附皂素废水后的活性炭脱附的影响.结果表明,当活性炭投加量为0.13g·mL-1时,吸附12h后皂素废水的色度去除率为96.17%.此条件下活性炭可以重复吸附皂素废水3次(按照色度去除率70%为限).当微波功率为500W、辐照时间为30min时,活性炭可被有效地再生,活性炭的再生率可达79.75%.     

非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件成因分析

通过对燃煤量的调查结果和呼和浩特CO浓度值监测结果分析了CO排放源的分布特征和CO浓度的变化特征,得出高燃煤地区和采暖期CO浓度值较高但低于标准值。对CO中毒事件案例与气象条件关系进行了分析得出逆温、高湿、小风和低气压时不利于一氧化碳浓度扩散,容易引起一氧化碳中毒事件的发生。     

上海市能源消费CO2排放清单与碳流通图

基于上海市能源统计数据,参照IPCC(2006)方法,测算了上海市能源CO2排放清单,并绘制了2007年上海市碳流通图.结果表明,上海市能源相关的CO2排放总量从1995年的1.10亿t增长到2007年的2.01亿t,期间年均增长率为5.0%.其中“交通”对应的CO2排放量增长最为迅速,年均增长率达15.1%;而“热电厂”的CO2排放量增幅逐渐变缓,其原因为近年上海市外来电力比重增大.2007年“热电厂”、“工业与建筑业”、“交通”、“商业”、“居民生活”与“农业”各部分CO2排放分担率分别为35.4%、34.4%、23.8%、4.0%、2.0%、0.4%.由2007年上海市碳流通图可见,15.6%的煤炭直接由终端使用,这不利于能源效率的提高与污染物的减排;成品油存在较多的交叉流通,若能够减少不必要的流通,不但能够缓解成品油的运输,还能够减少其在转运过程中的输配损失.     

低碳城市在行动,中瑞低碳城市交流活动在保定召开

<正>2014年4月30日,由瑞士驻华大使馆和河北省保定市人民政府共同主办的"低碳城市在行动——中瑞低碳城市交流暨专家研讨会"在保定市举行。会议就如何借助瑞士新能源城市管理的先进经验共同应对京津冀环境问题进行了研讨。商务部国际经贸关系司、住建部建筑节能与科技司、环保部宣教中心、瑞士环境科技促进署等相关单位应邀出席了此次研讨会。京津冀都市圈的概念由京津唐工业基地的概念发展而来,是指以北京、天津两     

The carbon budget of California

The carbon budget of a region can be defined as the sum of annual fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) greenhouse gases (GHGs) into and out of the regional surface coverage area. According to the state government's recent inventory, California's carbon budget is presently dominated by 115 MMTCE per year in fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ (>85% of total annual GHG emissions) to meet energy and transportation requirements. Other notable (non-ecosystem) sources of carbon GHG emissions in 2004 were from cement- and lime-making industries (7%), livestock-based agriculture (5%), and waste treatment activities (2%). The NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover (including those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS) was used to estimate net ecosystem fluxes and vegetation biomass production over the period 1990–2004. California's annual NPP for all ecosystems in the early 2000s (estimated by CASA at 120 MMTCE per year) was roughly equivalent to its annual fossil fuel emission rates for carbon. However, since natural ecosystems can accumulate only a small fraction of this annual NPP total in long-term storage pools, the net ecosystem sink flux for atmospheric carbon across the state was estimated at a maximum rate of about 24 MMTCE per year under favorable precipitation conditions. Under less favorable precipitation conditions, such as those experienced during the early 1990s, ecosystems statewide were estimated to have lost nearly 15 MMTCE per year to the atmosphere. Considering the large amounts of carbon estimated by CASA to be stored in forests, shrublands, and rangelands across the state, the importance of protection of the natural NPP capacity of California ecosystems cannot be overemphasized.     

“双碳”目标下新疆能源系统绿色转型路径

新疆是我国最重要的资源宝库和能源基地之一。如何在“双碳”目标引领下,实现能源系统的绿色转型,事关国家能源安全。在系统总结新疆主要能源的储量及分布的基础上,梳理现阶段能源生产与消费现状,分析能源转型面临的主要问题,提出了能源绿色转型路径及相关对策和建议。结果表明：（1）新疆能源系统中化石能源占比超过85%,碳减排任务异常艰巨;（2）新疆“弃风、弃光”问题严峻,弃电率高于全国平均水平;（3）要实现新疆能源系统的绿色转型,须控制煤炭消费增长,加快水—风—光—储一体化清洁能源基地建设,扩大电力对外输送通道,推进“电气化新疆”进程,发展CCUS与大规模储能新技术等。研究结果可为新疆实现“双碳”目标提供参考。     

中国低碳试点城市碳排放效率时空演变与影响因素

中国提出2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和的战略目标,提高碳排放效率,推动绿色低碳发展是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径。运用包含非期望产出的Super-SBM模型,测度了2003—2018年中国68个低碳试点城市的碳排放效率并分析其时空演变特征,运用面板回归模型分析城市碳排放效率的影响因素,得出以下结论：（1）低碳试点城市碳排放效率在时间上整体呈上升趋势,效率值从0.169上升至0.423,年均增长率为6.31%,仍有一定的提升空间。（2）低碳试点城市碳排放效率的区域差异呈先缩小后逐渐扩大趋势,空间上呈现“东中西”递减分布格局;从城市等级规模来看呈现“超大城市>特大城市>大城市>中等城市>小城市”特征。（3）经济发展水平、产业结构、城镇化水平、绿色技术创新与试点城市碳排放效率呈显著正相关,外资强度与碳排放效率呈显著负相关,各影响因素对三大地区和不同规模城市的作用程度存在一定的差异性。从创新投入、产业结构和区域差异化等方面提出对策建议,对促进城市绿色低碳发展和生态文明建设具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Optimizing carbon sequestration in commercial forests by integrating carbon management objectives in wood supply modeling

This paper provides a methodology for generating forest management plans, which explicitly maximize carbon (C) sequestration at the forest-landscape level. This paper takes advantage of concepts first presented in a paper by Meng et al. (2003; Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 8:371–403) by integrating C-sequestration objective functions in existing wood supply models. Carbon-stock calculations performed in Woodstock^TM (RemSoft Inc.) are based on C yields generated from volume table data obtained from local Forest Development Survey plots and a series of wood volume-to-C content conversion factors specified in von Mirbach (2000). The approach is used to investigate the impact of three demonstration forest-management scenarios on the C budget in a 110,000 ha forest in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. Explicit demonstration scenarios addressed include (1) maximizing timber extraction either by clearcut or selection harvesting for greatest revenue generation, (2) maximizing total C storage in the forest landscape and in wood products generated from harvesting, and (3) maximizing C storage together with revenue generation. The level of clearcut harvesting was greatest for scenario 1 (≥15 × 10⁴ m³ of wood and ≥943 ha of land per harvesting period), and least for scenario 2 (=0 m³ per harvesting period) where selection harvesting dominated. Because softwood saw logs were worth more than pulpwood ($60 m⁻³ vs. $40 m⁻³) and were strategic to the long-term storage of C, the production of softwood saw logs exceeded the production of pulpwood in all scenarios. Selection harvesting was generally the preferred harvesting method across scenarios. Only in scenario 1 did levels of clearcut harvesting occasionally exceed those of selection harvesting, mainly in the removal of old, dilapidated stands early in the simulation (i.e., during periods 1 through 3). Scenario 2 provided the greatest total C-storage increase over 80 years (i.e., 14 × 10⁶ Mg C, or roughly 264 Mg ha⁻¹) at a cost of $111 per Mg C due to lost revenues. Scenarios 3 and 1 produced reduced storage rates of roughly 9 × 10⁶ Mg C and 3 × 10⁶ Mg C, respectively; about 64% and 22% of the total, 80-year C storage calculated in scenario 2. The bulk of the C in scenario 2 was stored in the forest, amounting to about 76% of the total C sequestered.     

广东省人为源BC、OC排放清单建立与校验

根据收集的人为源活动水平数据和最新的排放因子,采用"自下而上"和"自上而下"相结合的排放因子法建立了广东省2012年人为源BC、OC排放清单.结果显示,2012年广东省人为源BC、OC排放量分别为53.5×103、78.8×103t.BC排放主要来自道路移动源和生物质燃烧源,贡献率分别为30.1%和29.4%,生物质燃烧源和餐饮源是主要的OC排放贡献源,贡献率分别为48.5%和16.9%.建立的BC、OC排放源清单仍然具有较大的不确定性,分别为-66%~154%和-63%~126%.其中,道路移动源和生物质燃烧源是主要的不确定贡献源,餐饮源和扬尘源次之,不确定性主要来自由质量分数间接得到的BC和OC排放因子.最后,采用清单结果横向比较法和基于环境监测浓度结果对比法2种方法对本研究的结果进行了校验,结果表明,本研究清单结果基本合理.建议统一不同排放源成分谱的建立方法,加强排放源颗粒物测试,并重视清单结果校验的研究以降低不确定性,从而改进BC、OC排放源清单.     

乐清湾盐沼湿地有机碳密度及碳储量估算

滨海盐沼湿地是蓝色碳汇的重要组成部分,充分挖掘盐沼湿地碳汇能力对我国应对气候变化具有重要的理论和现实意义。本研究在探明乐清湾盐沼植被分布的基础上,采用野外采样和实验室测定相结合的方式,研究了典型盐沼植被的固碳能力,定量估算乐清湾盐沼湿地的碳储量,并系统地分析了不确定性。结果表明：（1）乐清湾主要优势种为入侵种互花米草,分布面积为3352.87 ha,另有盐地碱蓬、芦苇等本地盐沼植物呈零星分布;（2）互花米草具有强大的固碳能力,其碳密度由地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度、沉积物碳密度构成,共计（102.97±9.52）Mg C/ha,其中沉积物碳密度的贡献最大,达（91.11±9.49）Mg C/ha;(3)乐清湾互花米草盐沼湿地总碳储量达（345244.99±31935.38）Mg C,不确定性为12.01%。其中,地上生物量碳储量为（16700.11±4814.43）Mg C,地下生物量碳储量为（23076.19±10005.75）Mg C,沉积物碳储量为（305468.70±31823.15）Mg C。研究结果可为海湾盐沼湿地保护提供科学依据,为建立完善的碳储量监测和评估体系提供...     

瓦里关山大气CO2及其δ13C本底变化

利用 1991— 2 0 0 1年期间实测资料 ,分析了瓦里关全球基准站大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底特征 ,并探讨了与源汇过程的关系 .结果表明 ,瓦里关大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底变化主要反映了北半球中高纬度大陆自然生态系统源汇的周期性季节特征 ,而海洋的作用相对较弱 ;大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底浓度范围与所处纬度带平均状况基本吻合 ,年平均值以及年际间涨落与全球水平的一致性反映出化石燃料燃烧等人为排放对大气圈的全球性影响 ;瓦里关站提供的主要温室气体本底观测资料 ,既能体现亚洲内陆地域特点又具有全球代表性 ,配合以其它相关资料 ,还可进一步揭示中国内陆高原大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底特征的成因 .