UV/H2 O2法对印染废水生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

采用UV/H2O2高级氧化法对印染废水生化出水的处理进行研究,探讨了不同反应时间、H2O2投加量、反应初始pH值等因素对UV254,ADMI7.6、DOC和COD去除效果的影响.结果表明,以UV254、ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率为筛选依据,确定出最佳参数组合为:反应初始pH值为原水pH 7.4～8.1,H2O2投加量为4.5 mmol.L-1,紫外光照射时间为50 min,在最佳处理条件下,UV254、ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率分别达到77%、94%、40%和69%.通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了UV/H2O2氧化工艺对生化出水中各种有机物及色度的去除效果.实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,疏水性物质是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为92%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到53%.UV/H2O2高级氧化法处理此水样中的弱疏水性有机物、疏水酸和非酸疏水物质均有较好的处理效果,对亲水性有机物的处理效果较差.实验表明,相对分子质量>10 000的大分子有机物对DOC和ADMI7.6的去除贡献较大,对UV254的去除贡献接近一半.     

Effects of DOM characteristics from real wastewater on the degradation of pharmaceutically active compounds by the UV/H2O2 process

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can significantly affect the degradation of target compounds by the advanced oxidation processes. In this study, the effects of the different hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity fractions, molecular weight (MW) fractions, fluorescence components and molecular components of DOM extracted from municipal wastewater on the degradation of 4 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), including carbamazepine, clofibric acid, atenolol and erythromycin by the UV/H₂O₂ process were investigated. The results showed that the degradation rate constants of 4 PhACs decreased dramatically in the presence of DOM. The linear regressions of 4 PhACs degradation as a function of specific fluorescence intensity (SFI) are exhibited during the degradation of 4 PhACs and the SFI may be used to evaluate effect of DOM on target compounds in wastewater. The hydrophobic acid (HPO-A) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process. The small MW fractions of DOM significantly inhibited the degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process. Among three fluorescence components, hydrophobic humic-like substances may significantly inhibit the degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process. At the molecular level, the formulas may be derived from terrestrial sources. CHO compound may significantly inhibit the degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process on formula classes. The unsaturated hydrocarbons, carbohydrates and tannins compounds may significantly inhibit the effectiveness of the UV/H₂O₂ process on compound classes.     

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物混凝去除特性研究

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)由于组成复杂、难去除、具有多异质性和分散性,是污水深度处理与回用的主要去除对象和关键限制因子.本论文以发酵制药废水二级出水的DOM为研究对象,采用投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂去除DOM,考察混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值对去除效果的影响,并结合分子量分级、亲疏水性分级以及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法等对DOM进行了系统表征和分析,进一步阐述混凝过程DOM的去除特征.结果表明,PAC投加量为250 mg·L~(-1)、pH=7时,混凝沉淀30 min对DOC、UV_(254)、色度和浊度的去除率分别为13.05%±0.29%、23.65%±0.75%、12.66%±1.34%、63.67%±0.89%;混凝对分子量10 kDa的组分和疏水中性(HON)组分去除效果分别为50.33%±0.98%、21.56%±0.42%,而对分子量1 kDa组分去除率较低为2.26%±0.12%;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析将制药废水二级出水分为2个类腐殖质组分(C1、C3)和1个类蛋白组分(C2),混凝对类腐殖酸组分(C1)最大荧光强度去除率(F_(max))最高为46.22%,而亲水性的小分子和蛋白类物质混凝去除效果较差.     

强化混凝对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物特性的影响

以沈阳市B污水处理厂二级处理出水为研究对象,采用FeCl3.6H2O作为混凝剂,研究了强化混凝对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的卤代活性和荧光特性的影响.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,强化混凝(混凝剂投加量为80mg.L-1,pH=5.00)对DOC的去除率为55.3%.强化混凝对HPO-A的去除率最高,而对HPI的去除率最低.强化混凝后,HPO-N的三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)上升,而其他4种DOM组分的STHMFP下降.强化混凝能够有效去除类富里酸荧光物质和具有高环数和高聚合度的稠环类芳香性荧光物质.强化混凝对DOM组分的去除率和DOM组分的荧光强度下降率的相关性不显著.     

纳米Fe3 O4-H2 O2 非均相Fenton反应催化氧化邻苯二酚

由四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)-过氧化氢(H2O2)构成的非均相Fenton体系主要利用H2O2分解产生的羟基自由基氧化去除难降解有机污染物.研究了邻苯二酚在纳米Fe3O4-H2O2构成的非均相Fenton体系中的催化氧化特征,同时对实验室制备的纳米级Fe3O4和商品微米级Fe3O4两种催化剂的催化活性进行比较,并考察了H2O2初始浓度对邻苯二酚的催化氧化的影响.结果表明,自制纳米Fe3O4-H2O2体系较商品Fe3O4-H2O2体系,能更快速地去除溶液中的邻苯二酚和总有机碳(TOC),邻苯二酚的去除率接近100%,同时能迅速催化H2O2分解.邻苯二酚的催化氧化反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,H2O2的分解反应能用三级反应动力学方程较好拟合.此外,反应过程中铁释放低于0.3 mg.L-1,不足以启动均相Fenton反应,反应机制为由界面反应控制的非均相反应机制.     

UV/TiO2/H2O2体系对制药废水二级出水的处理特性研究

以某制药企业的二级出水为研究对象,对比了UV/TiO₂、UV/H₂O₂、UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂ 3种高级氧化工艺的处理效果,利用自主设计的一体化光催化装置进行了连续动态试验,并通过凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、三维荧光光谱（EEM）、斑马鱼急性毒性试验等方法研究了处理前后有机物特性和生物毒性的变化.结果表明,与UV/TiO₂和UV/H₂O₂体系相比,UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂光芬顿体系对有机物的去除效果更好,当TiO₂投加量为1 g·L^-1,H₂O₂投加量为100 mg·L^-1时,处理效果达到最佳.一体化光催化装置能够利用UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂光芬顿技术快速高效地降解二级出水中的有机污染物,反应30 min时COD去除率达到50%以上.经UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂深度处理后,废水中的大分子有机物分解转换为小分子,有机物中的不饱和结构明显减少,腐殖质等溶解性有机物基本降解完全.毒性试验结果表明,该二级出水的生物毒性经深度处理后显著降低,对斑马鱼胚胎不存在致畸致死效应.     

Decontamination of alachlor herbicide wastewater by a continuous dosing mode ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2 process

We used a ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2 process in continuous dosing mode to degrade the alachlor.Experimental results indicated that lower pH levels enhanced the degradation and mineralization of alachlor. The maximum alachlor degradation(initial alachlor concentration of 50 mg/L) was as high as 100% at pH 3 with ultrasound of 100 Watts, 20 mg/L of Fe2+, 2 mg/min of H2O2 and 20℃ within60 min reaction combined with 46.8% total organic carbon removal. Higher reaction temperatures inhibited the degradation of alachlor. Adequate dosages of Fe2+and H2O2 in ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2process not only enhance the degradation efficiency of alachlor but also save the operational cost than the sole ultrasound or Fenton process. A continuous dosing mode ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2 process was proven as an effective method to degrade the alachlor.     

Photodegradation of amoxicillin by catalyzed Fe3+/H2O2 process

Three oxidation processes of UV-Fe³⁺(EDTA)/H₂O₂ (UV: ultraviolet light; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ and Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ were simultaneously investigated for the degradation of amoxicillin at pH 7.0. The results indicated that, 100% amoxicillin degradation and 81.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) removal could be achieved in the UV-Fe³⁺ (EDTA)/H₂O₂ process. The treatment efficiency of amoxicillin and COD_Cr removal were found to decrease to 59.0% and 43.0% in the UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process; 39.6% and 31.3% in the Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process. Moreover, the results of biodegradability (biological oxygen demand (BOD₅)/COD_Cr ratio) revealed that the UV-Fe³⁺ (EDTA)/H₂O₂ process was a promising strategy to degrade amoxicillin as the biodegradability of the effluent was improved to 0.45, compared with the cases of UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ (0.25) and Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ (0.10) processes. Therefore, it could be deduced that EDTA and UV light performed synergetic catalytic effect on the Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process, enhancing the treatment efficiency. The degradation mechanisms were also investigated via UV-Vis spectra, and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectra. The degradation pathway of amoxicillin was further proposed.     

Optimization of H2O2 dosage in microwave-H2O2 process for sludge pretreatment with uniform design method

A microwave-H₂O₂ process for sludge pretreatment exhibited high efficiencies of releasing organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but large quantities of H₂O₂ residues were detected. A uniform design method was thus employed in this study to further optimize H₂O₂ dosage by investigating effects of pH and H₂O₂ dosage on the amount of H₂O₂ residue and releases of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus. A regression model was established with pH and H₂O₂ dosage as the independent variables, and H₂O₂ residue and releases of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus as the dependent variables. In the optimized microwave-H₂O₂ process, the pH value of the sludge was firstly adjusted to 11.0, then the sludge was heated to 80℃ and H₂O₂ was dosed at a H₂O₂:mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) ratio of 0.2, and the sludge was finally heated to 100℃ by microwave irradiation. Compared to the microwave-H₂O₂ process without optimization, the H₂O₂ dosage and the utilization rate of H₂O₂ in the optimized microwave-H₂O₂ process were reduced by 80% and greatly improved by 3.87 times, respectively, when the H₂O₂:MLSS dosage ratio was decreased from 1.0 to 0.2, resulting in nearly the same release rate of soluble chemical oxygen demand in the microwave-H₂O₂ process without optimization at H₂O₂:MLSS ratio of 0.5.     

O3/H2O2法灭活水中剑水蚤类浮游动物

为解决水源水中孳生的水蚤类浮游动物难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题,进行了O₃氧化、H₂O₂氧化和O₃/H₂O₂高级氧化对水体中剑水蚤类浮游动物灭活效果的试验研究.发现3种方法中,O₃/H₂O₂联合时除蚤效果最佳,在蒸馏水中投量为O31.0mg/L、H₂O₂4mg/L时,接触30min达到100%的灭蚤率;单独O₃氧化效果也较好,投加1.0mg/L的灭蚤率为80%;H₂O₂氧化效果不理想,投加4mg/L几乎无灭蚤效果.进而考察确定了O₃/H₂O₂灭活剑水蚤的最佳工艺条件为:先加O₃后加H₂O₂,投加间隔时间30～60s为宜;并探讨了H₂O₂投量、水体pH值以及有机物含量对O₃/H₂O₂系统灭活剑水蚤效果的影响.试验中发现H₂O₂投量在4～10mg/L之间效果无较大变化,有机物含量对灭蚤影响较大,pH值的影响则较小.最后对O₃/H₂O₂预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同除蚤效能进行了考察.结果表明,O₃/H₂O₂预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同作用将会进一步提高除蚤的效果.     

O3/H2O2降解Atrazine效能研究

利用O₃/H²O²降解莠去津,对氧化产物进行了色谱分析,以评价该体系降解莠去津效能.莠去津初始浓度2 mg/L,7.5 mg/L的O₃单独氧化去除率为27.2%;相同O₃投量下,H²O²/O₃摩尔比0.75时,5 min莠去津的去除率最高可达96.5%,表明H²O²/O₃体系对莠去津的去除效果良好,降解速度快.以离子色谱对产物的离子进行分析,莠去津浓度下降的同时,硝酸根和氯离子浓度增高.GC-MS检测的产物和对LC-MS谱图的分析表明,有机产物中存在脱乙基、脱异丙基和脱氯莠去津,说明H²O²/O₃并不能彻底氧化莠去津,因此工程中作为主要去除单元或突发性污染事件的应急手段可能还需要与活性炭等单元联用.     

O3/H2O2氧化苯乙烯气体性能及机制

O3/H2O2体系能产生大量自由基,臭氧与自由基的耦合氧化作用能提高苯乙烯的氧化去除效率.采用O3/H2O2氧化高浓度苯乙烯有机废气,研究了臭氧投加量、停留时间、H2O2体积分数、循环液喷淋密度和O3/C8H8摩尔比对苯乙烯去除率的影响.结果表明,O3/H2O2气液两相氧化能高效净化苯乙烯有机废气,苯乙烯去除率可达85.7%.适宜运行条件:停留时间为20.6 s,H2O2体积分数为10%,喷淋密度为1.72 m3·(m2·h)-1,O3/C8H8摩尔比为0.46.采用GC-MS分析O3/H2O2气液两相高级氧化苯乙烯出口气样,研究结果表明苯甲醛(C6H5CHO)和苯甲酸(C6H5COOH)为O3/H2O2氧化苯乙烯的中间产物,并推测出苯乙烯的降解机制.     

Mo-modified Pd/Al2O3 catalysts for benzene catalytic combustion

Mo-modified Pd/Al2O3catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method and tested for the catalytic combustion of benzene. The catalysts were characterized by N2 isothermal adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, temperatureprogrammed desorption of NH3（NH3-TPD）, H2temperature-programmed reduction（H2-TPR）, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy（HAADF-STEM）. The results showed that the addition of Mo effectively improved the activity and stability of the Pd/Al2O3catalyst by increasing the dispersion of Pd active components, changing the partial oxidation state of palladium and increasing the oxygen species concentration on the surface of catalyst. In the case of the Pd-Mo/Al2O3catalyst,benzene conversion of 90% was obtained at temperatures as low as 190°C, which was 45°C lower than that for similar performance with the Pd/Al2O3catalyst. Moreover, the 1.0% Pd-5% Mo/Al2O3catalyst was more active than the 2.0% Pd/Al2O3catalyst. It was concluded that Pd and Mo have a synergistic effect in benzene catalytic combustion.     

UV/H_2O_2氧化处理水中去污剂

表面活性剂是一类特殊的有机污染物,在去污、洗衣、印染等废水中广泛存在.本文以某电厂实用的5种去污剂为研究对象,考察了UV/H2O2对5种去污剂的矿化能力,研究了H2O2和去污剂初始浓度、初始p H值、去污剂种类、辐照时间等因素对氧化效果的影响.结果表明,5种去污剂在254 nm处均无较强吸收,单独UV辐照对其降解效果不明显.当去污剂初始DOC浓度为50 mg·L-1,H2O2最佳投加量为1 m L·L-1,反应时间为90 min时,对5种去污剂的矿化率(即DOC去除率)在53%~87%,矿化率随去污剂种类的不同而不同.对去污剂的矿化率随着UV辐照时间的延长而增大,去除率曲线符合一级反应动力学方程.废水初始p H值对氧化效果的影响不显著,H2O2/DOC比值对氧化效果有显著影响.研究表明,UV/H2O2技术能高效矿化水中的去污剂,H2O2/DOC比值和UV辐照时间是影响氧化效率的关键因素.     

纳米Fe3O4/H2O2降解诺氟沙星

采用纳米Fe3O4催化H2O2氧化降解水环境中的诺氟沙星.考察了溶液酸度、温度、催化剂和H2O2浓度对诺氟沙星降解的影响,对比不同底物在Fe3O4/H2O2体系中的降解情况,并进一步探讨了其反应机制.结果表明,溶液酸度显著影响诺氟沙星的降解率,在酸性条件下（pH=3.5）诺氟沙星的降解效率最高.诺氟沙星的降解率随纳米F...     

水力空化强化H2O2氧化降解水中苯酚的研究

采用水力空化强化H₂O₂降解水中苯酚,考察入口压力,ρ(H₂O₂)和溶解气体等因素对苯酚降解的影响;比较了水力空化方法和超声空化方法降解水中苯酚的能耗效率.研究表明:苯酚降解率随着入口压力的增大而增大,入口压力从1.0×105 Pa增大到3.5×105 Pa时,相应地苯酚降解率从17.6%增加到47.6%;在一定条件下,ρ(H₂O₂)有一个最佳值;不同的溶解气体对苯酚降解效果的影响不同,O₂的效果比N₂好.分析ρ(H₂O₂)和溶解气体对苯酚降解效果的影响及苯酚降解中间产物的分布表明,羟基自由基的产生是苯酚降解的主要原因,水力空化的能量利用率是超声空化的5.4倍.      

Ce-Mn/Al2O3-H2O2催化氧化皮革废水的研究

以浸渍法制备了Ce-Mn/Al_2O_3催化剂,研究该催化剂在H_2O_2非均相类Fenton体系中对皮革废水污染物的催化降解性能.在单因素试验的基础上,以COD去除率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法考察了催化剂投加量、H_2O_2投加量、初始pH、反应时间等4个因素之间的单独作用及交互作用,实验数据用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行处理,得到二次响应曲面模型.结果表明,4个独立变量对响应值的影响顺序如下:初始pHH_2O_2投加量催化剂投加量反应时间,数学模型拟合度高(R_(adj)~2=0.9349),利用该模型预测的最大COD去除率为78.86%,最佳反应条件为:催化剂投加量56.63 g·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量315.15 mg·L~(-1),初始pH3.51,反应时间2 h,经实验验证COD去除率为80.94%,与模型预测值偏差2.08%.     

GAC-O3/H2O2体系去除准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物的研究

为了降低准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物浓度和提高体系可生化性,构建了GAC(粒状活性炭)-O_3/H_2O_2体系催化降解矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物.同时,考察了体系O_3、GAC和H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值对GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理渗滤液尾水的影响,并使用分子量分布、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱解析了难降解有机物在GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系的转化机制.结果表明:在GAC投加量为10 g·L-1,O_3投加量为32.16 mg·min-1,H_2O_2投加量为3 m L·L-1,初始pH值为5的条件下,反应20 min后,其渗滤液尾水的COD和UV245分别从700.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.488下降到393.85 mg·L~(-1)和0.244,COD和UV254的去除率分别为43.80%和50.00%.经GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理后,得益于含芳香环有机物的有效降解,渗滤液尾水中大分子有机物(大于50 k Da)明显减少,分子量小于1 k Da的有机物比例增多.与此同时,紫外区类富里酸荧光区及可见光区类富里酸荧光区峰值也大幅降低,其去除率分别为70.20%和58.69%,B/C从0.04增加到0.35,这也使得废水可生化性大幅提高.     

碳负载富氧空位的NiCo2O4用于电催化还原硝酸盐

水体中硝酸盐是一种广泛存在的污染物,因此,开发用于水中硝酸盐还原的高效电催化剂受到广泛关注.采用溶胶-凝胶法耦合硼氢化钠还原法制备了碳负载富氧空位的NiCo₂O_4-x/C电催化剂,并研究其去除硝酸盐的性能.结果发现,在该体系中,耦合导电碳载体可改善半导体型电催化剂导电性,构建氧空位可促使原子H^*生成,最终实现硝酸盐高效还原.NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极在电流密度为20 mA·cm^-2、pH=7的条件下,可于3 h内去除水中94.8%的NO₃^--N,相较于NiCo₂O₄及NiCo₂O₄/C阴极,NO₃^--N去除率分别提高了36.6%和12.2%.此外,NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极在连续5次还原硝酸盐过程中性能并未有明显变化.结合掩蔽实验和电子顺磁共振波谱分析证实,NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极除了可通过直接电子还原硝酸盐外,还可以通过生成原子H^*间接还原硝酸盐.通过对实际废水处理进一步验证其转化硝酸盐的性能,研究表明,NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极可有效去除焦化废水生物出水中硝酸盐.     

荧光光谱结合平行因子分析研究夏季周村水库溶解性有机物的分布与来源

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型,解析了2015年8月夏季周村水源水库中溶解性有机物(DOM)的组分并利用主成分分析法对影响水体DOM的主要因素及其相对贡献量进行了研究.结果表明,周村水库水体中的DOM可分为3个组分,分别为类富里酸荧光组分C1(260,350/420 nm)、类蛋白荧光组分C2(280/360 nm)和类腐殖酸组分C3(270,390/530 nm),且3个组分具有同源性;各组分平面分布均匀,入库口总荧光强度略高;较高的荧光指数FI,较高的自生源指标BIX,较低的腐殖化指标HIX以及接近于1的新鲜度指数(β∶α)综合表明夏季周村水库DOM的来源以自生源为主,并结合主成分分析得出,内源对DOM贡献率高达70.96%.与此同时,周村水库水体DOM各组分与aph(440)拟合相关性较好.因此可以通过对DOM三维荧光光谱的研究,有助于水库管理者更有目的地进行污染源的控制和治理,同时可以在一定程度上指示周村水库水体富营养化水平.