北京2013年1月连续强霾过程的污染特征及成因分析

以北京市2013年1月份连续灰霾天气中10~16日的强霾污染过程为例,利用MPL-4B型IDS系列微脉冲激光雷达观测资料由Fernald算法反演得到此次污染过程中气溶胶垂直分布特性,结合地面气象条件和天气形势分析污染原因,并讨论与气溶胶地面监测数据的符合性.结果表明:此次连续强霾过程污染严重,观测时段内89.4%的时间出现霾,39.8%的污染时段达到重度霾级别,其中大气地表消光系数与PM2.5浓度变化呈显著线性相关关系,相关系数达0.95.研究过程内,大气边界层在91%的时段低于500m,平均仅为293m,低边界层抑制了污染物的有效扩散;近地面垂向各高度的消光系数持续达到1.5km-1以上,对比气溶胶退偏比发现城市上空的大气强消光为气溶胶颗粒物和大气水分共同导致;气溶胶光学厚度(AOD,532nm)较大,有83.6%的时段超过1,且受相对湿度影响较大,相对湿度偏小时段的AOD值主要为气溶胶颗粒贡献,相对湿度较大时段,细颗粒物吸湿增长导致AOD受大气水分干扰显著.连续静稳的天气形势和区域污染是导致此次强霾发生和持续的主要原因,高湿天气则加剧了灰霾状况.     

北京春季大气气溶胶光学特性研究

为了解北京春季气溶胶光学特性,利用AERONET Level 2.0数据资料研究了2010～2014年北京市春季大气气溶胶光学参数,以晴空作为背景,比较分析了春季及沙尘期间大气气溶胶光学性质的差异.研究发现,北京春季与沙尘期间粗粒子消光占总消光的28%和59%,沙尘期间粒子吸收仅占消光的11.4%,说明沙尘天气发生时以粗粒子消光为主且吸收作用弱.沙尘天气溶胶光学厚度呈现出高值,其值为春季平均值的1.7倍.Angstrom波长指数在沙尘期间远小于非沙尘期间,且有85%小于0.6.北京春季体积尺度谱以粗模态峰为主,其中沙尘天粗模态的体积浓度为0.81μm³/μm²明显大于春季的值(0.25μm³/μm²).沙尘期间单次散射反照率随波长增加递增,在波长440~1020nm间的平均值大于春季均值.复折射指数实部在沙尘过程的平均值达到1.51(440nm),春季均值为1.48(440nm),表明沙尘气溶胶的散射能力更强;复折射指数虚部随波长增大呈减小趋势,且春季平均值大于沙尘期间的值.沙尘期间辐射强迫大于春季值,并远高于春季晴空条件下均值.     

天津城区大气气溶胶复折射指数的反演及消光贡献分析

气溶胶的复折射指数是直接影响其散射特性和吸收特性的基本物理量之一.为深入研究城市大气气溶胶的复折射指数特征,引入一种具有高时间分辨率优点的反演方法来反演气溶胶复折射指数.依据辐射传输理论,将天津大气边界层观测站观测到的高精度散射系数、吸收系数和数浓度谱分布数据利用查表法代入Mie理论气溶胶粒子群消光计算公式,对大气气溶胶复折射指数进行反演.结果表明:①天津城区2011年4月观测地点0.55 μm波长处的气溶胶复折射指数实部平均值为1.64,虚部平均值为0.015.②气溶胶复折射指数实部和虚部均有明显日变化规律,实部和虚部均与相对湿度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关.③利用反演得到的复折射指数对不同粒径大气气溶胶的消光特性进行计算发现,对散射特性而言,>0.25~1.00 μm粒子对散射系数的贡献率达86%;对吸收特性而言,>0.25~2.50 μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为53%,>2.50~32.00 μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为47%.研究显示,>0.25~1.00和>1.00~32.00 μm的粒子对吸收系数的贡献率均较高,但对散射系数而言,>0.25~1.00 μm的粒子贡献率较高,因此综合考虑气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数和消光系数,控制>0.25~1.00 μm的气溶胶粒子数浓度可有效改善大气能见度.      

北京2010年10月一次典型灰霾过程光学特性分析

利用探空资料、NECP再分析资料、AERONET气溶胶反演资料等分析了北京地区一次典型灰霾天气过程的成因及气溶胶光学特性参数变化情况.结果表明:此次灰霾期间,稳定的环流形势、湿润的环境及逆温结构的存在是灰霾得以持续和发展的重要原因.灰霾期间AOD、PM2.5浓度逐渐增大,能见度逐渐降低,这可能与局地气溶胶的累积和相对湿度的增大有关,使气溶胶粒子的消光性增强.气溶胶的体积谱表现为双峰型结构,细粒子体积浓度峰值远大于粗粒子浓度峰值,且细粒子浓度峰值逐日增大,Angstrom波长指数在1.2~1.4之间,两参数均可表明此次灰霾过程的污染粒子以气溶胶细粒子为主;灰霾期间SSA逐日增大,表明气溶胶粒子的散射性逐渐增强,SSA随波长的变化主要呈现两种变化趋势,这与当日主控粒子的尺度有关.因气溶胶的作用,使到达地面的辐射通量减小.这些光学特性参量的变化为了解北京地区灰霾期间气溶胶特性及其气候效应提供了参考.     

Properties of atmospheric aerosols inverted from optical remote sensing

A new approach is proposed for optical remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols. A multiwavelength radiometer was used to measure direct solar radiation and sky radiation on the solar almucantar. The scattering phase function, the atmospheric optical depth, and their variation with wavelength were inverted simultaneously. A ‘reserve’ method was used to obtain the size distribution and refractive index of atmospheric aerosols. The results indicated that in Beijing city, the minimum total optical depth was 0.33 measured in September and October, and the maximum was 0.462 measured in March. The average value of the imaginary part of refractive index was 0.034 (0.532 μm) measured in winter (heating periods), and was only 0.016 (0.532 μm) measured in nonheating periods. A parallel observation was made to check the remote method, in which the aerosol size distribution was measured with a cascade sampler and the absorption coefficient of aerosols was obtained with the integrating plate method. The agreement of the results showed that the approach proposed was useful.     

深圳市大气能见度影响因子研究

概述了大气气溶胶的光学性质,并结合深圳市实际,研究深圳市主要气溶胶因子与大气能见度的关系。     

天津冬季雾霾天气下颗粒物质量浓度分布与光学特性

年1—2月连续在线观测天津ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)、大气能见度、σ_sp(气溶胶散射系数)、σ_ap(气溶胶吸收系数)和AOD(大气光学厚度),结合气象资料,分析天津城区雾霾天气下的颗粒物质量浓度分布与光学特性. 结果表明:在为期52d的观测期间,发生雾日8d、轻雾日1d、霾日29d,雾霾日占观测时长的73%;霾日ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀)为0.65,SSA(单次散射反照率)为0.95,MSE(气溶胶质量散射系数)为3.30m2/g,均高于非雾霾日,表明雾霾日下细粒子的散射作用是大气消光的主要贡献者;雾霾日的σ_sp和σ_ap均高于非雾霾日,随着霾等级增强,σ_sp和σ_ap逐渐增大,重度霾天气的σ_sp和σ_ap与中度霾天气相当,分析高RH可能是造成能见度进一步降低的主要因素;雾霾天气下AOD_500nm和波长指数均显著高于非雾霾天气,表明雾霾天气下气溶胶浓度远高于非雾霾天气,并且细粒子占主导地位.      

Aerosol structure and vertical distribution in a multi-source dust region

The vertical distribution of aerosols was directly observed under various atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere using surface micro-pulse lidar (MPL4) at the Zhangye Station (39.08°N, 100.27°E) in western China in the spring of 2008. The study shows that the aerosol distribution over Zhangye can be vertically classified into upper, middle and lower layers with altitudes of 4.5 to 9 km, 2.5 to 4.5 km, and less than 2.5 km, respectively. The aerosol in the upper layer originated from the external sources at higher altitude regions, from far desert regions upwind of Zhangye or transported from higher atmospheric layers by free convection, and the altitude of this aerosol layer decreased with time; the aerosols in the middle and lower layers originated from both external and local sources. The aerosol extinction coefficients in the upper and lower layers decreased with altitude, whereas the coefficient in the middle layer changed only slightly, which suggests that aerosol mixing occurs in the middle layer. The distribution of aerosols with altitude has three features: a single peak that forms under stable atmospheric conditions, an exponential decrease with altitude that occurs under unstable atmospheric conditions, and slight change in the mixed layer. Due to the impact of the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, the diurnal variation in the aerosol extinction coefficient has a single peak, which is higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning.     

Automatic and continuous measurement of aerosol properties in Dunhuang, China

Ground-based simultaneous observations of sun direct and scattering radiation were carded out in Dunhuang for nearly 2 years.Aerosol optical depth, Angstrom wavelength exponent and size distribution were obtained from solar extinction and sky radiation. Water vapor content was obtained from sun direct radiation measurement at 940 nm. Relationship between aerosol properties and water vapor was discussed. Results showed that distinct seasonality of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom wavelength exponent was corresponding to seasonal variation of dust activity. Aerosol relative size distribution kept stable and volume concentration change was the reason resulting in variation of aerosol optical depth. Water vapor had minor effects on aerosol optical and physical properties.     

2018年中国长江三角洲地区气溶胶的垂直分布特征

利用主动式遥感卫星云-气溶胶激光雷达和红外探测者卫星观测(CALIPSO)提供的激光雷达资料,重点分析了2017-12～2018-11中国长江三角洲地区对流层大气中532 nm气溶胶消光系数,气溶胶退偏比,气溶胶色比以及各类型气溶胶的时空变化特征.对气溶胶的光学参数随高度变化的研究表明,与对流层高空相比,一般在对流层低空中气溶胶消光能力更强,气溶胶粒子更规则,气溶胶粒径更小.对气溶胶的光学参数随季节变化的研究表明,与冬春季相比,一般夏秋季在对流层高空中气溶胶消光能力更强,在2 km以下气溶胶粒子更规则,在对流层高空中气溶胶粒径的范围更大.长江三角洲地区全年中污染沙尘气溶胶出现的频率最高,为37. 481 6%,夏秋季烟尘、污染大陆与洁净海洋气溶胶出现的频率比冬春季高,而夏秋季沙漠沙尘气溶胶出现的频率相对较低.     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 light extinction in an urban atmosphere in China

Haze in China is primarily caused by high pollution of atmospheric fine particulates (PM_2.5). However, the detailed source structures of PM_2.5 light extinction have not been well established, especially for the roles of various organic aerosols, which makes haze management lack specified targets. This study obtained the mass concentrations of the chemical compositions and the light extinction coefficients of fine particles in the winter in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, using high time resolution aerosol observation instruments. We combined the positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis model of organic aerosols and the multiple linear regression method to establish a quantitative relationship model between the main chemical components, in particular the different sources of organic aerosols and the extinction coefficients of fine particles with a high goodness of fit (R² = 0.953). The results show that the contribution rates of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and black carbon (BC) were 48.1%, 20.7%, 15.0%, 10.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. It can be seen that the contribution of the secondary aerosols is much higher than that of the primary aerosols (79.4% versus 20.6%) and are a major factor in the visibility decline. BBOA is found to have a high visibility destroying potential, with a high mass extinction coefficient, and was the largest contributor during some high pollution periods. A more detailed analysis indicates that the contribution of the enhanced absorption caused by BC mixing state was approximately 37.7% of the total particle absorption and should not be neglected.     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

大气气溶胶多层结构的激光雷达探测

目的探测大气气溶胶的垂直分布,表征气溶胶的垂直结构和各层气溶胶的性质。方法使用金华站点激光雷达观测数据进行个例分析,用梯度法对边界层进行反演,利用退偏振比、颜色比和光学厚度对大气中不同高度的气溶胶层进行分析。结果大气垂直结构会出现多层不同性质的气溶胶层,激光雷达可以准确地探测气溶胶随时间变化的垂直结构特征。选取0点至8点进行分析表明,在1.5km高度上下出现两层气溶胶层,上下两层气溶胶层呈现出不同的性质,且其性质会随时间变化而改变。结论大气边界层以外气溶胶分布较为复杂,利用激光雷达探测的气溶胶消光系数、退偏振比、颜色比和光学厚度等参数能够较好地表征气溶胶的垂直结构和各层气溶胶的性质。     

Multi wavelength measurements of atmospheric turbidity and determination of the fluctuations in total ozone over Antarctica

Sun photometer measurements have been made at λ = 310, 368 and 500 nm during a number of Indian expeditions to Antarctica. The measurements have also been made at λ = 368 and 500 nm over the ocean on a cruise to one of the expeditions. Both the optical depth (a_H) and the turbidity (T) due to atmospheric haze aerosols have been computed over the ocean and over Antarctica. In general, the values of the optical depth are higher at λ = 368 nm that at λ = 500 nm. The values of the optical depth (and turbidity) are also higher over the ocean than over Antarctica. Based on the measurements made at λ = 368 and 500 nm, the exponent α = 2 describes the wavelength dependence of the optical depth. This wavelength dependence of the optical depth has been used to obtain the optical depth at λ = 310 nm. The corresponding value of the selective absorption due to ozone (kx ≈ 1.1, total ozone x = 0.3 atm-cm) is much greater than the aerosol optical depth a_H (≈ 0.11). The optical depth due to Rayleigh scattering (a_R ≈ 1.03) being constant. The relative variability (rms/mean), due to fluctuations on time-scales of a few hours to daily variations, in the computed values of the optical depth a_H has been observed to be about 6% during January 1988. The relative variability in the measured intensity at λ = 310 nm, at a zenith angle of 60°, during this period is observed to be about 14%. The relative variability in the total ozone obtained from in situ measurements with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for the same period is about 3%. It is shown that the wavelength λ = 310 nm, which is towards the upper limits of the u.v.-B band that is highly absorbed, is perhaps best suited to monitor fluctuations in the total ozone (x). This technique is likely to be more effective during the local spring period of September–November over Antarctica, where the phenomenon of the ozone ‘hole’ occurs.     

大气气溶胶性质及其卫星遥感反演

论述了大气气溶胶的物理性质(含微物理性质)、化学性质及光学性质,特别是黑碳气溶胶的物理、化学和光学性质及其对气候强迫作用和对人居环境的影响,同时对光化学形成的二次气溶胶进行了简要介绍.指出一般气溶胶具有负气候强迫效应,而黑碳气溶胶具有较强的正气候强迫效应.在分析影响气溶胶性质的各种因素时发现,气溶胶性质除受外在环境因素影响外,也受内在的自身因素的相互影响.对卫星遥感气溶胶的原理及其在卫星遥感反演中气溶胶多种性质间复杂的相互关系进行了论述,并针对未来气溶胶的研究提出建议.      

基于移动激光雷达观测的徐州市区气溶胶分布特征

将微脉冲激光雷达与GPS等仪器集成在车辆上组成移动观测系统,以徐州市为研究区域,开展大气环境立体走航式观测获取了2015年1月11日（重度污染）、12日（空气质量良好）、17日（轻度污染）3d的市区不同路线的1.5km以下的气溶胶消光廓线信号.结果表明,空气质量良好和轻度污染情况时,徐州市近地面气溶胶消光系数相对高值点主要位于商业区域和工业区域.商业区域的污染物主要来自车辆尾气的排放,车流量的大小决定了消光系数值的高低;工业区域的污染物主要来自火电厂的排放,占比达到70%以上.重度污染天气情况下,近地面气溶胶消光系数主要受污染过程的时间演变控制.气溶胶的垂直分布与边界层的演变密切相关,下午的边界层高度比上午普遍要高,晴朗且空气质量良好的情况下,边界层最高,达到1km以上.气溶胶消光系数高值基本出现在250m以下的近地面.工业区域火电厂排放的烟尘主要出现在1km左右.使用不同的仪器测量得到的气溶胶光学厚度趋势大致相同,激光雷达反演的气溶胶光学厚度波动最大.微脉冲激光雷达与GPS等仪器组成的移动观测平台能够有效地探测城市小范围的气溶胶时空分布,而且便捷有效,具有灵活机动性和推广应用价值.     

Optical counter response to monodisperse atmospheric aerosols

The response of a single particle optical counter to monodisperse fractions of ambient Los Angeles aerosols was determined. The monodisperse atmospheric aerosols were obtained using a differential mobility analyzer to select particles of a unifom geometric diameter. The optical counter response for atmospheric aerosols was compared to that for polystyrene latex spheres and to oleic acid particles of the same geometric diameter. Measurements were done with a Particle Measuring Systems (Boulder, CO) LAS-X optical counter of the type used for the Southern California Air Quality Study. The responses to atmospheric particles with diameters of 0.30, 0.38, 0.497 and 0.624 μm were measured at different times between 16 and 30 July 1987. The atmospheric aerosols were found to scatter less light than polysterene latex particles (refractive index = 1.59−0.0i), but about the same amount of light as oleic acid spheres (1.46−0.0i) of the same geometric diameter. On several occasions it was found that atmospheric particles of 0.497 μm geometric diameter produced two distinct optical diameters, indicating heterogeneity in composition among individual particles of this size.     

黄山夏季气溶胶光学特性观测分析

利用2011年6~8月黄山光明顶气溶胶光学参数的观测资料,分析了气溶胶各光学参数的逐日变化和非降水条件下日变化特征,并结合Hysplit后向轨迹模式,探讨了不同气团影响下气溶胶光学参数的变化特征.结果表明:黄山光明顶气溶胶消光作用以散射为主,观测期间气溶胶散射系数(σsc)、吸收系数(σab)、单次散射反照率(SSA)和后向散射比(BSR)的平均值(标准差)分别为62.59(49.17) Mm-1、5.49(3.67) Mm-1、0.89(0.04)和0.13(0.02);各光学特征量具有明显日变化特征.σsc、σab和SSA白天高,夜间低, BSR则相反,边界层活动是影响光明顶气溶胶光学性质日变化的主要因素.聚类分析结果显示光明顶主要受西北方大陆性气团、西南方大陆性气团以及东南方海洋性气团的影响.不同气团影响下,气溶胶光学参数有很大差异,其中北方大陆性气团影响下的σab、σsc和SSA最大,东南方海洋性气团影响下最小,表明大陆性气团传输过程中二次气溶胶生成的影响较为明显.     

Aerosol optical properties derived from imultaneoussunphotometer and aureolemeter measurements in Lhasa

In order to obtain some aerosol properties in Tibetan Plateau atmosphere, simultaneous measurements of aerosols by use of a sunphotometer and an aureolementer were performed in the summer of 1998 in Lhasa(29.65°N, 91.13°E). Optical depth, volume size distribution and phase-function of aerosols were obtained from the measurements. Religious activities can have an effect on optical depth in Lhasa. The daily average aerosol optical depth(λ相似文献   

北京地区大气温湿廓线对气溶胶垂直分布的影响

目的分析北京地区大气温湿廓线对气溶胶垂直分布的影响。方法利用北京地区2017年9月至2018年8月每日两次(08时和20时)的气象探空、地面PM_(2.5)浓度和气溶胶激光雷达消光系数资料,分析不同污染条件下大气温湿廓线与气溶胶消光系数廓线的关系。结果地面PM_(2.5)浓度和210m气溶胶消光系数的相关系数达到0.77。春季、秋季和冬季污染条件下的近地面消光系数约是清洁条件下的5倍,夏季污染条件下的近地面消光系数约是清洁条件下的3倍。相比清洁条件下,污染条件下各季节的大气温度垂直递减率偏小,并且低层大气相对湿度偏大。结论大气温度廓线代表大气层结稳定性,影响气溶胶的扩散高度,而相对湿度廓线与气溶胶吸湿增长密切相关,两者对气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布都有重要影响。