EU Directive,ICNIRP Guidelines and Polish Legislation on Electromagnetic Fields

This review describes the general provisions of and the philosophy behind European Directive 2004/40/EC and ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines. As an example of national legislation on the protection of workers against excessive electromagnetic field exposure, regulations established in Poland are summarized. The problems of a practical implementation of the Directive’s provisions are discussed.     

Employee representation and occupational health and safety: the significance of Europe

This paper considers the implementation and operation of provisions for employee representation in health and safety in a number of member states of the European Union. It describes the results of two studies undertaken in seven European countries, including the UK, between 1989 and 1993. These studies compared legislative provisions for employee representation in health and safety in different countries and analysed the information available on the implementation and operation of these provisions. With regard to the coverage and implementation of legislation, the research found a similar pattern in all of the countries studied, with Britain distinguished by a number of features, most notably the very specific rights on this subject given to trade unions. However, analysis of information on operation of the provisions in all of the countries studied pointed to the strong association between trade union workplace organization and support as a powerful influence and determinant of the effectiveness of employee representation in health and safety. Taking this finding into account, the paper discusses the present and future situation in Britain with special reference to the implications of the provisions on employee representation found in the CEC Framework Directive 89/391.     

焊后局部热处理的加热范围

对ASME及国内压力容器相关标准的新旧版本关于焊后局部热处理加热范围的规定进行了对比分析,指出某些标准对同类条款表达不准确,容易引起设计、制造和监检等各方争议。个别国内标准在新版中对加热宽度的规定欠妥。     

Prevention through design: The effect of European Directives on construction workplace accidents

Workplace accidents still occur with distressing frequency, particularly in construction. Industrialized countries have become increasingly aware of this situation and have adopted policies to attempt to deal with this issue. Such policies have led to the development of new laws and regulations with a view to improving workplace conditions.This paper first analyzes policies regarding accident prevention in the European Union, as initially stipulated in the European Framework Directive 89/391/EEC, and more specifically in Directive 92/57/EEC, on the implementation of minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites, concentrating on prevention through design. Whilst designers previously had some responsibilities for reducing risk under common law provisions in many countries, this directive was the first explicit legislation to enforce particular duties upon them. The adaptation of the provisions in this directive to the national legislation of EU member countries is also studied.The second section of the paper analyzes the incidence rate of workplace accidents in the construction sector in each country from the year when these regulations came into force until the present time. Based on the evolution of these accident rates, the paper postulates the extent to which European policies have contributed to accident prevention in construction. It is now more than a decade since this legislation has been in force which provides a suitable period for a reflective analysis on it is impact.     

Evaluation of offshore emergency preparedness in view of rare accidents

The offshore industry in the North Sea has gone from a very high risk level for employees some 30–40 years ago, to a low level. The paper reviews the statistics briefly and discusses the implications of the low level. There has from the beginning of the operations been strong focus on emergency preparedness, due to the remoteness of the operations mostly far from shore. But there will always have to be a balance between the focus on preventative safety efforts and the extent of emergency preparedness provisions. This is discussed in detail, based on an extensive evaluation of the adequacy of emergency preparedness provisions recently performed. The main findings are presented, and the robustness and validity of the approach is discussed, together with implications of the rare major accidents.     

关于焦化企业所涉危险工艺的分析

依据国家相关规定,分析了传统焦化企业所涉危险工艺,并对企业在危险工艺中需要进一步完善的地方提出了相关建议。     

OHS inspectors and psychosocial risk factors: Evidence from Australia

Legislation giving prominence to psychosocial risk factors at work has changed the role of government occupational health and safety (OHS) inspectors in many countries. Yet little is known about how inspectorates have responded to these changes. Between 2003 and 2007 an Australian study was undertaken on OHS standards, entailing detailed documentary analysis, interviews with 36 inspectorate managers and 89 inspectors, and observations made when researchers accompanied inspectors on 120 typical workplace visits. Our study found that general duty provisions in OHS legislation clearly incorporated psychosocial hazards and inspectorates had introduced guidance material, pursued campaigns and increased interventions in this area. However, the regulatory framework remained narrow (focused on bullying/harassment, occupational violence and work stress) and workplace visits revealed psychosocial hazards as a marginal area of inspectorate activity. These findings were reinforced in interviews. While aware of psychosocial hazards inspectors often saw the issue as problematic due to limited training, resourcing constraints, deficiencies in regulation and fears of victimisation amongst workers. In order to address these problems a number of changes are required that recognize the distinctiveness of psychosocial hazards including their ‘invisibility’. Notable here are revisions to regulation (both general duty provisions and specific codes), the development of comprehensive guidance and assessment tools to be used by inspectors, greater use of procedural enforcement, and enhanced inspectorate resourcing and training. There is also a need to recognize complex inter-linkages between psychosocial hazards and the industrial relations context.     

危废焚烧工程火灾危险性分析及消防系统的选择

为更好地指导危废焚烧工程的消防设计,分析了《危险废物集中焚烧处置工程建设技术规范》(HJ/T 176—2005)、《建筑设计防火规范(2018年版)》(GB 50016—2014)、《石油化工企业设计防火标准(2018年版)》(GB 50160—2008)、《火力发电厂与变电站设计防火标准》(GB 50229—2019)、《钢铁冶金企业设计防火标准》(GB 50414—2018)和《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》(GB 50116—2013)的相关条文,明确了危废焚烧工程重点区域的火灾危险性,对各种火灾报警及灭火系统的适用性进行了对比,并对消防系统的选择提出了建议。     

On the process and implications of drawing up and running a security plan according to ADR in an SME-type company

This paper is specifically related to the provisions of the European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Chapter 1.10, introduced in 2005 as a result of a recognized terrorist threat (the potential misuse of hazardous goods as a weapon), prescribing a Security Plan to be elaborated. The paper outlines the process of drawing up, implementing and running a Security Plan in an anonymous, but typical, SME company in Slovenia, involved in the storage and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and technical gases, considering the provisions set out and the available guidelines. Selected examples of the approaches and issues related to the implementation process are briefly demonstrated, e.g., the risk-assessment results with the anticipated development of the incident events, followed by general examples on personnel authorities and the responsibilities imposed, and similar. The process revealed some critical points and limitations in the expectations. For example, in a typical SME it is difficult to nominate independent representatives who are free of production-related work priorities (as their primary role) for the enforcement, evaluation and testing of the security measures introduced (which is usually their secondary role).     

Combating interference by unauthorised persons

Under the new threat situation it is necessary to impede and if necessary detect ingress by unauthorised persons into the relevant establishment. It may be necessary to take additional measures to protect installations or parts thereof that are especially hazardous or at risk from terrorist attacks from interference by unauthorised persons.

It is the duty of the state to take precautionary and preventive measures to impede or prevent external terrorist attacks or entry by force into establishments. The necessary resources for this purpose must be made available even in times of limited budgets.

Since total protection can never be guaranteed, external emergency measures have a particularly important role to play. The competent authorities in this sector must receive the necessary information from the operators and must take the measures within their sphere of responsibility without delay.

Much of the information necessary for assessment of the risk situation by the operators and the authorities is already available under the provisions on the safety report and the external alarm and emergency plans according to European Seveso II Directive (96/82/EC).

It is recommended that a restriction of disclosure of information on the grounds of public safety should only be permitted for establishments/installations which are to be regarded as security-relevant on the basis of the hazard and the risk analysis.

The outline of the systematic approach of a security analysis like it is proposed in Germany is described separately.     

An evaluation of Washington's driving while intoxicated law: Effect on drunk driving recidivism

The 1980 Washington driving while intoxicated (DWI) law was evaluated to determine its impact on the subsequent driving behavior of persons convicted of DWI. The major provisions of this law were mandatory jail sentences for conviction of DWI and a change in the definition of DWI. The law made it illegal per se for a person to drive with a blood alcohol level of .10% or more. The law was intended to reduce the drunk driving and accidents of individuals convicted of DWI as well as deter such behavior among the general driving population. The study assessed the deterrence effect of the law on convicted DWI offenders. It was found that individuals convicted under the provisions of this law had higher accident rates and drunk driving recidivism rates than individuals convicted under the previous law. These increases suggest that mandatory jail sentences may fail to deter subsequent acts of drunk driving. It was concluded that alternative legal sanctions for DWI (such as license suspensions or revocations) may be sufficiently stringent to produce both general and specific deterrence of drunk driving.     

Parents' views of teen driving risks, the role of parents, and how they plan to manage the risks

PROBLEM: There is limited information about how parents view teen driving risks and intend to handle these risks during the licensing process, and how they will respond to graduated licensing provisions. METHODS: Parents in Connecticut were interviewed when their teens got their learner's permit. The survey was undertaken when the state did not have a midnight restriction or a passenger restriction. RESULTS: Generally, parents were well aware of teen driving risks, thought parents should be thoroughly involved in the licensing process, and plan to be active participants themselves. DISCUSSION: Parents were concerned about the risk of driving after midnight and already restrict that behavior. However, parents do not seem to see or understand the risks of having even one teen passenger in the vehicle. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The views and existing practices of parents need to be taken into account in deciding on the provisions of graduated licensing legislation and how to best ensure acceptance and compliance.     

CEN Standards for Testing and Certifying Personal Protective Equipment—Status Quo and Deficiencies: Examples

By establishing the internal market, the European Union intended to create an area in which safety and health at work are guaranteed. For this purpose, a series of directives was passed.

The EC Directive 89/686/EEC “Approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to personal protective equipment” is of particular interest to the manufacturers of personal protective equipment (PPE). On the European level, harmonized standards, that put these basic health and safety requirements into more concrete terms have to be available. The European Standardizing Committee (CEN) is charged with the elaboration of European standards.

A total of 176 standards relating to personal protective equipment have to be setup; 57 of them are available at present. All CEN members are obliged to transpose them without modification into national standards. Formerly existing national standards have to be withdrawn.

Existing European standards sometimes show deficiencies regarding the specification of requirements according to Directive 89/686/EEC: the standardization of PPE for special fields of application and insufficient harmonization of provisions for different PPE serving the same protective purpose. Test methods are not always described precisely enough.     

三个机场候机厅的火灾安全分区评述

通过参观机场对公众开放的区域,对三个机场侯机厅的火灾安全分区进行了评述,这三个机场是,香港的旧启德机场,澳大利亚的悉尼机场和墨尔本机场,指出了一般的被动建筑设计和积极的火灾防护系统,按照估计的火灾载葆密度对零售区域商店的形状和商品进行了记录,利用消防工程计算程序FIRECALC对三种水喷头的启动时间进行了预测。     

Protection of workers’ mental health in Québec: Do general duty clauses allow labour inspectors to do their job?

Given that no specific provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act explicitly deal with psychosocial risk factors, in Québec, occupational health and safety inspectors employed by the Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CSST) address psychosocial hazards under the Act’s general duty clause. This general duty clause and related provisions require that all employers eliminate hazards at source and protect the health of workers. More specifically, they are required to ensure that the organisation of work does not adversely affect the safety or health of the worker. Since 2004, Québec minimum standards legislation has also provided for the right of workers to an environment that is free from psychological harassment.Written from both a legal and public health perspective, this paper has two primary objectives: first, to better understand the potential and limits of the current legislative framework for the protection of the mental health of workers and second, to describe how scientific knowledge related to high risk situations for the mental health of workers might inform interventions by inspectors for the protection of workers’ mental health.     

高速动车组列车运营环境旅客舒适度调查分析

为了解目前高速动车组列车舒适性现状,构建我国动车组卫生标准体系提供科学依据,根据《TB/T 1932—2014旅客列车卫生及监测技术规定》的规定,将影响舒适度的因素分为车内环境品质因素、旅客个人因素、服务因素3个方面20个指标,对石太客运专线、大西高速铁路运营的列车开展旅客舒适度问卷调查。调查数据表明,调查的高速动车组列车运营环境中车内温度、车内照明度、衣着量3个指标的舒适度评分均值在旅客舒适度评分最佳值±5%的区域,其余指标舒适度评分均值尚未进入旅客舒适度评分最佳值±5%的区域;进而提出应在车内环境因素、服务因素等方面加以改进,不断改善高速动车组列车运营环境。     

安全生产培训机构培训管理者素质要求初探

加强安全培训、提高从业人员安全素质是国务院提出的安全生产12项治本之策之一。全国各级安全生产监督管理部门根据相关规定,认定了四个等级总共近4000家安全培训机构。根据安全生产培训机构和培训管理者的现状,基于现代培训理论、安全培训的实际情况和安全培训管理者职能定位分析,提出了安全培训管理者的六项素质要求。     

高效上流式生物喷淋除臭技术在污水处理厂的应用

针对污水处理厂运行过程中产生的恶臭气体,开发了一套高效上流式生物喷淋除臭系统,介绍了生物喷淋除臭原理以及生物喷淋除臭系统的构成和主要设备参数。工程运行结果表明,高效上流式生物喷淋除臭技术具有工艺简单、除臭效率高、投资建设及运维费用低、长期运行稳定等优点。在运行期间,系统除臭效率大于90%,出口臭气浓度(无量纲)小于2000,H 2S和NH 3的出口质量浓度分别小于5 mg/m^3,3 mg/m^3,达到甚至优于《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—1993)的相关规定。该技术的成功应用,为我国污水处理厂恶臭气体治理排放提供了针对性解决方案。     

The legacy of Bhopal: The impact over the last 20 years and future direction

Chemical process safety was not a major public concern prior to 1984. As far as chemical hazards were concerned, public fears focused on disease (cancer) and environmental degradation. Even a series of major process incident tragedies did not translate into widespread public concerns about major incidents in chemical plants that might disastrously affect the public. This situation changed completely after the December 1984 disaster at the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. Not only was the public's confidence in the chemical industry shaken, the chemical industry itself questioned whether its provisions for protection against major incidents were adequate.

The recognition of the need for technical advances and implementation of management systems led to a number of initiatives by various stakeholders throughout the world. Governments and local authorities throughout the world initiated regulatory regimes. Has all that has resulted from the legacy of Bhopal reduced the frequency and severity of incidents? How can we answer this question? As we move into more and more globalization and other complexities what are the challenges we must address? According to the authors, some of these challenges are widespread dissemination and sharing of lessons learned, risk migration because of globalization, changing workforce, and breakthroughs in emerging areas in process safety.     

香港新机场侯机厅的基本几何结构特点及其火灾安全分区的简短回顾

描述了香港新机场侯机厅的基本几何结构特点,在没有扰乱机场的正常运作的情况下,对侯机厅的火灾安全分区进行了实地考查,对候机厅内的零售店发生轰燃所需的最小热释放速率进行了调查。