Chemistry and controversy: the regulation of environmental chromium

The regulation of chromium in drinking water and sludge illustrates some of the challenges of regulating a chemical with complex environmental chemistry in a dynamic regulatory environment. The controversies evoked in setting environmental standards for chromium reflect technical uncertainties and the conflicting values of affected parties including regulators, citizens potentially exposed to chromium pollution, polluting industries, and research scientists. Regulatory limits for chromium in water and sludge recognize the paradoxical nature of chromium chemistry but also illustrate how the use of risk assessment can alter the regulatory approach. The framework of rationality as described by Crawford-Brown is suggested as a useful tool for evaluating regulatory limits for environmental contaminants. Science-based policies are most rational when they reflect the characteristics of rationality with respect to the ends or objectives sought, the means chosen to achieve these ends, and the beliefs that substantiate the chosen means and ends. If scientific research is to be applied to regulatory or environmental policy questions, then the traditional focus on the rationality of empirically based scientific beliefs must be expanded to consider the focus of the research question and the methodologies used.     

绿色化学与可持续发展

绿色化学是一门从源头上阻止污染的化学,它吸收了传统化学化工、环境、物理、生物、材料和信息等学科的最新理论和技术,代表了化学化工科学理念的重大变革,具有可持续发展的意义。本文介绍了绿色化学的一般概念及绿色化学与环境保护的关系,从主要研究内容及发展现状和趋势等方面阐明了绿色化学是可持续发展的必由之路。     

城市规划中的环境影响评价

城市规划是实现城市可持续发展战略的有效工具,经战略环境评价后实施的城市规划更能科学、全面地反映城市可持续发展的内涵.     

“两高一资”行业定量化判定标准研究

在国家管理制度和管理政策体系整体趋向精细化工的大背景下,结合环保科研的科学性和现行管理体制下各部门与环保相关职能和政策体系设置的可操作性二者的共同需求,以典型水环境污染物和大气污染物为例,在界定污染因子范围的基础上,基于产排污强度、产排污总量、产排污浓度、污染物治理达标成本和污染物毒性等相关定量指标,提出一整套兼顾科学性与可操作性、且便于进行横向和纵向对比的"两高一资"行业定量化判定标准体系,并以石化、纺织和轻工等行业中的典型"高污染"产品为例对此套判定标准进行了验证,证实了其科学性和可操作性,为今后科学地开展行业环保工作、有针对性地发挥相关政策在促进工业领域节能减排方面政策实效提供了共同的技术基础和连接点。     

战略环评与项目环评关联性分析研究

结合国内外战略环境评价研究现状,对战略环境评价和项目环境影响评价的关系进行了较为全面地分析比较。通过分析项目环境影响评价的不足和战略环境评价的优点,指出开展战略环境评价,能完善环境影响评价体系,促进可持续发展战略实施。并就战略环境评价与项目环境影响评价在研究对象、管理体系、技术特点、方法体系和技术手段等方面的区别做了明确阐述,指出战略环境评价在操作上应注意与项目环境影响评价的不同及联系,明确了二者的层次关系及可借鉴之处。     

Dynamic analysis and assessment for sustainable development

The assessment of sustainable development is crucial for constituting sustainable development strategies.Assessment methods that exist so far usually only use an indicator system for making sustainable judgement.These indicators rarely reflect dynamic characteristics.However,sustainable development is influenced by changes in the social-economic system and in the eco-environmental system at different times.Besides the spatial character,sustainable development has a temporal character that can not be neglected;therefore the research system should also be dynamic.This paper focuses on this dynamic trait,so that the assessment results obtained provide more information for judgements in decision-making processes.Firstly the dynamic characteristics of sustainable development are analyzed,which point to a track of sustainable development that is an upward undulating curve.According to the dynamic character and the development rules of a social,economic and ecological system,a flexible assessment approach that is based on tendency analysis,restrictive conditions and a feedback system is then proposed for sustainable development.     

Environmental decision making in multi-stakeholder contexts: applicability of life cycle thinking in development planning and implementation

According to the targets set for sustainability, integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs is one of the main goals for development projects. A major challenge in the development field is cross-sectoral integrated planning and achieving multi-stakeholder consensus for collaborative joint projects, especially when sustainability is a goal. This increases the complexity of the multi-stakeholder interaction in decision making and requires enhanced mechanisms for stakeholder participation, coordination, and commitment beyond narrow self-interest. A critical aspect in the decision making process is to enable stakeholders to not only interpret and make decisions based on expert judgments, but also to appropriately involve the relevant parties in the research and decision making process. Therefore, scientific analyses in multi-stakeholder contexts have to be more transparent, participatory, and stakeholder-based in order to provide useful information to assist responsible decision making.This paper presents an outline of a stakeholder-based life cycle assessment approach that can be used to support sustainable decision making in multi-stakeholder contexts. The framework is discussed and compared to other common methods used to support environmental decision making in development projects. We argue that the fundamental concept of life cycle thinking can be effectively used to incorporate stakeholders in the research and decision making process, which can lead to more comprehensive, yet achievable assessments in collaboration with stakeholders. Life cycle thinking is not just a way to examine environmental impacts of activities, but also a way to comprehend and visualize a broader set of upstream and downstream consequences of decisions in development planning and implementation. A life cycle framework including the mapping of stakeholder involvement at each activity in upstream and downstream stages would give stakeholders a holistic view that they otherwise may not have.     

人体需要经常补硒

从硒的生物学作用和防治疾病等方面剖析了硒与人体健康的关系；从元素地球化学、生物地球化学和化学地理等方面探讨了我国缺硒区的形成、分布和等级的划分；从环境地球化学物质场和元素生物地球化学营养链等方面．阐明了作物、禽畜和人体缺硒的原因、危害及其人体补硒的途径和方法，提出了在缺硒区运用元素生物地球化学营养链营养结构模式的原理、和技术方法，从土壤中获取富硒有机食品，供居民食用，是进行食物补硒、提高人体摄硒量、提高人体免疫功能和防治缺硒病症的根本措施。     

Environmental,financial and quality assessment of drinking water processes at Waternet

Waternet (formerly Amsterdam Water Supply) has been seeking a sustainable scenario for producing drinking water and offering services that fulfill the requirements of clients and regulations, and, at the same time, maintains a sound environmental performance while keeping costs as low as possible. Presently, the company is in the process of evaluating alternatives for the treatment of water that cause the least financial and environmental impacts. The quantification of these impacts, for the current conditions, was carried out in earlier investigations. However, until now, the water quality aspect was not yet considered.In order to include this water quality aspect into the financial and environmental assessment, a quality function was constructed created by comparing water quality parameter values for a current and an alternative treatment process. Four qualifications were assigned to the sum of these scores: “Worse”, “Same”, “Better” and “Much better”. The qualifications allowed the comparison of the water quality and the financial and environmental impacts of the selected alternatives using a graphical representation of them.The method was applied focusing on the environmental and financial assessment of six alternative processes for the Loenderveen–Weesperkarspel treatment line, and including the quality aspect, as a third parameter for comparison.     

化工罐区大气环境影响评价中的技术探讨

就化工罐区大气环境影响评价中储罐正常排放时预测模式的选取、风险事故后果评价预测模式和参数的选取、环境监测计划的制定等技术问题进行了探讨.储罐大小呼吸损耗应采用面源模式进行预测更符合罐区无组织低矮源排放的实际情况.在风险事故后果评价中,泄漏蒸发和火灾事故中C0、SO2等伴生污染物的扩散模拟所选取的扩散参数的不同将导致预测...     

农户土地利用对环境压力的适应研究进展

农户视角土地利用对环境压力的适应研究已成为气候变化和持续性科学领域的热点。 文章从适应能力决定因素识别、适应障碍和限制因素诊断、适应的生态环境后果评估三个方面综述了农户土地利用对环境压力的适应研究取得的重要进展;梳理了农户适应环境压力的研究方法：综合指数法、参与式评估法、统计和计量经济模型法、适应的共同管理模型法。基于已有研究的特征和转型适应的需要,提出了有待进一步研究的问题：①构建适应研究的理论框架,为经验研究提供理论支撑;②重视提高农户适应能力的制度政策和农户适应实践的生态环境后果评估,为持续适应提供依据;③跨多层次主体综合考察农户土地利用适应过程机理; ④基于系统论思想、多学科和跨学科知识,以及现有方法论基础,构建涉及多层次利益相关主体的农户土地利用对环境压力的适应共同管理模型,以实现适应的科学的社会治理。     

发动机绿色化学设计──发动机虚拟化学反应器模型

在化学和化学工程意义上,发动机使用的生态环境有害性与发动机系统3个虚拟化学反应器（燃烧化学反应器、润滑化学反应器和排放化学反应器）中的反应物料（燃料、润滑油、添加剂和催化剂等）及其化学反应（自由基反应、摩擦化学反应和催化转化反应等）有关．发动机绿色化学设计旨在根据绿色化学原理和发动机化学反应器模型,探索降低或消除发动机化学反应器产生有害物质的化学技术．发动机绿色化学设计是发动机绿色设计的重要方面,其以绿色效应为目标,获得发动机材料、能源与环境之间的化学相容性．     

不同生态系统管理情景下资源环境承载力动态仿真研究

环境问题与社会经济发展关系机理错综复杂,研究环境承载力状态对实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义.基于资源环境复合系统原理,构建"经济-资源-环境"系统动力学模型,通过生态系统评估的4种情景时间序列动态仿真,探索经济社会发展的优化方案.结果表明：全球协同和技术家园更适合福州市自身发展需求,为保持福州市经济发展的可持续性,应优先选用全球协同发展模式,后期可逐步向技术家园发展模式转变.福州市作为生态文明思想重要实践地,在提高经济发展水平的同时,需更好地保护生态环境,实现经济-资源-环境协同发展.研究结果在一定程度上可为经济社会发展模式提供科学依据.     

跨国石油和化工公司在中国的低碳战略和环保责任

跨国公司在对中国新一轮的投资战略中,必须面对中国的经济转型,经济增长方式的转变,以及产业结构的调整等新的政策要求,特别是要面对来自中国对环保日益严格的约束性指标,对跨国公司投资中国的产业方向和产业重点及环保措施提出更高的要求,并将对其投资行为产生重要的影响.低碳战略和环保责任无疑将成为跨国公司下一轮投资中必须采取的行为准则,跨国公司也只有把低碳发展战略作为公司发展的重要战略目标,才能促进跨国公司在中国更健康的发展.     

蒙特卡洛分析在氯气泄漏事故环境风险评价中的应用研究

气体泄漏事故环境风险系统中存在的不确定性问题影响了定量环境风险评价结果的科学性和实用性.因此,本研究采用蒙特卡洛分析方法对氯气泄漏事故风险系统中的6个风险变量进行分析,并进一步对气体泄漏过程进行仿真模拟,得到模拟结果及其概率分布.同时,将蒙特卡洛分析结果、毒性剂量反应指标和风险受体信息在地理信息系统中进行综合分析,以个...     

The neglected heart of science policy: reconciling supply of and demand for science

The funding of scientific research is almost always justified in terms of the potential for achieving beneficial societal outcomes. In pursuing a particular societal outcome, how can we know if one research portfolio is better than another? In this paper we conceptualize: (1) science in terms of a “supply” of knowledge and information, (2) societal outcomes in terms of a “demand” function that seeks to apply knowledge and information to achieve specific societal goals, and (3) science policy decision-making as a process aimed at “reconciling” the dynamic relationship between “supply” and “demand.” The core of our argument is that “better” science portfolios (that is, portfolios viewed as more likely to advance desired societal outcomes, however defined) would be achieved if science policy decisions reflected knowledge about the supply of science, the demand for science, and the relationship between the two. We provide a general method for pursuing such knowledge, using the specific example of climate change science to illustrate how research on science policy could be organized to support improved decisions about the organization of science itself.     

化学工业园的系统动力学仿真与调控

化学工业园属行业类工业园,入区企业主要为生产和销售化学工业品的化工企业,其排放的化学品污染物极易造成水环境和大气环境质量的恶化,为避免环境风险事故,必须对化学工业园的发展过程进行模拟和控制.以泰兴经济开发区为研究对象,在其现阶段发展基础上,根据该园区的实际情况,采用系统动力学(System Dynamics)模拟不同情景下的远期发展目标.基础仿真结果表明,泰兴经济开发区的环境现状不容乐观,尤其是大气环境污染几乎达到环境容量极限.情景分析表明,该开发园区必须将产业发展速度控制在18%,同时降低工业能耗,提高脱硫效率至90%以上,污水处理厂规模日处理量达4.9×104 t,才能保证其持续、稳定、健康的发展.      

中国环境影响评价机构现状评价及优化调整思路

根据环境保护部环境工程评估中心公布的数据,中国环境影响评价机构现状特点是：环评机构的主要类型以科研院所占比例最大,其次是公司,最少的是高等院校;区域分布特点是东部多,西部少,经济发达地区多。经济欠发达地区少;评价范围特点是从事社会区域类别的环评机构最多,其次是化工石化医药类。同时,结合中国地区经济数据和市场化的要求,指出中国环评机构的数量与区域经济状况不对称,部分环评机构的评价范围与区域产业结构不匹配,环评机构市场化程度不高。最后,提出优化中国环境影响评价机构的建议。     

环境分析化学的一个重要方向—形态分析的发展

结合一些典型环境污染研究的实例,重点概述了近年来国内在溶解金属的形态分析;固体形态分析;有机金属化合物的形态分析;以及非金属元素形态分析诸方面的进展。提出了当前应开展的主要研究课题。     

朝阳开发区造纸工业园建设可持续发展研究与实践

针对朝阳开发区造纸工业园控制性详细规划,采用层次分析法构建规划环境影响评价指标体系,在此基础上,分析朝阳开发区造纸工业园建设的可持续发展水平,为朝阳开发区造纸工业园建设环境决策的科学性提供技术依据。朝阳开发区造纸工业园区域发展规划实施后,规划各期区域整体可持续发展水平基本保持稳定,均为Ⅲ级,即可持续发展水平为中等。经济子系统和社会子系统可持续发展水平各期逐渐下降,而环境子系统可持续发展水平各期呈上升趋势。这说明,随着园区的进一步发展,其环境效益日益明显。