浅谈微生物菌剂在环境修复中的应用

微生物菌剂具有绿色经济、无二次污染，对环境友好的特点，广泛应用于水体、土壤等污染修复中。本文介绍了微生物菌剂的定义及分类，分析了国内外的研究应用现状，阐述了微生物菌剂如何应用于农药石油及水体的污染物修复，总结了微生物菌剂在应用上存在的问题，并对微生物菌剂的未来发展前景进行了展望。     

厦门绿标生物科技有限公司

公司是一家专业从事市政有机废弃物无害化处置、资源化利用技术及相关微生物菌剂研究开发的高新技术环保企业。公司自成立以来,一直致力于微生物菌剂、工艺、设备等有机废弃物无害化处置、资源化利用技术的研究与开发。为积极吸收并转化国内外先进环保技术,公司常年聘请日本知名环保专家石丸周史博士作为公司技术顾问,同时     

用微生物和酶制剂处理城市黑臭河道的研究

为应对城市河道黑臭污染严重现状,对比研究典型的生物技术—微生物菌剂和酶制剂对实际城市黑臭河道的处理效果。实验证明,在投加微生物菌剂和酶制剂反应15d后,微生物菌剂处理的水体COD、NH_3-N依旧为劣V类水,但经过酶制剂处理后的水体提高至Ⅳ类水,COD、NH_3-N去除率分别为90%、77%,嗅味、色度有效消除。经过45d的处理后,微生物菌剂处理后的水体河道水质可由劣V提高至类V水,SCOD、NH_3-N去除率分别为58%、70%,异味消除,但色度不降。结果显示,使用酶制剂对黑臭河道去除效果较好。     

微生物菌剂在酿酒废水处理中的应用研究

采用厌氧－好氧工艺,结合微生物菌剂对酿酒废水进行了处理研究。进水CODCr浓度可达到8,456.3-22,442.0mg/L,BOD55,040.0-9.557.1mg/L,pH3-4,可不调pH,采用微生物菌剂接种可启动厌氧反应器,COD有机负荷最高达到10.2gCOD/Ld,COD去除率稳定在91－95％,BOD去除率90－94％,出水pH6.6-7.1,出水CODCr在2,000mg/L以下,BOD5800mg/L以下。厌氧污泥可全部颗粒化。好氧处理系统中接种微生物菌剂,曝气10－12小时,可保证出水中CODCr在230mg/L以下,甚至直接达到国家一级排放标准。微生物菌剂的应用是取得该处理效果的关键。     

不同菌剂处理下猪粪和牛粪堆肥前期性质变化

以猪粪和牛粪为堆肥原料,设计了人工接种MixF-3菌剂堆肥、添加灭活菌剂堆肥和自然堆肥3个处理进行堆肥前期实验,探讨堆肥9d过程中温度、水分、有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳等参数的变化。结果表明,按1L/t接种MixF-3混合菌剂堆肥温度升温快,猪粪堆肥第48h和第84h时温度分别达到66℃和71.5℃,牛粪堆肥第48h时温度达69℃,明显高于灭活菌剂处理组和CK对照组。随着堆肥的进行,各处理组水分含量缓慢下降,牛粪比猪粪含水量略高。人工接种菌剂的猪粪和牛粪堆肥处理组中pH变化幅度小,有机碳碳含量的下降幅度比灭活组和自然堆肥组大,分别下降15.64%和11.25%,全氮含量缓慢升高但变化不大,人工接种牛粪比猪粪处理组中堆肥全氮含量升幅高;在猪粪和牛粪堆肥中人工接种菌剂微生物量碳降幅最小,分别为9537μg/g和3212μg/g,表明在猪粪和牛粪堆肥原料中添加MixF-3复合菌剂有利于微生物繁殖生长,同时拓宽了菌剂使用的单一性,更具有普遍性意义。     

基于响应面法的微生物除磷剂复配研究

目前微生物菌剂与表面活性剂、絮凝剂等的复配研究已取得初步进展,且复配效果良好,但微生物菌剂与化学除磷剂的复配研究较少。以微生物菌剂和除磷剂为研究对象,采用响应面法(RSM)中的Box-Behnken设计实验,研究两种试剂的投加量和水体pH对黑臭废水的氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果,以优化其复配比例。实验结果表明,当清水一号微生物用量为44.77 mg/L、除磷剂用量为100.29 mg/L、pH为7.72时,黑臭水体中NH₃-N,TP,COD去除效果最佳,此时,NH₃-N去除率为57.96%,TP去除率为98.88%,COD去除率为91.89%。此研究可为复合微生物除磷剂这一新型水处理产品的研制提供相应的实验数据和理论支撑。     

菌剂及酶制剂在有机污染治理方面的研究进展

通过介绍菌剂及酶制剂的制备原理与作用原理,重点阐述了菌剂在净化水质与修复土壤方面的应用及发展前景,并阐明了非生物因素与生物因素对菌剂及酶制剂作用效果的影响,同时对两种制剂的安全性进行论证。突出利用两种制剂作用效果好、专一性好、能迅速将有毒有害有机物降解为无毒无害物质的特点,达到环境污染治理的目的,并提出未来微生物法降解污染物的发展趋势。     

高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾处理城市生活垃圾过程中的部分微生物学

本文描述了高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的微生物生态学过程。多种微生物分别在不同阶段参与了垃圾堆肥的发酵腐熟过程。论述了垃圾发酵期间,人工接种功能微生物菌剂可以加速堆肥材料的发酵腐熟作用,缩短发酵周期,节省城市生活垃圾处理的运行成本。     

高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的部份微生物学问题

本文描述了高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的微生物生态学过程。多种微生物分别在不同阶段参与了垃圾堆肥的发酵腐熟过程。论述了垃圾发酵期间 ,人工接种功能微生物菌剂可以加速堆肥材料的发酵腐熟作用 ,缩短发酵周期 ,节省城市生活垃圾处理的运行成本。     

“WT—FG”生物技术有效的治理了高浓度工业污水、城市污水、污染河流和垃圾场渗沥液

一、“ WT－ FG”生物技术简介 　　1.技术应用情况 　　香港连宝实业有限公司、美国富美生物工程有限公司运用研制的“ WT－ FG”微生物技术对高浓度的工业污水和城市污水以及被污染的河流进行了很有成效的治理。“ WT－ FG”生物技术被中国政府列为“中国政府采购技术”。 　　“ WT－ 12”固体微生物具有高度浓缩和高度组合的特点。公司掌握了 1200种微生物,可以针对不同的污水组合为不同的微生物菌剂。这种高效的微生物菌群,每克中含有 10亿～ 60亿个微生物。利用它治理污水,不会产生第二次污染,不会有新的活性污泥产生。公司…     

随机规划在泵站树状给水管网优化中的应用

泵站树状给水管网流量具有随机性,而这种随机性变化会直接影响管网的建设费用和动力费用.针对这-特点,应用随机规划原理,建立泵站树状给水管网机会约束模型,编写基于随机模拟的遗传算法程序求解该模型.机会约束模型能较客观地反映该管网的实际工况,使优化设计结果更符合实际.     

资源性供给紧约束条件下居民消费模式的构建

人类社会从农业文明时代的崇俭消费模式到工业文明时代的高消费、浪费型消费、过度消费等不合理消费模式的发展过程中产生了严重的全球性环境污染和破坏,能源、土地、淡水等资源性产品供给日益趋紧约束.生态文明型消费模式所具有的适度消费、公平消费和责任消费等内在规定性及其发挥的重要作用说明它是资源性供给紧约束条件下有利于能源资源节约和生态环境保护的居民消费模式.为了适应21世纪生态文明时代人与自然和谐发展的客观要求,突破消费增长、经济发展与资源性供给紧约束之间的发展困境要求我们必须从政府、企业和消费者等三个层面构建生态文明型消费模式.     

区域环境污染造成的经济损失估算——以银川市为例

通过研究银川市的环境监测资料、国民经济统计资料等,借鉴与银川市实际情况比较符合的参数,运用人力资本法、市场价值法、土地价值损失法、收益还原法、机会成本法等环境经济学方法,以2009年为例估算了大气污染、水污染、固体废弃物污染、噪声污染对银川市造成的经济损失。初步估算出银川市2009年因环境污染造成的直接经济损失为45.279亿元,环境污染状况严峻,城市环境保护成为银川市经济可持续发展的基础。     

高职院校环境专业就业情况调查——以中国环境管理干部学院2014届毕业生为例

采用资料收集、实地调研、调查问卷等方法,对环境保护领域人才需求情况以及岗位知识技能的要求、环境专业毕业生的就业意向进行调查和分析。结果表明,企业对高职环保人才需求量较大,环保人员应具备的素质以分析问题能力和沟通能力为主;高职院校环境专业毕业生对目前环境保护行业就业形势认识清楚,对就业单位的环保人才素质需求分析正确,但求职过程中存在目标设定偏高等问题,因此,从课程设置、教学方法和就业指导方面提出措施。     

阳离子艳红染料的光催化降解

本文研究了以沉淀法制备的TiO2为催化剂，紫外杀菌灯为光源，对阳离子艳红染料进行光催化降解的可行性，结果表明，在实验条件下，本系统对阳离子艳红染料有明显的降解效果，浓度为10mg/L的阳离子艳红染料经过30min的处理，其降解率＞88％，此外，还探讨了溶液初始pH值，催化剂的投加量，光照距离和液层高度等因素对光降解反应的影响。     

A method for prediction of extent of microbial pollution of seawater and carrying capacity of beaches

The increase in the number of tourists visiting a coast is desired by most of the countries for economic reasons. However, this increase in tourism may cause pollution of the sea. This can be only avoided by proper planning and by predicting the carrying capacity of the coast in terms of sea pollution. This is especially important for developing countries where part of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the sea.In the present study the beaches were classified according to their use — and consequently the amount of waste discharged into the sea — into four groups: (1) coasts that are used only for swimming and recreational purposes; (2) coasts used simultaneously for dwelling, swimming, and recreational purposes; (3) coasts along which only dwellings exist; and (4) natural and man-made harbors, i.e., coasts used as shelters. During the survey,40,320 observations were made between December 1985 and February 1988 to determine the effect of the number of tourists on seawater quality. The results obtained were analyzed by a multilinear regression program to obtain an empirical equation giving the extent of the sea pollution in terms of coliform concentration as a function of population density and some other environmental factors.The equations derived in this study enable the determination of the carrying capacity of a beach in terms of pollution as well as the expected degree of pollution corresponding to a given population density. Furthermore, it allows the prediction of the extra carrying capacity that can be obtained by improving the waste-disposal conditions.     

炼油污水净化回用工业试验综述

随着我国石油加工业的发展,炼油装置及生产能力不断增加,炼厂对新鲜水的需求量和污水的排放量也在逐年增加。因此如何节约用水和减少污水的排放量,将炼油污水净化回用,是降低企业加工成本,提高企业经济效益,而且进一步利用水资源,提高社会效益和环境效益的重要课题,哈尔滨炼油厂自1997年开始经过小试、中试及工业试验,将炼厂污水净化回用,取得了很好的结果,同时该课题通过了中油股份公司组织的技术鉴定。     

Efficiency of removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by plant leaves and the effects of interaction of combinations of leaves on their removal efficiency

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using 20 species of plant leaves and combinations of these leaves have been studied. Several factors affecting the removal efficiency have been studied. The most efficient types of plant leaves for the removal of cadmium are those of styrax, plum, pomegranate and walnut. The interaction effect of the combined leaf samples on the efficiency of removal of cadmium has been found to be additive in combinations involving styrax plant leaves but seems to be antagonistic in all other combinations. The optimum experimental conditions for removal of cadmium have been found to be at pH 4.1, using high concentrations of naturally dried plant leaves, using ground leaves and to remove cadmium from agitated aqueous solutions. The percentage of metal removed at an initial cadmium concentration of 10mg/l by the most efficient types of leaves have been found to be 85% for styrax leaves, 85% for plum leaves, 80% for pomegranate leaves, 78% for walnut leaves and 77% for meddler leaves. The presence of foreign ions or complexing agents has been found to reduce the efficiency of removal of cadmium by plant leaves. About 80-85% of the cadmium in charged plant leaves has been released under the influence of changing the pH of the solution, addition of competing ions and the addition of EDTA. The results of removal of cadmium by plant leaves have been found to follow the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, first-order reaction with respect to cadmium and to have intra-pore diffusion as the rate-limiting step.     

A review of the protection of sources of drinking water in China

Water is a natural resource key to human and environmental health. China has suffered serious contamination of its water sources in the past decade, which has had severe consequences on the water supplies of millions of residents. Frequent polluting accidents and the amount of wastewater discharged have caused concern for the safety of drinking water. Fortunately, those at various levels of government have realized the importance of protecting the sources of drinking water and confirmed a list of 175 nationally important sources. Measures have also been adopted to control water pollution, including infrastructural, physical, chemical, ecological, administrative, and legal measures. While helpful, some areas in need of more attention are rural water, groundwater, agricultural pollution, and domestic sewage. Based on the lessons learned from experiences in developed countries, we offer some suggestions for improving, inter alia, funding, legal construction, management, and awareness‐raising, as well as present proposals for the future protection of our sources of drinking water. Future work should focus on water quality standards, quantitative research, high technology and legislation.     

环境可持续发展理论体系框架的构建

环境问题包括生态环境与社会、经济与生态环境关系两方面的问题，本文从社：会、经济、文化以及环境科技发展等不同角度论述了环境可持续发展理论体系框架的构建，认为环境可持续发展必须是在体现公平性、可持续性、协调性的基础上，建立以生态思维为基础的社会环境伦理观、发展环境科学技术、实现经济的有机增长，不断完善环境政策与环境法制体系，