Hepatitis A Virus: State of the Art

Hepatitis A is the most common among all hepatitis worldwide in spite of an efficient vaccine and improved hygiene. Shellfish-borne outbreaks are still of major concern causing hundreds of cases and huge economical losses in the present context of global food trade. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a unique picornavirus with many differences in its molecular biology including both its incapacity to induce the inhibition of the cellular protein synthesis and a highly biased and deoptimized codon usage with respect the cell. The final goal of this intriguing strategy seems to be the need for a fine-tuning control of the translation kinetics, particularly at the capsid coding region, and the underlying mechanism is the use of a right combination of common and rare codons to allow a regulated ribosome traffic rate thus ensuring the proper protein folding. Capsid folding is critical to warrant a high environmental stability for a virus transmitted through the fecal–oral route with long extracorporeal periods.     

污水中易生物降解有机物的测定方法及研究进展

污水中的易生物降解有机物（SS）对生物脱氮除磷过程具有重要意义,也是活性污泥模型中的关键组分。介绍了污水中SS的测定方法,其中好氧呼吸计量法（包括连续OUR法和批式OUR法）和物料平衡法最为常用,而对比发现批式OUR法的测定结果最接近真实值。对文献数据统计表明,城市污水的SS浓度通常为20mg/L-40 mg/L,而工业废水中SS浓度受行业影响很大,SS/COD的波动范围为0.6%-44.0%。     

Project Specific Monitoring and Verification: State of the Art and Challenges

Adequate monitoring of carbon sequestered by forestry activities is essential to the future of forestry as a climate change mitigation option. A wide range of approaches has been taken to monitor changes in forest carbon attributable to project activities. This paper describes simple, least-cost/least-precision methods, remote sensing, periodic carbon inventories, and traditional research methods. Periodic carbon inventories are the preferred approach because they are cost-effective, provide measurements with known levels of precision, and allow the monitoring of other values such as biodiversity and commercial timber volumes. Verification of monitoring estimates is discussed as an auditing process designed to evaluate reported carbon sequestration values. The limitations of remote sensing for biomass determination and the potential for changes in monitoring approaches due to improvements in technology are briefly reviewed.     

光电催化水处理技术研究新进展剖析

光电催化技术是一种新型的电化学辅助光催化技术,即通过施加阳极偏压抑制光生电子和空穴的复合,达到提高光催化效率的目的。近年来,光电催化技术在水处理技术研究领域受到广泛关注。简述了光电催化技术的基本原理,总结了可见光响应光阳极的研制进展;从光电反应器的构型、原理和主要特点3个方面分别介绍了悬浮型、负载型和复合光电催化反应器系统;归纳了光电催化技术在水处理和污染物资源化回收方面的应用;探讨了光电催化水处理技术在实际应用方面存在的问题,并展望了其研究前景。     

光催化剂TiO2改性技术的研究进展

根据近年来TiO2 光催化技术的研究成果 ,对如何提高TiO2 光催化活性的途径作了综述。     

冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势

冷锻技术是一种精密塑性成形工艺,广泛应用于各种机械产品关键零部件的制造。从冷锻零件的形状、材料、工艺革新、生产率、数值模拟技术和数字化/智能化设计技术应用,以及优化技术几个方面综合论述了冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势。     

拼焊板材冲压成形技术(工)

详细介绍和总结了拼焊板的研究现状,讨论了拼焊板的材料和焊接技术的研究成果及其相关技术问题.     

管材弯曲工艺研究新进展

管材成形由于容易满足塑性成形产品轻量化、强韧化和低耗高效、精确制造等方面的要求 ,在航空航天、汽车工业等许多行业中得到广泛的应用。管材弯曲成形工艺的研究是其中备受关注并得到迅速发展的重要领域之一。介绍了几种新的弯管工艺 ,阐述了国内外弯管工艺的最新研究进展和发展趋势。     

A Review of Known and Hypothetical Transmission Routes for Noroviruses

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are considered a worldwide leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Due to a combination of prolonged shedding of high virus levels in feces, virus particle shedding during asymptomatic infections, and a high environmental persistence, NoVs are easily transmitted pathogens. Norovirus (NoV) outbreaks have often been reported and tend to affect a lot of people. NoV is spread via feces and vomit, but this NoV spread can occur through several transmission routes. While person-to-person transmission is without a doubt the dominant transmission route, human infective NoV outbreaks are often initiated by contaminated food or water. Zoonotic transmission of NoV has been investigated, but has thus far not been demonstrated. The presented review aims to give an overview of these NoV transmission routes. Regarding NoV person-to-person transmission, the NoV GII.4 genotype is discussed in the current review as it has been very successful for several decades but reasons for its success have only recently been suggested. Both pre-harvest and post-harvest contamination of food products can lead to NoV food borne illness. Pre-harvest contamination of food products mainly occurs via contact with polluted irrigation water in case of fresh produce or with contaminated harvesting water in case of bivalve molluscan shellfish. On the other hand, an infected food handler is considered as a major cause of post-harvest contamination of food products. Both transmission routes are reviewed by a summary of described NoV food borne outbreaks between 2000 and 2010. A third NoV transmission route occurs via water and the spread of NoV via river water, ground water, and surface water is reviewed. Finally, although zoonotic transmission remains hypothetical, a summary on the bovine and porcine NoV presence observed in animals is given and the presence of human infective NoV in animals is discussed.     

Persistence of Human Noroviruses on Food Preparation Surfaces and Human Hands

The human noroviruses (NoV) are the major cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis and are commonly transmitted by foodborne routes. Epidemiological evidence from propagated outbreaks, as well as environmental sampling, suggest that these viruses are environmentally stable. The purpose of this study was to examine the persistence of representative human NoV on the fingertips of volunteers and on commonly used food preparation surfaces. Human fingerpads and surfaces (stainless steel, Formica^®, and ceramic) were inoculated with 20% fecal suspensions of Norwalk virus (NV) or Snow Mountain virus (SMV). The virus inocula were recovered by elution at serial time points ranging from 0 to 120 min post-inoculation (for fingerpads) and after up to 42 days (for surfaces). The quantity of detectable viral RNA, expressed as genome equivalent particles (GEP) was evaluated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The amount of NV RNA on the surface decreased gradually over time, with an average reduction ranging from 1.5 to 2.9 log₁₀ GEP after 21–28 days storage under ambient conditions. SMV showed greater environmental persistence, with a 0.4–1.2 log₁₀ GEP reduction on all three surfaces after 42 days of ambient storage. On fingerpads, the amount of human NoV RNA declined slightly (<0.25 log₁₀) after 15 min and remained relatively unchanged thereafter (through 120 min). These results support the epidemiological evidence that food preparation surfaces and human hands can act as vehicles for human NoV transmission long after the initial contamination event has occurred.     

废旧轮胎在国内外道路工程中的应用现状

汽车工业的发展和汽车数量的增加,在给人民生活带来方便的同时,也产生了大量的废旧轮胎。废旧轮胎的堆积和不当处理,将对生态环境带来严重的污染,国内外学者对废旧轮胎的综合利用开展了大量的研究,将废旧轮胎经粉碎等处理制成橡胶沥青,应用于道路工程不仅提高了道路的耐热等性能,而且减少了生态环境污染,具有良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。本文介绍了国内外对废旧轮胎在道路工程中的应用情况,通过与国外研究和工程实践的对比,指出了我国在此方面研究中存在的问题,为进一步废旧轮胎在道路工程中综合利用提供指导作用。     

Prevalence of Human Parainfluenza Viruses and Noroviruses Genomes on Office Fomites

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of office fomites in respiratory (human parainfluenza virus 1—HPIV1, human parainfluenza virus 3—HPIV3) and enteric (norovirus GI—NoV GI, norovirus GII—NoV GII) viruses transmission by assessing the occurrence of these viruses on surfaces in office buildings. Between 2016 and 2017, a total of 130 surfaces from open-space and non-open-space rooms in office buildings located in one city were evaluated for HPIV1, HPIV3, NoV GI, and NoV GII viral RNA presence. Detection of viruses was performed by RT-qPCR method. Study revealed 27 positive samples, among them 59.3% were HPIV3-positive, 25.9% HPIV1-positive, and 14.8% NoV GII-positive. All tested surfaces were NoV GI-negative. Statistical analysis of obtained data showed that the surfaces of office equipment including computer keyboards and mice, telephones, and desktops were significantly more contaminated with respiratory viruses than the surfaces of building equipment elements such as door handles, light switches, or ventilation tracts (χ ² p = 0.006; Fisher’s Exact p = 0.004). All examined surfaces were significantly more contaminated with HPIVs than NoVs (χ ² p = 0.002; Fisher’s Exact p = 0.003). Office fomites in open-space rooms were more often contaminated with HPIVs than with NoVs (χ ² p = 0.016; Fisher’s Exact p = 0.013). The highest average concentration of HPIVs RNA copies was observed on telephones (1.66 × 10² copies/100 cm²), while NoVs on the light switches (1.40 × 10² copies/100 cm²). However, the Kruskal–Wallis test did not show statistically significant differences in concentration levels of viral RNA copies on surfaces between the all tested samples. This study unequivocally showed that individuals in office environment may have contact with both respiratory and enteric viral particles present on frequently touched surfaces.     

ABR处理低浓度废水的研究进展

厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)作为一种新型高效的处理工艺,不仅在处理高浓度有机废水的研究和应用方面取得了较大的进展,而且在处理低浓度废水方面也越来越引起重视。总结了应用ABR处理低浓度废水的研究进展,着重分析介绍了反应器启动和运行效能,以及溶解性微生物产物(SMP)对处理效果的影响。     

Development of a Practical Method to Detect Noroviruses Contamination in Composite Meals

Various methods to detect foodborne viruses including norovirus (NoV) in contaminated food have been developed. However, a practical method suitable for routine examination that can be applied for the detection of NoVs in oily, fatty, or emulsive food has not been established. In this study, we developed a new extraction and concentration method for detecting NoVs in contaminated composite meals. We spiked NoV-GI.4 or -GII.4 stool suspension into potato salad and stir-fried noodles. The food samples were suspended in homogenizing buffer and centrifuged to obtain a food emulsion. Then, anti-NoV-GI.4 or anti-NoV-GII.4 rabbit serum raised against recombinant virus-like particles or commercially available human gamma globulin and Staphylococcus aureus fixed with formalin as a source of protein A were added to the food emulsion. NoV-IgG-protein A-containing bacterial complexes were collected by centrifugation, and viral RNA was extracted. The detection limits of NoV RNA were 10–35 copies/g food for spiked NoVs in potato salad and stir-fried noodles. Human gamma globulin could also concentrate other NoV genotypes as well as other foodborne viruses, including sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, and adenovirus. This newly developed method can be used as to identify NoV contamination in composite foods and is also possibly applicable to other foodborne viruses.     

GIV Noroviruses in Wastewaters and in Stool Specimens from Hospitalized Patients

Noroviruses (NoVs) are important human pathogens associated with foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis. These viruses are genetically highly heterogeneous, with more than forty genotypes within three genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) identified in humans. However, the vast majority of human infections are associated with variants of a unique genotype, GII.4. Aside from these NoV strains of epidemiological relevance, NoV strains of genogroup GIV (Alphatron-like) are reported in a sporadic fashion and their overall prevalence in the community is unknown and this likely reflects the lack of specific diagnostic tools. We analyzed raw sewages collected from 32 wastewater treatment plants distributed throughout Italy (307 samples) and stool specimens collected from hospitalized patients with clinical signs of diarrhea of unknown etiology (285 samples). By using specific qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR assays, 21.8 % of the sewage samples and 3.2 % of the stool specimens tested positive for GIV NoVs. The number of genome copies in fecal samples ranged from 5.08 × 10⁴ to 1.73× 10⁶/g of feces. Sequence analysis showed limited genetic variability in human GIV viruses. The presence of GIV NoV both in sewage and in clinical samples confirms that not only GI and GII NoVs but also GIV strains are circulating in humans. Monitoring of GIV NoV is recommended in order to understand the dynamics of circulation in human populations, environmental contamination, and potential health risks.     

Comparison of the Activity of Alcohol-Based Handrubs Against Human Noroviruses Using the Fingerpad Method and Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the United States, and human hands play an important role in their transmission. Little is known about the efficacy of hand hygiene agents against these highly infectious pathogens. We investigated the activity of seven commercially available hand hygiene products against human noroviruses by in vivo fingerpad tests. The in vivo activity of alcohol-based handrubs ranged from 0.10 to 3.74 log reduction and was not solely dependent on alcohol concentration. A handrub (VF481) based on 70% ethanol and a blend of other skin care ingredients reduced Norwalk virus (NV) by 3.74 log in 15 s and provided significantly greater NV reduction than all the other products tested (P < 0.001). Furthermore, VF481 was the most effective product tested against the NoV genogroup II strains Snow Mountain virus (GII.2) and a GII.4 strain. These results demonstrate that alcohol by itself is not effective against NoV, but effective formulation of alcohol-based handrubs can achieve significant reduction of norovirus RNA on fingers.     

Prevalence of Human Noroviruses in Frozen Marketed Shellfish,Red Fruits and Fresh Vegetables

Noroviruses (NoVs), currently recognised as the most common human food-borne pathogens, are ubiquitous in the environment and can be transmitted to humans through multiple foodstuffs. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of human NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) in 493 food samples including soft red fruits (n = 200), salad vegetables (n = 210) and bivalve mollusc shellfish (n = 83), using the Bovine Enterovirus type 1 as process extraction control for the first time. Viral extractions were performed by elution concentration and genome detection by TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Experimental contamination using hepatitis A virus (HAV) was used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of the extraction methods. Positive detections were obtained from 2 g of digestive tissues of oysters or mussels kept for 16 h in seawater containing 2.0–2.7 log₁₀ plaque-forming units (PFU)/L of HAV. For lettuces and raspberries, the LOD was, respectively, estimated at 2.2 and 2.9 log₁₀ PFU per 25 g. Of the molluscs tested, 8.4 and 14.4 % were, respectively, positive for the presence of GI NoV and GII NoV RNA. Prevalence in GI NoVs varied from 11.9 % for the salad vegetables samples to 15.5 % for the red soft fruits. Only 0.5 % of the salad and red soft fruits samples were positive for GII NoVs. These results highlight the high occurrence of human NoVs in foodstuffs that can be eaten raw or after a moderate technological processing or treatment. The determination of the risk of infection associated with an RT-qPCR positive sample remains an important challenge for the future.     

水中有机污染物物理,化学处理技术的现状及发展趋势

在系统综述了水中有机污染物物化处理技术的研究与应用现状后，进行了分析与评价。认为对有机污染物具有“破坏性”的氧化法是水处理技术发展的方向，各种单一技术特别是“破坏性”技术和“非破坏性”技术之间的联用是水处理技术发展的又一趋势。