电镀废水中铜锌铬镍对农业环境的影响

电镀废水排入河涌会污染农业环境。以广东省南 海市平洲地区为例,农田灌溉水中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ的含量超过允许限值１ ～１４ 倍,河涌底泥Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ超标１２ ～３７倍,土壤超标０．５ ～２．９倍,作物超标０．３ ～８ 倍。进入河涌的Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ能较快沉积于底泥中。进入土壤的Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ主要累积在耕作层中。作物对Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ 的吸收能力远远高于对Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ的吸收能力,作物吸收系数是Ｚｎ ＞ Ｃｕ ＞ Ｎｉ＞ Ｃｒ     

内蒙阿拉善地区植物与土壤元素背景值特征及其相互关系

内蒙阿拉善地区植物、土壤的元素背景特征及其相互关系的研究结果表明：５３种植物的９种元素（Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｖ、Ｍｎ）背景含量有很大差异．不同生活型植物背景值也各异，总的规律为：Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｖ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｃｄ；同种植物的元素含量在不同群落中有明显差别，但都在同一个数量级．土壤９种元素的背景含量均以Ｍｎ含量最高，其次为Ｚｎ和Ｖ，Ｃｄ的含量最低；不同上类各剖面各种元素的垂直分布规律为底层或表层的元素含量高于中间各层．土壤元素背景值都高于植物背景值，前者一般为后者的２～２０倍．植物对元素的吸收系数以Ｃｄ最大，Ｃｒ最小．土壤元素含量与有机质含量的相关性因土类不同而异：沙土的有机质含量最低，只有Ｚｎ含量与有机质相关性显著；而盐土的有机质含量最高，有Ｃｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｚｎ６种元素含量与之显著相关．     

九龙江口桐花树红树林对重金属的吸收与累积

探讨了福建九龙江口桐花树红树林对ＣＵ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的吸收、累积及分布．结果表明：该林地土壤５种元素的储量关系为Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｐｈ＞ＣＵ≥Ｃｄ；植物体不同部位，各元素含量有着明显的差异，含量范围分别为Ｃｈ１．５１～５．７０、Ｐｂ１．３０～１０．７０、Ｚｎ１８．０～１００．１、Ｃｄ０．０４～０．２３和Ｍｎ１５．５～２３７．５（ｗ／１０－６）；植物对土壤元素的富集系数大小依次为Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｈ；群落现存生物量中，ＣＵ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的现存累积量分别为１６．５６、６３．３０、４４５．０５、１．１４和１６５６．９３（ρＡ／ｍｇ·ｍ－２）．其中，地下部分别占７０．２％、８１．８％、７６．２％、７２．２％和８２．１％；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为２１１．１１、１８４．００、１９４１．６９、６．１９和２２２４８．３１（ρＡ／μｇ·ｍ－２）．     

模拟酸雨条件下降尘中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr各形态的溶出和转化研究

本文用Ｔｅｓｓｌｅｒ方法，研究了模拟酸雨条件下，降尘中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｒ各形态的溶出和相互转化。试验表明：（１）降尘中Ｃｕ，Ｃｒ的溶出量随酸雨酸度的增大而增加；Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ没分别在ＰＨ＝３．５和ＰＨ＝４．５时溶出量最大，溶出的金属多源于可交换态和碳酸盐结合态，说明这两种形态的稳定性较差。（２）在模拟酸雨条件下，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｒ各形态的含量发生了较大变化；Ｃｕ从其优势形态有机结合态向可交换态     

污泥对区域生态环境的影响

对上海某乡因施用大量污泥而造成的污染状况作跟踪调查研究和质量评价。研究对象为土壤、水稻和蔬菜，被研究的污染元素为Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｈｇ和Ａｓ．结果表明，该乡土壤为复合污染，Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ是主要污染元素．污泥施用越多的地区，水稻、蔬菜受污染就越严重，尤以Ｃｄ污染最为突出，超过了允许卫生标准。确定了污染村、污染程度和污染面积。     

不同来源重金属在土壤中的形态分布差异

试验表明：不同来源的Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ复合污染物在土壤中的形态分布有明显的差异，在废矿水和尾矿砂污染的土壤中，Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以残渣态存在，而添加土壤中的Ｐｂ主要以弱专性吸附态和有机结合态存在，Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以交换态存在，大豆苗对添加土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ的富集能力较强，而对废矿水污染和尾矿砂污染土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ的富集能力相对较弱。     

电镀废水中铜锌铬镍对农业环境的影响

电镀废水排水河涌会污染农业环境,以广东省南,海市平洲地区为例,农田灌溉水中Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｎｉ的含量超过允许限值１－１４倍,河涌底泥Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ超标１２－３７倍,土壤超标０．５－２．９倍,作物超标０．３－８倍。进入河涌的Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ能较快沉积于底泥中。     

橡胶园土壤若干微量元素含量 ——以海南省胶园土为例

胶园土壤微量元素含量有一定的特征。海南省胶园土个别样点Ｃｄ偏高,Ｃｕ偏低,其它样点Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｈｇ含量正常。土壤母质、质地、化学组成、耕作等对微量元素含量有一定影响。玄武岩上的胶园土微量元素较丰富。质地粘重的土壤微量元素含量往往较高。由于铁的水合物吸附固定作用,Ｃｕ、Ｚｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量与Ｆｅ含量有一定关系。Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ的许多化学性质相似,它们的含量有一定的相关性。     

乐安江沉积物酸碱性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量，酸碱特性进行了测定和不同ｐＨ条件下金属的释放实验，结果表明，乐安江沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ和Ａｓ的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值，从重金属的移动性分析，存在沉积重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能，沉积物所含重金属随ｐＨ变化产生的金属释放顺序为Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ。     

Cd、Zn、Pb单因素及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

通过Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ单因素处理和复合因素处理的对比性研究发现,无论是单因素或复因素对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序均为 Ｃｄ＞ Ｚｎ＞ Ｐｂ;在所研究的 ４种土壤酶中,脲酶受重金属的抑制作用最为敏感; Ｃｄ、 Ｚｎ、 Ｐｂ复合污染与各单因素的影响有较大差异,同时,Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ复合污染对４种土壤酶活性的影响效应亦不同。其复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征;对过氧化氢表现出一定的屏蔽作用或拮抗作用;转化酶和碱性磷酸酶主要因Ｃｄ浓度的变化而变化。     

Trophic levels and trophic tangles: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs

The concept of trophic levels is one of the oldest in ecology and informs our understanding of energy flow and top-down control within food webs, but it has been criticized for ignoring omnivory. We tested whether trophic levels were apparent in 58 real food webs in four habitat types by examining patterns of trophic position. A large proportion of taxa (64.4%) occupied integer trophic positions, suggesting that discrete trophic levels do exist. Importantly however, the majority of those trophic positions were aggregated around integer values of 0 and 1, representing plants and herbivores. For the majority of the real food webs considered here, secondary consumers were no more likely to occupy an integer trophic position than in randomized food webs. This means that, above the herbivore trophic level, food webs are better characterized as a tangled web of omnivores. Omnivory was most common in marine systems, rarest in streams, and intermediate in lakes and terrestrial food webs. Trophic-level-based concepts such as trophic cascades may apply to systems with short food chains, but they become less valid as food chains lengthen.     

黄土露天矿区排土场重构土壤典型物理性质空间差异分析

土壤典型物理性质决定了土壤的肥力状况,同时也影响植物群落的生长。目前矿区复垦方面的研究大多为研究土壤物理性质的空间差异或是植被盖度对表层土壤物理性质的影响,很少有针对不同植被覆盖类型对重构土壤物理性质的影响的研究。运用描述性统计分析法、单因素方差分析法等方法研究平朔矿区重构土壤典型物理性质在水平及垂向方向的差异,并依照研究区植被生长状况进行分组,研究不同植被覆盖类型下的土壤物理性质差异。该研究旨在得到土壤性质及植被间的影响机理,对未来复垦工作的土壤重构及植被重建的提供指导。结果表明,(1)土壤典型物理性质在垂向上均属于弱变异,随着深度增加,复垦效果减弱。土壤容重及孔隙度存在层间显著差异,土壤容重随着土壤深度增加增大,土壤孔隙度随着土壤深度增加减小。(2)研究区重构土壤典型物理性质在水平方向均属于中等变异,随着深度减小,各性质的差异减小。(3)不同植被覆盖类型下的土壤容重和孔隙度在0-10 cm及20-60 cm深度存在显著差异,但在各土壤粒级含量上无显著差异。研究区分布最多的土质类型是壤土。乔木植被生长有助于土壤粒级的减小,草本植被对浅层土壤物理性质改良效果优于深层土壤。未来在进行植被重建工程时应适当根据实地土壤质地情况选择适宜植被。     

城市绿地土壤呼吸时空变异及其影响因素

2012年7月-2012年12月,采用LI—COR-8100测定了柳树、圆柏和杏树3种北京绿化树木的土壤呼吸速率,并分析了生物因子和非生物因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：3个树种的土壤呼吸速率平均值为：柳树3．53μmol／（m2·s）,圆柏2．68μmol（m2·s）,杏树2．38μmol／（m2·s）;3种树木土壤呼吸速率呈现相似的月动态,与温度呈极显著指数相关,而与土壤水分相关性不显著。8月柳树和圆柏的土壤呼吸显著高于杏树;9月柳树的土壤呼吸显著高于圆柏和杏树;10—11月3种树木之间差异性不显著。8—9月土壤呼吸速率和温度、树木胸径、总碳、总氮、有机碳及硝态氮显著相关,而与碳氮比、叶面积指数呈极显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,8—9月间3种树木的土壤呼吸主要受到树木胸径和叶面积指数的影响,模型解释率为42．0％（p=0．001）。     

封育措施对半干旱沙地草场植被群落特征及地上生物量的影响

随着干早区草场非平衡态理论的提出和发展，退化草场封育的时间、方式与草场恢复间的关系已成为目前研究的主要课题之一：作者选择完全封育、季节封育和未封育3种措施进行对半干早沙地草场的植被特征及其生物量进行比较研究，结果表明，在封育处理的年份中，不同封育措施（放牧压力）是决定植被差异的主要因子。完全封育区和季节封育区植物以一年生草本为主，在植物种数量、生物多样性上差异并不显著，未封育区植被则以多年生草本为主，且Simpson和Shannon多样性指数与前两者差异均显著；完全封育并未导致一些牲畜喜食植物种的完全消失，但一些饲用价值差的植物如平卧碱蓬等大量出现在完全封育的群落中，同时旱生和强旱生植物的比例明显增加。尽管3种措施地上部分总生物量差异并不显著，但各群落中主要植物种的地上部分生物量则存在这一定的差异，从3种措施植被的饲用价值来看，季节封育区植被的饲用价值较高，表明季节封育可以促进并提高草场的放牧利用价值。     

新乡市室外尘土中多环芳烃的分布特征

测定了新乡市不同功能区的20个室外尘土样品中16个中美国环保局优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果显示室外尘土中PAHs总和(EPAHs)为124～1 669μg/kg(干重).虽然广场类型的室外尘土样品中ΣPAHs含量均值小于生活区和工业区类型的,但3组样品的数值之间并无明显差异.同分异构体比率显示样品中PAHs以燃...     

Food availability as a selective factor on the chemical compositions of midwater fishes in the eastern North Pacific

In September and October 1980 we examined the relationships between food availability, depth, and chemical composition among 12 midwater fish species, from three adjacent areas of the eastern North Pacific: the eastern gyre, the California Current, and the transitional region between them. By comparing trends in chemical composition across a geographical productivity gradient, the influence of food availability could be examined both with and without depth as a dependent variable. In general, caloric density, lipids, and water content showed consistent trends along both vertical and horizontal gradients of food availability. Lipids and caloric contents were lowest among bathypelagic species and among fishes from the gyre. Water content was highest in the gyre and among deeper-living species. While protein content as a percentage of the total wet weight declined with depth, there was no clear trend among mesopelagic species between stations. Protein as percent of the total organic content showed no decrease with depth, but was significantly higher in the gyre among mesopelagic species. These findings suggest that compositional trends in water, lipids, and caloric content are correlated with food availability, regardless of any depth-related factors. In contrast, protein did not vary consistently with food availability and thus may be linked to other factors.     

投喂不同密度卤虫无节幼体对灰海马幼体生长和存活的影响

为比较投喂不同密度卤虫对灰海马幼体生长和存活的影响,共设3个卤虫无节幼体密度组[5(A)、10(B)和20(C)个/mL],用初始密度为2尾/L的灰海马幼体进行为期50 d的养殖研究.结果显示,总体而言,3个饵料密度对灰海马幼体的存活、生长有显著影响(P<0.05).在前10 d,3组海马间的成活率和生长速度差异均不显著(P>0.05);d20～50,B、C两组海马的成活率均显著高于A组(P<0.05),而B、C两组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).d 20时,B、C两组的生长速度显著快于A组(P<0.05);d 30往后,A、C两组的生长速度开始加快,随后3组海马生长速度间的差距进一步缩小,直至A组的体质量和体高超过B组和C组(P<0.05),而B、C两组间的差异显著性消失(P>0.05).随着投放卤虫密度的增加,各时间点水体的pH和溶氧含量呈显著下降的趋势(P<0.05);C组氨态氮含量显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05);除第24 h外,3组间亚硝态氮的含量差异不显著.综合结果表明,卤虫的最适投喂密度应随着灰海马的生长进行适时调整.从初孵至d 10,饵料密度以10个/mL最佳;从d 10起,将饵料密度上调至20个/mL;d 30后当海马密度降至0.5～1尾/L时,卤虫密度可降至10个/mL左右.图2表1参21     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^-1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^-1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^-1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^-1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^-1 and 0.22 ppm hr^-1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

根表铁膜对水稻吸收污灌土壤中的锌的影响

采用土-石英砂联合培养的盆栽试验,研究两个不同基因型的水稻根表铁膜的形成情况及其对水稻吸收污灌土中的锌的影响.结果表明,两基因型水稻在不同水分条件下根表铁膜的形成情况不同淹水条件下形成的铁膜数量最多,高于湿润和干-湿交替,后二者之间差异不明显.不同基因型水稻(金优22与90-68-2)根表铁膜的形成趋势一致,只是数量稍有差异;不同基因型秸秆及籽粒中锌的含量存在差异,不同铁处理的根表铁膜数量、地上部锌含量均不同.     

Fish production and the marine ecosystems of the Scotian Shelf,eastern Canada

Fishery production and food webs have been studied on the Scotian Shelf and upper continental slope along a transect running 270 km SE of Halifax, Canada. The area (TCNAF Division 4W) supports a fishery of roughly 0.15x10⁶ metric tons. Overall primary production of the shelf waters is 102 g C m^-2 year^-1 and of the slope wacers about 128 g C m^-2 year^-1. Demersal fish production (average 4.1 kcal m^-2 year^-1) is highest over the shelf and declines in an offshore direction, while pelagic fish production (average 16 kcal m^-2 year^-1) is highest over the slope and declines in an inshore direction. Hypothetical food webs of these two intergrading ecosystems have been constructed, based on data for primary production, fish catches, and the biomasses of zooplankton and macrobenthos. These lead us to suggest that there are basic differences in food chains and efficiencies between the two ecosystems that account for their differences in production. Although primary production is 17% higher on an average on the Nova Scotian transect than in the North Sea, the apparent zooplankton and macrobenthos production is 31% lower and macrobenthos production may also be lower. Overall fish catch from the Scotian Shelf and slope is about 47% lower per unit area than the catch in the North Sea, despite the fact that the demersal catches are identical. This is accounted for by a much lower overall pelagic catch from the Nova Scotian area, centered in a region that is small compared to the total area. Fish production in different regions cannot be predicted merely on the basis of differences in level of primary production, but must take into account differences in the structure of the ecosystems.