用碱性玫瑰精代替罗丹明B做水动力扩散试验示踪剂的分光光度法的研究

本文研究了碱性玫瑰精和罗丹明B的PH、水温、稳定时间、吸收峰扫描,河水影响,检出下限,回收率等方面的试验,结果表明,性能一致。利用碱性玫瑰精完全可以代替罗丹明B做水动力扩散试验的示踪剂。以河水为参比可扣除本底影响,检出下限达5PPb。     

化学发光测定示踪剂罗丹明B的新方法

天然河流水质模型的扩散系数通常采用罗丹明Ｂ作示踪剂来测定。囚此,河水中罗丹明Ｂ测定的准确度对水质模型的建立和精度至关重要。本文建立了化学发光分析罗丹明Ｂ的新方法,从而消除了河水浊度的影响。     

河水示踪剂的分光光度法的研究

在天然河流中,使用现场示踪剂技术来确定水团流程时间及各类混合输送参数。我们选用罗丹明B和工业染料碱性玫瑰精做河水的示踪剂,使用分光光度法进行检测,检出下限为0.005mg/1。 一、罗丹明B的分光光度法 配制罗丹明B标液,利用日本岛津UV—250紫外分光光度计和国产722型分光光度计,进行了分光光度法的波长选择,本底干扰以及其他影响因素的实验。 (一)波长的选择:在700～190nm波长范围内扫描(图1),结果表明,罗丹明B在可见光部分最大吸收波长λ_(max)为555nm。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中马拉硫磷残留

采用C-18小柱萃取、毛细管柱分离、气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）测定水样中的马拉硫磷,检测限为0．12μg／L。试验了样品流量和洗脱剂对回收率的影响,结果表明样品流量为6mL／min、二氯甲烷作洗脱剂时,回收率较好。测定蒸馏水、地下水和河水样品,相对标准偏差〈2．2％。加标回收率在79．0％-109％之间。     

广西城市近郊型地下河水中多环芳烃污染特征研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对广西清水泉地下河水16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量浓度进行了测定,研究地下河水中PAHs的质量浓度、组成和分布,并对其进行生态风险评价,为城市近郊型地下河系统持久性污染物防治提供科学依据。结果表明,地下河水中∑PAHs质量浓度为162.13~224.99 ng/L,平均值为191.71 ng/L,PAHs以2~3环为主,占49.36%;地下河水中PAHs的质量浓度自上游至下游逐渐增大,2~3环PAHs的百分比先升高后降低;地下河水中Ba A和Bb F处于中等污染和高污染风险,应采取控制或修复措施降低污染风险,剩余PAHs除了In P在水中未检出外,均显示为低污染风险。     

季节性Kendall检验分析湘江长沙段水质变化趋势

季节性Kendall检验是一种广泛应用于河流水质变化趋势分析的非参数检验。以湘江长沙段三汊矶断面2001—2011年水质监测结果为样本,运用季节性Kendall检验分析湘江长沙段水质变化趋势及影响因素,结果表明:氨氮浓度呈显著上升趋势,总磷浓度呈高度显著上升趋势,总镉、总砷浓度呈高度显著下降趋势,湘江长沙段水质主要受城市生活、工业和农业面源污染物排放的影响,河水流量对水质的影响相对较小。     

工业废水对洹河有机污染的调查与分析

采用适当的样品前处理技术,利用GC/MS对洹河水及焦化厂、染料厂废水进行有机污染物的分析,确定了工业废水对洹河造成有机污染的主要化合物,从而为企业污水的处理和洹河治理提供依据.     

马莲河水体中Cr+6来源调查

Cr+6是毒性最强的铬化合物.本文通过现场调查,对马莲河水体中Cr+6的来源进行了研究.结果表明,马莲河水体中Cr+6来自于地下泛水.     

示踪剂——碱性玫瑰精测试技术研究

在大中型工程项目环境影响和海湾、河流水质规划都需要研究和了解受纳水体中污染物的时空分布规律,通过水动力试验,以求出其弥散系数,从而建立水质模式,达到污染预测和水域环境规划之目的。成功的示踪剂测试方法是水动力扩散试验成功的必要先行条件。 1985年初,我们经过多种示踪剂的选择对比试验,选定了一种工业染料——碱性玫瑰精作示踪剂,经过室内、外的条件,模拟、尝试试验,成功建立了由比色、分光、荧光和分光荧光梯级联合测试方法,满足了水动力试验中示踪样浓度从10~(-4)到10~(-10)跨越六个数量级范围的测试。尤其是10~(-9)和10~(-10)浓度级测试技术的建立,使水动力试验中示踪剂的用量可以减少百倍。解决了过去只限在10~(-4)～10~(-8)数量级浓度范围河流试验,首次扩展到海域。 一、有分光荧光的梯级联合测试技术     

太湖入湖河流流量简易测量法--中泓一点法

通过利用经典测试法与多普勒测流仪对太湖入湖河流流量进行的比对分析,找出了太湖入湖河流流量的简易测试方法——中泓一点法。在河流中泓0．6倍水深处测流．可得到入湖河流流量70％的精度;若要保证得到入湖河流流量为80％精度,则需在中泓0．8倍水深处施测。     

RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR KARST AQUIFERS: (1) ESTIMATING KARST CONDUIT-FLOW PARAMETERS

Quantitative ground-water tracing of conduit-dominated karst aquifers allows for reliable and practical interpretation of karst ground-water flow. Insights into the hydraulic geometry of the karst aquifer may be acquired that otherwise could not be obtained by such conventional methods as potentiometric-surface mapping and aquifer testing. Contamination of karst aquifers requires that a comprehensive tracer budget be performed so that karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters be obtained. Acquisition of these parameters is necessary for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport. A FORTRAN computer program for estimating total tracer recovery from tracer-breakthrough curves is proposed as a standard method. Estimated hydraulic-flow parameters include mean residence time, mean flow velocity, longitudinal dispersivity, Peclet number, Reynolds number, and Froude number. Estimated geometric parameters include karst conduit sinuous distance, conduit volume, cross-sectional area, diameter, and hydraulic depth. These parameters may be used to (1) develop structural models of the aquifer, (2) improve aquifer resource management, (3) improve ground-water monitoring systems design, (4) improve aquifer remediation, and (5) assess contaminant fate-and-transport. A companion paper demonstrates the use of these hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters in a surface-water model for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport in a karst conduit. Two ground-water tracing studies demonstrate the utility of this program for reliable estimation of necessary karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters.     

A field-based spectrophotometric flow-injection system for automatic determination of chloride in soil water

The use of chloride as a tracer for soil water investigations is discussed. Limitations with laboratory based soil core and field based sampling are considered with respect to the poor suitability of the data for rigorous assessment of mechanistic models. Investigation of water movement in soil has been restricted by limitations in spatial and temporal sampling. Fine resolution sampling generates large numbers of samples which cause problems with post sampling laboratory analysis. This paper describes a field-based system for the analysis of chloride in soil water. There are three component parts to the system, (i) a custom sampling sub-system comprising of ceramic cup suction samplers and sample traps, (ii) a sample routing sub-system to channel sample to (iii) a sample analysis sub-system utilizing a flow injection method for sample analysis using a custom built photo-diode detector. The three sub-systems were controlled by a suitably equipped personal computer. A calibration procedure is described with a third order polynomial equation derived to convert millivolt response from the detector into chloride concentration. Field and laboratory data from a tracer experiment are presented and discussed, and it is concluded that the system is well suited to field-based applications. Finally it is noted that the photo-detector is suitable for colourimetric analysis of any tracer with suitable chemical determination.     

Modelling Tracer Dispersion from Landfills

Several wind tunnel experiments of tracer dispersion from reduced-scale landfill models are presented in this paper. Different experimental set-ups, hot-wire anemometry, particle image velocimetry and tracer concentration measurements were used for the characterisation of flow and dispersion phenomena nearby the models. The main aim of these experiments is to build an extensive experimental data set useful for model validation purposes. To demonstrate the potentiality of the experimental data set, a validation exercise on several mathematical models was performed by means of a statistical technique. The experiments highlighted an increase in pollutant ground level concentrations immediately downwind from the landfill because of induced turbulence and mean flow deflection. This phenomenon turns out to be predominant for the dispersion process. Tests with a different set-up showed an important dependence of the dispersion phenomena from the landfill height and highlighted how complex orographic conditions downwind of the landfill do not affect significantly the dispersion behaviour. Validation exercises were useful for model calibration, improving code reliability, as well as evaluating performances. The Van Ulden model proved to give the most encouraging results.     

环境空气采样流量标定方法误差分析及校正换算

由于压力和温度的变化,使得校正态下标定的流量与采样态实际流量不符,会给采样体积计算带来偏差。通过转子流量计流量计算公式和理想气体状态方程推导出了采样态体积与校正态体积之间的换算公式,并结合实例进行了计算,分析了采用和不采用公式计算两者之间的误差。     

直接进样-热脱附-GC-MS快速测定大气细颗粒物中有机示踪物

建立了直接进样-热脱附-GC-MS快速测定细颗粒物中甾烷类和藿烷类有机示踪物的方法。经实验条件优化,13种目标化合物的线性回归方程的相关系数均在0.990以上,空白加标回收率为81.4%~102.3%,实际样品加标回收率为79.1%~112.9%,相对标准偏差小于13.2%。当采样体积为24 m~3时,各目标化合物的检出限为0.008~0.084 ng/m~3,方法灵敏度高。利用该方法测定了北京城区采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5实际样品,结果表明:各目标物均有检出,且采暖季的甾烷类和藿烷类化合物的总量均明显高于非采暖季。该方法无需复杂的前处理和有机溶剂,操作简便快捷,在颗粒物中非极性化合物的快速检测方面具有很大的应用价值。     

Influence of Building Density and Roof Shape on the Wind and Dispersion Characteristics in an Urban Area: A Numerical Study

The Computational Fluid Dynamics code CFX-TASCflow is used for simulating the wind flow and pollutant concentration patterns in two-dimensional wind-tunnel models of an urban area. Several two-dimensional multiple street canyon configurations are studied corresponding to different areal densities and roof shapes. A line source of a tracer gas is placed at the bottom of one street canyon for modelling street-level traffic emissions. The flow fields resulting from the simulations correspond to the patterns observed in street canyons. In particular and in good agreement with observations, a dual vortex system is predicted for a deep flat-roof street canyon configuration, while an even more complex vortex system is evidenced in the case of slanted-roof square street canyons. In agreement with measurement data, high pollutant concentration levels are predicted either on the leeward or the windward side of the street canyon, depending on the geometrical details of the surrounding buildings.     

Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Tracer Tests: Experimental Results

Two dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) tracer tests werecarried out in a shallow aquifer north of Fort Worth, TX. i-Propanolwas used as the nonpartitioning tracer; n-hexanol and n-octanol werethe partitioning tracers. Field data, mathematical modeling, theresults of column tests, and field tracer tests with NaCl were usedin designing the DNAPL tracer tests. The results indicated the presenceof DNAPL at both sites tested; semi-quantitative estimates of theamounts of DNAPL present were obtained by mathematical modeling.Interpretation was complicated by heterogeneity of the aquifer andmass transport effects.     

Beach geomorphic factors for the persistence of subsurface oil from the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska

Oil from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill persists in some of the Prince William Sound (Alaska) beaches and continues to be a potential threat to the fauna. This paper reports a field investigation during the summer of 2008 of groundwater flow and solute transport in a tidal gravel beach in Smith Island, Prince William Sound. The beach contains oil on one side, the left side (facing landward). Field measurements of water table, salinity, and tracer (lithium) concentration were obtained for an approximate duration of 64 h for two transects, the oiled transect and a clean transect (the right transect). It was found that the hydraulic conductivity and the fresh groundwater recharge into the two transects were similar. It was also found that the beach slope of the mid to high tidal zone along the oiled (left) transect was ~7.4% which is considerably smaller than that of the clean (right) transect (~11.8%). This suggests a higher flushing/replenishing of the right transect with nutrients and/or oxygen, which would have enhanced biodegradation of oil on the right transect if that oil was not washed by waves. We also found that the degree of oiling at each location was inversely dependent on the armoring of the beach surface with clasts and boulders. The applied tracer concentration at the left transect was less than 2% of the source or close to the background level at all locations except a seaward well closest to the applied location, indicating that the tracer applied was diluted or washed out from the beach during the application. Thus, in situations where oil biodegradation is limited by the availability of nutrients and/or dissolved oxygen, applying the chemicals on the beach surface would most likely not enhance oil biodegradation as the applied chemicals would be greatly diluted prior to reaching the oil. Thus, deep injection of nutrients and/or dissolved oxygen is probably the only option for enhancing oil biodegradation.     

Thermodynamic influences on size fractionated measurements (PM 2.5, PM 10) of ambient aerosols

Mass concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 are planned as new standards for the monitoring of ambient air quality in the European Union. Standard procedure is the removal of particles > 10 microns and > 2.5 microns aerodynamic diameter, respectively, by impaction in a preseparator. Different samplers work according to different principles of flow control. The influence of ambient temperature, pressure and relative humidity on different devices is calculated to estimate the comparability of various aerosol samplers. Therefore, the effects of these ambient factors on the volume flow as well as on the cut-off dp50 are investigated. In a second step, the influence of relative humidity on the flow control device is calculated. The results show that the cut-off shifts (up to 6.4%) for varying ambient conditions. Therefore, the influence on the impaction process should not be neglected and an 'ideal sampler' would measure temperature, pressure and relative humidity and adapt the volume flow to avoid a systematic error in the cut-off.     

Mathematical Modeling of Column and Field Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Tracer Tests

Mathematical models for the simulation of dense nonaqueous phase liquid tracer tests (DTTs) in laboratory columns and in the field are developed and examined. The DTT technique is a means of estimating the quantity of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) in a domain of interest in an aquifer. The two-dimensional field DTT model uses the Method of Principal Directions and an asymmetrical upwind algorithm for describing advective transport. Both models include diffusion transport of tracer into and from low-permeability porous structures such as clay lenses, as well as the mass transport kinetics of partitioning tracer to and from the DNAPL droplets. The dependence of the effluent tracer concentration curves on the parameters of the models is explored, and conclusions are drawn regarding the applicability of, and several possible problems with, the DTT technique. Model results indicate that the DTT performs well at locating distributed droplets of DNAPL, but is unlikely to be useful in the assessment of pooled DNAPL.