Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air at Four Residential Locations in Seoul, Korea

To investigate the environmental behavior of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas, their concentrations were measured at four urban monitoring sites (namely, N, S, E, and W) in Seoul, Korea (February to December 2009). A total of 27 compounds were quantified that consist of four chemical groups: aromatic (AR), halogenated aromatic, halogenated paraffin, and halogenated olefin. Results were evaluated by focusing on these four functional groups just mentioned and their summation term as total VOC (TVOC) along with several individual species (mainly AR species, that is, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene). The highest concentration of chemical groups was found from AR (71.1±42.1?ppbC), while that for individual species confirmed the dominance of toluene (7.48±3.88?ppb). The analysis of spatial distribution indicated that high TVOC levels were recorded at sites N and W, while it was not so significant such as S and E in terms of TVOC budget. Seasonal variation of these VOCs was characterized by the peak values in December to reflect the combined effects of pronounced source activities and meteorological conditions. Analysis of spatial variations in VOC levels between the four urban sites indicated that their distributions are tightly affected by local source processes in each area.     

南黄海北部坳陷丛集地震的环境应力特征

对2001~2002年发生在南黄海北部坳陷的丛集地震的构造背景进行了分析,计算和研究了地震丛集过程中环境应力值的演化,讨论了2002-07-23 ML5.1地震发生的背景及其力学机制。研究结果表明,地震丛集过程的中止与中强地震的发生有关;丛集地震形成的初期和中期的平均环境应力值要高于丛集形成之前但低于ML5.1地震发生前夕,丛集后期的平均环境应力值则因ML5.1地震的发生而有所下降。该研究对于今后利用丛集地震及其环境应力值的变化分析和预测中强地震的发生有重要参考意义。     

华南地区荔枝寒害风险分析与区划

以荔枝种植面积最大的广东、广西为代表，依据自然灾害风险分析原理、历年气候、种植面积和产量资料，分别就华南地区各县荔枝的灾损率、易灾性和防寒抗灾能力进行了分析，并以综合的风险指数为区划指标，对华南地区荔枝寒害风险进行了空间区域分划和分区评述。     

2008年华南雪雨冰冻巨灾的反思

2008年伊始,一场历史罕见的低温雨雪冰冻巨灾几乎席卷了南方20个省区.大面积受灾特别是林区严重受损,其恢复至少需10～20年时间.大范围交通中断或堵塞以及断电、缺煤、断水,对当地经济发展和群众生活造成了巨大影响.从历史上看,这样的巨灾似乎是50年或100年才可能发生1次.但从今年全球范围的灾害情况观察,巨灾的发生频度、强度都在发生改变,极端气候事件增多.这与全球自然环境的快速新变化(如全球增温)相关.除此之外,从今年我国南方的这次极端气候事件还应吸取更多的教训,要充分认识到我国防灾能力尚不够充分,经济发展与防灾需要尚不适应,应加强防灾与应急预案和救灾物资储备的研究与实施.按地区特点及经济、人口发展的新形势改进防灾救灾的基础准备工作.特别是一旦发生意外巨灾时,必须建立更高层次的权威应急指挥系统,提高救灾和灾害重建的工作效率.     

华南地区寒害概率分布模型研究

利用华南地区109个站1951—2001年的寒害过程降温幅度和最低气温资料,分别用正态分布、指数分布、伽玛分布、瑞利分布、威布尔分布和耿贝尔—I分布函数进行拟合,并按柯尔莫哥洛夫和ω^2检验方法进行了拟合优度检验。结果表明,华南地区寒害过程降温幅度有51个站服从正态分布、29个站服从伽玛分布、20个站服从耿贝尔—I分布、9个站服从威布尔分布;过程最低气温有12个站服从正态分布、97个站服从耿贝尔—I分布。     

南海海域地震海啸潜在危险的探析

本文对南海海域的海底地形地貌、海水深度、地质构造格局、断裂活动、地震和海啸的活动等进行分析,认为南海北、西、南以及中部都不具备发生地震海啸的基本条件.而南海东部边缘的台湾南部～菲律宾以西的马尼拉海沟,不仅具备发生地震海啸的条件,而且是南海亚板块向菲律宾板块的俯冲带,强震活动频繁且倾滑型或具有倾滑分量的走滑型地震比例很高,同时历史上也曾发生多次海啸,是南海最有可能引发地震海啸的潜在地区.     

东亚地区夏季旱涝分布与南海夏季风爆发时间关系

利用东亚地区529个代表站地面历史月降水资料和南海夏季风爆发时间的历史序列资料，对近55年（1951—2005年）南海夏季风爆发时间进行了多时间尺度变化特征分析，并依据夏季降水距平百分率确定了旱涝灾害等级标准，应用合成诊断分析方法研究了南海夏季风爆发时间偏早、偏晚和正常3种典型时态与东亚地区夏季旱涝分布的对应关系。结果表明：（1）在南海夏季风偏早爆发年份，中国长江流域、东北北部、华北局部以及韩国南部、日本南部、蒙古国东部易发生旱灾；中国的华南东部、淮河流域、环渤海北部及中朝边界、韩国北部易发生涝灾；（2）在南海夏季风偏晚爆发年份，中国江南地区、东南沿海、海南岛、东北局部以及日本的东部易发生旱灾；中国华南西部、淮河流域、华北大部、东北东部以及韩国南部、日本南部易发生涝灾；（3）在南海夏季风正常爆发年份，中国的华南南部、江淮地区、中朝边界、中蒙边界以及韩国局部、日本南部易发生旱灾；中国江南西部以及日本大部易发生涝灾。     

水土气污染与人类自身生产

我国现实之患是旱涝沙,潜在之忧是水土气污染。这里水是指江河湖海和地下水,土是土壤,气为大气。水土气是养育人类的基本环境要素。即使是人类需要的生存环境,也得不到应有的珍惜和保护,这是人类的最大悲哀。960万平方公里陆地和300多万平方公里海洋足以让我国人民活得潇洒自在,健康快     

基于关键区海温的华南香蕉寒害长期预报模型探讨

根据华南地区10个代表站点1961-2005年的气候资料、海温资料、历史灾情记录对华南香蕉寒害长期预报模型进行了研究。结果表明,构造的华南香蕉寒害指数与前人研究和历史灾情记录吻合,可以代表华南香蕉寒害的强弱。通过相关分析,找出了影响华南冬季寒害的前期夏季海温关键区为（5°S~5°N,170°~120°W）、（50°~60°N,180°~140°W）、（20°~30°N,140°~110°W）、（30°~40°N,140°~150°E）、（40°~50°N,150°~170°E）,关键区海温对华南冬季寒害影响具有明确的物理意义。利用逐步回归分析,以关键区海温为自变量建立了华南香蕉寒害长期预报模型。其中1961-1990年的数据用于建模,1991-2004年数据用于模型检验。模型拟合准确率和预报准确率均高于88%,这表明此模型具有较高的精度。     

The South China Sea High in Early Summer Being a Distinct Evidence of Summer Flood in the Yangtze River Valley

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日本东南海、南海地震预防对策

日本的防灾对策、各种防灾计划、紧急应急防灾活动的责任顺序为市町村、都道府县和国家。通常,一般性的灾害由地方公共团体根据地区防灾计划实施救灾,但对于巨灾和大面积的灾害,则制定国家总体防灾计划,地方公共团体等也要根据总体防灾计划制定各自的计划。目前,相对于总体防灾计划所设想的造成巨大破坏的东海地震和南关东的首都     

Farming the battlefield: the meanings of war, cattle and soil in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Prior to 1996 and the Congolese wars, exploitative land policies pushed farmers in the eastern highlands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) into a vulnerable position, with cattle manure sustaining intensive cultivation. This exposed households to a complete breakdown in mixed farming as cattle became targets of war. This study of villages in South Kivu offers an inside understanding of continuity and change in farming practices in a region where there are no easy solutions, and it assesses how the province lost its present and where farmers look when they glance to the future. For farmers, who hold a broad view of soil fertility, the casualties of war were not only people and cattle but also the land itself, which has enduring scars. Perceiving a rupture in tradition, South Kivu farmers are searching desperately for new livelihoods that are built on education instead of livestock, setting aside old ethnic signifiers to seek a future beyond protracted conflict.     

四川色达县切都柯沟"7.8"泥石流灾害特性及危险性分析

2004年7月8日四川色达县歌乐沱乡切都柯沟发生了中等规模泥石流,最大流速10.4 m/s,洪峰流量156 m3/s,冲出方量约7×104 m3,造成了一定的财产损失. 泥石流稠度大,冲击力强,具有明显的直进性特征,为粘性泥石流. 切都柯沟泥石流发育阶段为壮年(偏幼)期. 切都柯沟为中度危险的泥石流沟,该沟一次泥石流最大堆积危险范围39 902 m2,最大堆积长度284 m,最大堆积厚度4.32 m. 提出了相应的防治措施一是在滑坡崩塌处进行加固,采取沟岸护坡等措施;二是在沟谷上游修建谷坊、拦挡坝,以降低流速,削减泥石流能量和规模.     

四川色达县切都柯沟“7.8”泥石流灾害特征及危险性分析

2004年7月8日四川色达县歌乐沱乡切都柯沟发生了中等规模泥石流,最大流速10.4m/s,洪峰流量156m3/s,冲出方量约7×104m3,造成了一定的财产损失。泥石流稠度大,冲击力强,具有明显的直进性特征,为粘性泥石流。切都柯沟泥石流发育阶段为壮年(偏幼)期。切都柯沟为中度危险的泥石流沟,该沟一次泥石流最大堆积危险范围39902m2,最大堆积长度284m,最大堆积厚度4.32m。提出了相应的防治措施:一是在滑坡崩塌处进行加固,采取沟岸护坡等措施;二是在沟谷上游修建谷坊、拦挡坝,以降低流速,削减泥石流能量和规模。     

1971-2010年河南省夏季高温日数的变化趋势分析

基于河南省109个气象站1971-2010年夏季(6-8月)逐日最高气温和平均气温资料,采用气候统计学分析方法,分析了近40年河南省夏季≥35℃、≥38℃和≥40℃高温日数的时空特征及可能的变化趋势.结果表明:1971-2010年河南省夏季3个等级高温日数在空间上呈现出豫西北高海拔和豫东南低海拔地区较多,其它地区较少的分布特征,高值中心位于豫西地区的偃师附近,在时间上无显著的线性变化趋势,但是在年代间呈现出“多-少-多”的变化特征,最近10年夏季高温日数最多;从各台站趋势变化的空间分布看,豫西北海拔较高地区台站呈增加趋势的较多,豫东和豫西南台站呈减少趋势的较多.夏季平均气温和≥35 ℃(r =0.58,n=4360)、≥38℃(r=0.39,n=4360)以及≥40℃(r=0.27,n=4360)高温日数均呈显著正相关.在全球气候变暖背景下,未来河南省高温日数将可能进一步增加,特别是≥35℃的高温日数.     

六十年的风雨 六十年的发展——新中国的防震减灾事业

新中国成立伊始,党和政府就高度重视防震减灾事业,致力于提升国家防震减灾综合能力。努力减轻地震灾害给经济社会发展和人民生命财产安全造成的影响和损失。防震减灾事业的迅速发展特别是大规模地震预报的研究和实践。起始于1966年的邢台地震。此后,我们走过了一条艰难曲折的发展道路。有过海城地震预报成功的喜悦,     

我国稻螟暴发成灾的原因、趋势及对策

1997年以来，我国二化螟和三化螟连年暴发成灾。究其主要外因，是由于气温升高，耕作制度改变，品种优化杂交化和推广高产轻型栽培措施以及人工防治水平下降等。导致防治水平的根本原因是分散经营，且规模过小。这些问题一时不大可能得到解决，因此预测未来10年左右我国稻螟将继续暴发成灾。减灾控害的对策主要包括体系和任务两个方面。体系由社会组织和技术组成。政府应进一步发挥组织职能；技术包括虫情测报、经济评价和减灾手段。性信息素在测报和防治中的作用值得注意。各级政府的任务是，国家重在制定政策，省、市重在提供资金，县级组织统一行动，乡、村落实人员。作者强调了扩大种稻经营规模对减灾控害的重要作用。     

The Response of the South Manchester Accident Rescue Team (SMART) to the Armenian Earthquake and Lockerbie Air Disaster: A Report to the Prime Minister's Office

The delay in receiving authorisation for the despatch of SMART significantly reduced our overall effectiveness. The majority of injured survivors were extracted during this time and our special expertise could have saved a significant number of lives. The episode has provided SMART with unique experience for a British medical team and this knowledge should not be wasted. In contrast to other major western countries the British response was fragmented. We have no central stockpile of equipment and no official response team. The British who responded were independent of each other even when from the same service. The quality of the individual British teams was as good as any and often better. However, the ability of other nations to coordinate their response centrally and draw from a pool of workers already used to working together, improved both their efficiency and effectiveness. There are great difficulties in communication during any disaster and these increase with the scale of the disaster. Incoming rescue workers were given false or misleading information and rumour was widespread. Even when few people were found alive rescue workers expressed a strong need for a medical presence in case they discovered an injured person or they them selves became ill or injured. We were told repeatedly by experienced rescuers that we were the first team of British senior doctors they had met at the front line of a disaster and they were extremely pleased to see us. Transport was a major problem both in terms of vehicles and local knowledge. It was not thought to be within the remit of a medical team to make provision for food and shelter and this was confirmed in Moscow prior to departure for Yerevan. In retrospect this was a mistake and reduced the time we could stay at the front line. If we had not equipped ourselves with special clothing we could not have gone to the front line. A medical team must be part of larger team of rescue workers. Within this unit there will be provision for food, shelter, transport and communication as well as medical and surgical equipment.