沼气池常见故障和处理方法

沼气池在产气使用过程中,会出现一些故障,这些故障不排除,会影响用气、用肥,最终造成弃管不用,给用户带来损失。本文列举了一些常见故障,分析其产生原因,并提出了相应的处理办法,为广大用户提供参考。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度计操作中的注意事项和常见故障的排除

讨论了火焰原子吸收分光光度计分析过程中应特别的注意事项及常见故障的排除     

循环经济建设中的畜禽粪便环境污染治理

分析了吉林省畜禽养殖业环境污染状况,运用循环经济理论,探讨了畜禽粪便资源化方向,针对畜禽粪便环境污染治理存在的问题,提出了对策。     

快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量方法研究进展

介绍了3种快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量的方法,包括比重计测定法、电导仪测定法以及近红外光谱分析法。其中比重计法是基于比重与干物质之间较好的相关性进行测量的,因此它是一种间接预测粪便中的总氮、总磷的方法;电导仪预测铵态氮和总钾含量的精度较高,其中猪、牛粪便稀释以后的相关系数高于稀释前的相关系数;近红外光谱分析法则可快速地预测总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮以及水分等含量,并且精度较高。因此,可以用比重计法、电导仪法以及近红外光谱法快速预测畜禽粪便中的肥料成分含量。     

畜禽粪便的利用现状及发展前景

我国的养殖业迅速发展的同时也对空气、水体、土壤等环境造成污染,但粪便中的各种营养成分决定其可以进行综合利用,包括通过堆肥生产肥料,通过青贮、脱水干燥、生物处理等手段生产饲料,进行厌氧发酵生产沼气等。提出了畜禽粪便的资源化技术发展的前景仍以综合利用为发展方向。     

循环经济:畜禽粪便污染治理之路

畜禽养殖业的蓬勃发展.改善了农业生产结构、促进农村经济水平的提高.但是废弃物又造成了环境污染.运用循环经济理论指导畜禽粪便污染环境的治理并使其资源化.在减少生态环境污染的同时,又提高了资源的利用效率.具有很大的经济效益和生态效益.本文通过分析盲禽粪便对环境的危害及其资源特性.提出了资源化、无害化的途径.     

东北三省不同规模养殖场畜禽饲料和粪便中锌含量特征

为了解东北三省不同规模养殖场畜禽饲料和粪便中w(Zn)分布及粪便Zn的农田输入量,选取长春、哈尔滨等养殖密集城市,分别从小、中、大规模养殖场随机采取了25、30、49个畜禽饲料样品和28、28、54个粪便样品进行研究. 结果表明:吉林、黑龙江、辽宁三省猪饲料中的w(Zn)平均值分别为209.35、120.00和117.58mg/kg;牛饲料中w(Zn)平均值分别为116.73、120.26和134.04mg/kg;鸡饲料中w(Zn)平均值分别为95.51、77.59和97.23mg/kg. 在养殖规模上,猪饲料、牛饲料中w(Zn)平均值均以小规模养殖场最高,分别为238.91、156.28mg/kg;而鸡饲料中w(Zn)平均值以大规模养殖场最高,为103.72mg/kg. 对比畜禽粪便中的w(Zn)分布可知,吉林、黑龙江、辽宁三省猪粪中w(Zn)平均值分别为630.26、596.57和692.59mg/kg;牛粪中w(Zn)平均值分别为132.04、108.88和138.82mg/kg;鸡粪中w(Zn)平均值分别为363.67、201.82和246.45mg/kg. 在养殖规模上,猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪中w(Zn)平均值均以大规模养殖场最高,分别为691.56、136.13和384.15mg/kg. 畜禽粪便与饲料中的w(Zn)呈显著正相关(P<0.05). 根据东北三省畜禽养殖量及粪便中w(Zn)平均值推算,每年有12442.7t 的Zn通过畜禽粪便农用输入农田.      

江苏省畜禽粪便污染及资源化利用

文章系统地介绍了1998年-2003年之间,江苏省畜牧业发展的总体情况,以及在畜牧业发展过程中产生的畜禽粪便的污染现状、污染特点及主要的几种环境污染类型。结合江苏省畜禽业发展和农业发展的特点,阐述了目前江苏省畜禽粪便资源化利用的途径及所采用的综合利用的生态技术,并提出解决江苏畜禽粪便污染的最根本出路是树立可持续农业的思想,发展生态型畜牧养殖业,促进生态环境的良好循环,为江苏省畜牧业及农业的可持续发展提供参考。     

辽河源头区畜禽养殖粪便处理处理现状及对策初探

本文以畜禽养殖较为集中、污染问题较为突出的辽河源头区为研究区域,通过流域内畜禽污染物排放方式,污染物排放总量,总结流域内畜禽养殖污染特点,在次基础上提出切实可行的畜禽污染防治对策,为相关政策的制定提供依据。     

北京市畜禽粪便土地利用适宜性分析

以北京市为研究区域,基于GIS下采用权重线性加和模型(WLC),综合自然、环境、社会和经济等多因子.对北京市畜禽粪便土地利用的适宜性进行了定量分析.结果表明,北京市10个郊区县适合施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积为1605.3 km2,占耕地总面积的35.3%,主要分布在北京市的南部、东南部和中部地区.聚类分析将全市郊区划分为东南部、北部、西南部和中部4个区域.东南部和中部远郊平原区比较适合发展畜禽养殖业,目前的养殖量与最大承载量之间尚存在一定空间;但是由于城镇化的加快,可施用粪便的农田与居民区的安全距离成为影响粪便施用的主要因素,需要结合有效的管理措施以避免畜禽粪便土地利用的污染风险.北部和西南部远郊低山丘陵区应适度控制畜禽养殖业的发展,由于北部区县(延庆、怀柔、密云和平谷)河流密集,并分布有北京市的主要地表水源,故与水体的安全距离对该地区的耕地施用粪便有重要影响;应控制和减少土壤沙化及水土流失,同时建立滨岸缓冲带来控制畜禽粪便土地利用对水体的进一步污染,以达到经济发展和环境保护的双重目的.     

畜禽粪便堆肥臭气控制研究进展

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中,恶臭气体产生量较高且成分复杂,对堆肥过程中臭气产生机理与控制的研究日趋重要。阐述了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中主要恶臭组分的产生及危害,堆肥臭气影响因素及其优化控制条件;探讨了堆肥微环境中关键微生物响应机制,主要产臭与除臭微生物及其对臭气的降解作用;总结了原位与异位生物控制技术的主要技术种类、研究进展、应用情况及效果等,提出功能微生物群落结构及其微环境保障对堆肥臭气控制具有重要的影响。     

畜禽粪便中氮磷及抗生素的高效检测方法研究进展

本文对目前粪便中氮磷和抗生素的常规检测方法和前沿检测技术进行了介绍,讨论了这些方法的技术瓶颈和未来研究方向,并得出以下结论:1)粪便样品的常规检测方法具有准确度高、灵敏度好的特点,但需要在专业实验室进行或需要使用大型仪器,难以满足原位快速检测或在线监测的需要,因此粪便中氮磷、抗生素检测新技术的研究十分必要;2)粪便中的...     

氨氮测定时应注意的几个问题

纳氏试剂比色法是测定水中氨氮的国家标准方法[1].标准方法对氨氮的介绍比较详细,测定步骤也较简单,但实际工作中,情况比较复杂,条件较苛刻,实验空白值难以达到要求(A≤0.030),很多具体的因素都干扰影响该方法的灵敏度,也直接影响分析结果的精密度和准确度.根据多年的实际工作经验,将氨氮测定过程中容易出现的问题及注意事项进行了总结.     

氨氮测定时应注意的几个问题

纳氏试剂比色法是测定水中氨氮的国家标准方法。标准方法对氨氮的介绍比较详细，测定步骤也较简单，但实际工作中，情况比较复杂，条件较苛刻，实验空白值难以达到要求（A≤0．030），很多具体的因素都干扰影响该方法的灵敏度，也直接影响分析结果的精密度和准确度。根据多年的实际工作经验，将氨氮测定过程中容易出现的问题及注意事项进行了总结。     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure co-composting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71°C at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40°C for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure co-composting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1(V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis(DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71°C at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40°C for 8 weeks.CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both Li P and Mn P activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16 S r DNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure cocomposting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71 ℃ at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40 ℃ for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

电场促进畜禽粪便好氧堆肥中DOM演化的光谱学研究

好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便处置和资源化利用的主要途径.传统好氧堆肥（CAC）技术存在堆体温度低、发酵周期长、腐熟效果差等缺陷.最近研究发现,电场辅助好氧堆肥（EAAC）可快速促进堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期,减少温室气体排放,具有潜在的应用前景.然而,电场促进堆肥过程中水溶性有机物（DOM）演化及腐殖化过程尚未清晰.基于此,本文采用紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）等多种光谱技术分析了EAAC过程中DOM的演变规律.UV-Vis与3D-EEM分析表明,EAAC过程中,蛋白类物质在3 d内几乎被完全分解,富里酸和腐殖酸类物质在高温期（6~18 d）大量形成.EAAC的腐殖化指数（HI=HA/FA）高于CAC,E₄/E₆低于CAC,说明堆肥过程中DOM芳香化和腐殖化的速度与程度均优于CAC. FTIR分析显示,EAAC过程中DOM的碳水化合物、脂肪类物质逐渐减少,芳香族化合物不断增加,其腐殖化趋势明显比CAC更快.相关性分析显示,P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与A_240~400、SUVA₂₅₄、E₂₅₃/E₂₂₀等UV-Vis光谱指标呈显著正相关（r>0.8, p<0.05）,可以作为评价EAAC腐熟度的重要指标.上述结果表明,电场辅助好氧堆肥可加速DOM中蛋白类物质分解,加快富里酸和腐殖酸类物质形成,促进DOM结构的芳香化.     

畜禽养殖业污染防治及综合利用途径

通过对畜禽养殖业污染源分析，剖析其对环境造成的影响，就各种污染防治措施提出我省畜禽粪便综合利用途径。