生物过滤法对水中铁去除的试验研究

随着生物技术在水处理工业中的推广应用,人们逐渐认识到生物除铁是将来替代接触氧化法除铁的新一代除铁方法。本文在国内外生物除铁研究的基础上,通过较低pH值条件培养铁细菌,最终检测不同实验条件下的过滤效果,以达到研究不同粒径滤料、pH值、溶解氧等条件对生物除铁的影响。实验结果表明：小粒径滤料有利于过滤过程的进行;生物除铁的效果不明显,尤其在高pH值和溶解氧条件下几乎没有差别;随着pH值和溶解氧浓度的增加,亚铁的氧化效果加强了,但是生物除铁的效果却减弱了。     

生物法去除地下水中铁锰的影响因素

分析了生物法除地下水中铁锰的影响因素,曝气后使地下水中DO为7.0～7.5mg/L及pH为6.8～7.0时,生物滤层中的锰氧化菌能够保持较好活性及除锰能力,且工艺能够达到铁锰同除的要求.本研究提出的“成熟滤料移植”生物过滤方法,适合于对Mn²⁺吸附能力较强的优质锰砂滤层的接种,而对吸附能力较弱的石英砂滤层,只能采用菌量较大的实验室选择性培养基培养、驯化锰氧化菌的接种方式;锰砂和石英砂生物滤层的反冲洗强度分别控制在6～9L/(s·m²)、7～11L/(s·m²)的较低范围时,滤层的微生物相受扰动较小,反冲后铁锰去除能力能在5h内恢复.同时滤层采用1.0～1.2mm的均质滤料,在反冲洗强度较低的情况下过滤周期依然可延长至35～38h.     

生物过滤法处理含氨废气研究

研究了生物过滤法处理含氨废气的技术，实验中考察了气体的停留时间、进气方式、进气中氨浓度等因素对氨法除率的影响，当进气中氨的浓度分别为１５．２、７５．９和１５．２０ｍｇ（ＮＨ３）／ｍ＾３时，生物过滤反应器对氨的去除均在９５％以上，反应时间是３２ｓ，处理后的气体中氨的浓度可以达到国家一级排放标准，对填料中各形态氮浓度的分析证明氨在反应器中的转化以硝化反应为主。     

曝气生物滤池中COD去除影响因素试验分析

以上向流曝气生物滤池为研究对象,对COD的去除效果及影响因素进行了探讨.试验结果表明:上向流曝气生物滤池对COD去除效果具有一定的抗冲击负荷能力,在进水COD质量浓度均值为68.3mgL时,出水氨氮质量浓度均值为26.1 mg/L,去除率为61.8%,去除效果稳定.不同操作条件对COD去除效果的影响为:曝气生物滤池只需较低的曝气量,在V(气):V(水)=5:1的情况下即可获得对有机物较高的去除效率;曝气生物滤池时有机物的降解主要发生在进水端0～60cm范围内;水力负荷在0.5～1.5 m3/(m2·h)的变化范围内.反应器对有机物去除能力基本不受影响;水力负荷和进水COD等2种途径带来的COD容积负荷变化对其去除率没有明显的区别,并且有很强的抗冲击负荷的能力.     

生物除锰除铁滤池对低氟的去除效果研究

氟元素与人体健康关系比较密切,其含量过高和过低对人体健康都有危害,因而对地下水中氟污染物的研究,意义重大。为此人工配制了含F-为1．00～3．00mg／L、不同Mn2＋、Fe2＋浓度的原水,并通过已经培养成熟的生物除锰除铁滤池进行过滤。结果表明,进水pH（5．5～7．5）为中性条件下,滤池对氟具有长期稳定的微弱去除效果。在低pH（2．5—3．5）条件下,出水F-浓度在短时间内达到生活饮用水标准。     

生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物气体研究进展

生物过滤法是一种高效、廉价的废气处理技术。介绍了近年来生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物(VOCs)气体的研究进展。重点讨论了生物过滤法处理VOCs气体的性能、影响因素和运行模拟等内容。     

微污染饮用水生物过滤影响因素的研究

通过试验探讨了过滤介质、空床接触时间、水温和反冲洗方式对生物过滤去除有机物的影响。试验结果表明 :活性炭、石英砂组成的双层滤料生物滤池对高锰酸盐指数、UV2 5 4的去除效果比无烟煤、石英砂组成的双层滤料滤池和单层石英砂滤料滤池好 ;在一定的范围内 ,随着接触时间或水温的增加 ,各滤柱对高锰酸盐指数的去除率增加 ;加氯水反冲洗方式对生物滤池去除高锰酸盐指数、UV2 5 4的影响比未加氯水反冲洗方式大     

丝状真菌生物过滤塔对挥发性有机物的去除性能

生物过滤塔工艺是控制挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染的一种重要工艺。其中,丝状真菌由于所产生的菌丝体易捕捉气相中的疏水性污染物,同时又具备耐受低pH值和适应干燥环境等特性,而日益成为VOCs生物过滤技术中新的研究热点。文章在对丝状真菌生物过滤塔的降解机理和特点进行分析的基础上,针对目前在生物过滤塔技术中研究较多的几种典型丝状真菌,较详细介绍了该类真菌生物过滤塔对VOCs的去除性能,并对该技术在VOCs控制方面的研究与应用中存在的问题和发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

改性粘土去除赤潮生物及其对养殖生物的影响

研究了阳离子表面活性剂(HDTMA)对东海原甲藻的去除效果及其对日本对虾幼体的急性毒性作用,并利用该表面活性剂对天然粘土进行了有机改性.实验发现,HDTMA对东海原甲藻有较强的灭杀效果,添加粘土能显著降低HDTMA对对虾幼体的毒性效应.室内模拟实验表明,有机改性土用量为0.03g/L时对东海原甲藻的去除率为100%;对赤潮异弯藻有效抑制时的有机改性土用量为0.09g/L.同时结果显示,在有效去除东海原甲藻和赤潮异弯藻的剂量下,有机改性土对水体中的对虾幼体的存活没有明显影响,存活率为100%.在室内实验的基础上,于2003年4～5月在我国东海海域赤潮多发区进行了船基围隔试验,比较了各种粘土的除藻效果.初步结果表明,与未经处理的原土相比较,无机改性土复合体系和有机改性土都能有效地去除东海原甲藻赤潮.     

GAC-石英砂生物过滤处理微污染源水的特性

通过试验探讨了颗粒活性炭(GAC)-石英砂生物过滤对湘江微污染源水的处理特性.结果表明,生物过滤具有良好的去浊特性,浊度的去除是传统吸附截留和生物吸附共同作用的结果;生物过滤可有效去除微污染源水中的有机物、NH₄⁺-N、Fe和Mn,提高饮用水生物稳定性;生物过滤对于分子量小于1000和分子量在3000～6000之间的有机物有较好的去除效果.     

The ignored emission of volatile organic compounds from iron ore sinter process

Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.     

Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch

Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of “red water” and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCI_TI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (R_Fe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCI_TI,24 and R_Fe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The R_Fe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid “red water”.     

双阳离子有机膨润土吸附处理水中有机物的性能

分别用长碳链季铵盐（ 如溴化十二烷基三甲铵、溴化十四烷基苄基二甲铵、溴化十六烷基三甲铵、溴化十八烷基三甲铵） 和短碳链季铵盐（ 如溴化四甲基铵） 按一定配比混合改性膨润土,制得一系列双阳离子有机膨润土．研究了双阳离子有机膨润土吸附水中对硝基苯酚、苯酚、苯胺的适宜条件、性能、作用机理．结果表明,双阳离子有机膨润土的层间距、有机碳含量和对有机物的吸附性能与改性时长、短碳链季铵盐的组成及配比有关,水中有机物的去除效果还与其本身的性质有关;所用的双阳离子有机膨润土对有机物的吸附符合 Freundlich或 Langmuir等温式,是表面吸附作用和分配作用共同作用的结果．     

Wastewater degradation by iron/copper nanoparticles and the microorganism growth rate

Nowadays, trends in wastewater treatment by zero-valent iron (ZVI) were turned to use bimetallic NZVI particles by planting another metal onto the ZVI surface to increase its reactivity. Nano size zero-valent iron/copper (NZVI/Cu⁰) bimetallic particles were synthesized in order to examine its toxicity effects on the wastewater microbial life, kinetics of phosphorus, ammonia stripping and the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Various concentrations of NZVI/Cu⁰ and operation conditions both aerobic and anaerobic were investigated and compared with pure NZVI experiment. The results showed that addition 10 mg/L of NZVI/Cu⁰ significantly increased the numbers of bacteria colonies under anaerobic condition, conversely it inhibited bacteria activity with the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, the impact of nanoparticles on ammonia stripping and phosphorus removal was also linked to the emitted iron ions electrons. It was found that dosing high concentration of bimetallic NZVI/Cu⁰ has a negative effect on ammonia stripping regardless of the aeration condition. In comparison to control, dosing only 10 mg/L NZVI/Cu⁰, the phosphorus removal increased sharply both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, these outcomes were obtained as a result of complete dissolution of bimetallic nanoparticles which formed copper-iron oxides components that are attributed to increasing the phosphorus adsorption rate.     

改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水体中头孢噻肟

抗生素对环境的危害已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本实验以改性生物炭(MB)为载体制备了负载纳米零价铁的功能生物炭(Fe/MB).以头孢噻肟(CFX)为目标抗生素,研究了该材料对头孢噻肟的降解特性及影响因素,并探讨了去除机理.实验结果表明,50 min内头孢噻肟的去除率为92%(Fe/MB用量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液p H=5.0,头孢噻肟浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),振荡速率为200 r·min~(-1),柠檬酸浓度为1.47 mmol·L~(-1)).头孢噻肟的去除过程存在改性生物炭的吸附和纳米零价铁还原降解的协同作用,数据符合伪二级反应动力学方程(R20.99).采用紫外可见光谱结合质谱分析了降解产物的结构并提出头孢噻肟的降解途径.     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.     

高浓度酸性含铁废水处理的试验研究

采用中和氧化絮凝工艺对高浓度酸性含铁废水进行了处理，用10?(OH），乳液作中和沉淀剂，Na2SiO2作助凝剂，对Ca（OH）2与Na2SiO3的配比、pH值、絮凝剂和氧化剂的投加量等条件进行了优选，并用该工艺在生产现场进行试运行，出水中各项指标均达到国家排放标准。     

铁屑内电解法处理EDTA溶液中络合铜离子

采用批式试验和现代仪器分析研究了铁屑内电解法处理EDTA溶液中络合铜离子,考察了溶液浓度、溶液pH、温度和铁屑粒径等因素对铜离子去除过程的影响.结果表明,铜离子去除过程符合表观一级动力学方程.在pH 2.0～11.0范围内,pH值越低越利于铜离子去除;在酸性条件下溶液pH随内电解进行升高,在碱性条件下溶液pH随内电解进...