紫背天葵(Begonia fimbristipula Hance)叶片形态和生理生态特征对不同光强的响应

紫背天葵(Begonia fimbristipula Hance)是我国特有的珍稀濒危药用植物。以紫背天葵组培球茎为材料,通过遮阴网设置3种光照强度,分析紫背天葵叶片形态、生理、营养元素及次生代谢产物含量对光照的响应特征,以期为其人工栽培提供理论指导。结果表明,紫背天葵的比叶面积和表观量子效率随光照强度的增大而降低,而上表皮厚度随光照强度的增大而增加。尽管高光照(80%自然光照)处理下的紫背天葵叶片具有更高的最大光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、瞬时水分及光能利用效率,但对照(50%自然光照)下的紫背天葵叶片具有更丰富的总花青素含量(0.4μmol·g-1)。与对照相比,低光照下(20%自然光照)的紫背天葵叶片最大光和速率、暗呼吸速率、光补偿点、光饱和点及瞬时水分利用效率显著降低,且总花青素含量无显著差异。上述结果表明,紫背天葵可通过调节自身形态生理特征来适应较高或较低的光照条件,对不同的光环境有较好的适应能力。但从叶片药用成分保持的角度来看,紫背天葵在接近原生境光照条件的50%自然光照下具有更佳的光合作用和花青素合成能力,可作为其人工栽培的参考光照条件。     

6种观赏植物吸收甲醛能力比较研究

城市住宅的室内空气污染十分严重,甲醛已经成为中国目前室内空气中的首要污染物.在已有的报道中,盆栽观赏植物吸收甲醛的效果并未排除盆土的净化能力,由此植物净化效果显然缺乏科学性.选用6种常用室内观赏植物,将盆土与茎叶部分隔开,放入自行研制的甲醛熏蒸箱中,对植物进行熏蒸实验.测得熏蒸前后甲醛的变化量和植物叶面积,以净吸收率及单位叶面积甲醛减少量来比较6种植物吸收甲醛能力的大小.主要结论如下:(1)甲醛质量浓度是国际标准(0.08 mg·m~(-3))23倍情况下,6种观赏植物均能吸收空气中的甲醛,且因种类不同吸收能力大小不一.吸收甲醛能力排序为:广东万年青(Aglaonema modestum)>绿萝(Epipremnum aureum)>垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)>虎尾兰(Sansevieria trifasciata)>龟背竹(Monstera deliciosa)>四季秋海棠(Begonia semperflorens-hybr.).单位叶面积植物吸收甲醛量依次为:广东万年青绿萝>虎尾兰>龟背竹>垂叶榕>四季秋海棠.(2)甲醛质量浓度是国际标准(0.08mg·m~(-3))57倍情况下,6种观赏植物吸收甲醛能力排序为:垂叶榕>虎尾兰>绿萝>广东万年青>龟背竹>四季秋海棠.单位叶面积植物吸收甲醛量依次为:虎尾兰>垂叶榕>龟背竹>广东万年青>绿萝>四季秋海棠.(3)根据净吸收率及单位叶面积吸收甲醛量的差异,将植物的吸收能力分为两类,吸收甲醛能力较强的植物有:广东万年青、绿萝、虎尾兰、龟背竹、垂叶榕(与空白组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05));较低的植物有:四季秋海棠(与空白组相比无显著性差异).     

利用植物净化室内甲醛污染的研究进展

室内甲醛污染已成为我国最主要的室内空气环境问题,严重地危害着人们的生命健康。大量的植物净化甲醛研究表明,利用观赏植物净化室内甲醛污染是一种经济有效,并符合公众需要和心理的污染修复技术。文章简要综述了近年来利用植物净化甲醛污染的机理及净化效果方面的研究进展。植物可以通过茎叶的气孔和保卫细胞的开启来吸收甲醛气体,其经过植物栅栏组织和海绵组织的扩散以及维管系统进行运输和分布,最终被植物代谢和转化,而甲醛脱氢酶和甲酸脱氢酶是植物体内代谢转化甲醛的关键酶。同时,根际微生物间的协同作用,以及更换吸附能力更强的基质或在植物叶面喷洒二氧化钛溶胶等方式也能有效地强化甲醛的去除效果。总结文献的植物筛选试验可以发现,五加科、唇形科、菊科、秋海棠科及蕨类的植物具有较好的去除甲醛效果。文章认为还需进一步加强筛选高效的净化植物、植物净化甲醛的动力学、提高植物净化甲醛能力的遗传操作以及开发联合修复技术等方面的研究。     

超高效液相色谱/电喷雾串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)分析全氟代化合物(PFCs)

近年来,在全球范围内的环境和人体血液中检测到全氟代化合物(PFCs)增长的趋势,引起了研究者和有关当局的关注.PFCs同时具有亲水性和疏水性,经常用于地毯、纤维、皮革的处理、纸张和食品包装物等,也是塑料生产、灭火剂、抛光剂和杀虫剂的功能化学品.     

城市生活垃圾有机组分厌氧发酵产氢和甲

为了提高能源回收效率,采用大米、土豆、生菜、瘦肉、花生油和榕树叶作为实验原料,模拟有机垃圾中普遍存在的淀粉、膳食纤维、蛋白质、脂肪和木质纤维类成分,进行厌氧发酵产氢以及对其剩余物厌氧发酵产甲烷. 结果表明,在厌氧发酵产氢阶段,整个过程没有甲烷生成,大米、土豆、生菜、瘦肉、花生油和榕树叶的氢气产率分别为125、103、35、0、5和0 mL g^-1（VS）,能源回收效率分别为7.9%、6.8%、1.9%、0、0.1%和0. 大米、土豆和生菜的氢气浓度分别为34%-59%、41%-56%和37%-70%,整个产氢阶段没有甲烷生成. 在厌氧发酵产甲烷阶段,上述原料的甲烷产率分别为232、237、148、278、866和50 mL g^-1（VS）,生物气中甲烷含量分别为42%-70%、57%-71%、73%-77%、59%-73%、68%-80%和54%-74%. 厌氧发酵联产氢气和甲烷整个过程上述原料的能源回收效率分别为56.3%、58.4%、28.8%、39.2%、81.2%和8.8%,总COD去除率分别为72.30%、81.70%、32.63%、47.59%、97.46%和11.29%. 图4 表5 参35     

板蓝根水煎液中13种金属元素形态分析

利用电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定板蓝根原药材和水煎液中13种元素的含量。形态研究采用高速离心和滤膜分离水煎液中的溶解态和颗粒态,元素的溶解态再用树脂XAD-4、树脂D001、树脂D301和树脂D751分别区分非极性吸附态、阳离子交换态、阴离子交换态和螯合吸附态。结果表明,板蓝根药材含有微量Cu、Pb和Cd等重金属,同时含有丰富的Mg、Ca、Fe、Al等大量元素,其中Ca含量最高,为2739 mg·kg-1;Zn、Mg、Ca、Mn、Al和Fe的浸出率较高,在42.9%到81.9%之间;Pb和Cu的浸出率最低,只有10%左右。Zn、Mg、Ca、Mn和Pb元素颗粒态比例在0%到9.3%之间,其他元素颗粒态比例在14.3%到85.7%之间。在溶解态当中,所有元素都具有阴离子交换态;Cu、Sn、Cr和Al没有或者很少有阳离子交换态,其余元素的阳离子交换态在32.4%到98.3之间;Al、Fe、Cu、Cr和Sn没有或者很少螯合吸附态,其余元素在54.9%到98.4%之间;Zn、Cu、Sn、Cd和Pb有非极性吸附态,其余元素没有。     

电镀厂污染土壤重金属形态及淋洗去除效果

以某电镀厂污染场地重污染区域土壤为研究对象,对土壤中重金属全量和各形态含量进行分析,并研究筛选高效土壤淋洗剂,比较其淋洗去除效果。结果表明,该土壤以铬和镍污染最为严重,土壤铬和镍含量分别达1 564.00和679.00 mg.kg-1,土壤铜、锌和铅含量分别为297.00、276.00和51.40 mg.kg-1,铜、铬、镍、锌和铅的有效态比例分别为41.77%、13.16%、28.08%、21.50%和31.18%。去离子水、盐酸、乙酸、草酸、柠檬酸和EDTA 6种淋洗剂中,去离子水对5种重金属提取量均较少;草酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为55.1%、24.8%、47.5%和29.3%;柠檬酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为26.3%、25.7%、33.0%和21.6%;EDTA对铜、镍、锌和铅去除效果较好,去除率分别为31.5%、28.9%、21.4%和30.6%。综合考虑淋洗剂的提取效果、水溶性以及操作难度和成本,建议采用柠檬酸作为淋洗剂,最佳液土比〔V（液）∶m（土）〕为10∶1,最佳淋洗时间为6 h。     

华北平原地区某铅冶炼厂附近土壤重金属有效性研究(Heavy Metal Availability in Soil near a Lead Smelter in the North China Plain)

为研究华北平原地区某铅冶炼厂对附近农田土壤和居民点内土壤重金属有效性的影响,在距离冶炼厂烟囱1000m和2500m处设置A1和A2两个采样断面(两断面间有一居民点),采取0～20cm土样,测定DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量.结果表明,A1断面DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd平均含量均低于A2断面.A1断面土壤DTPA-Pb和Cd变化范围分别为7.18～37.8和0.250～0.950mg·kg-1,平均值分别为25.2和0.580mg·kg-1;A2断面DTPA-Pb和Cd变化范围分别为14.7～133和0.280～2.35mg·kg-1,平均值分别为59.9和1.16mg·kg-1.所有样品的DTPA-Ni、Cu和Zn含量均小于5.5mg·kg-1.随着采样点距离冶炼厂烟囱距离的增加,土壤中DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量呈非线性下降,可用幂方程(Ni、Cu和Pb)或对数方程(Zn和Cd)拟合.用Pb和Cd的拟合方程计算得到的研究区内居民点中心位置土壤DTPA-Pb和Cd含量分别为30.0和0.731mg·kg-1,高于地带性土壤背景值.DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量之间均存在极显著线性正相关关系(p<0.01).以上结果表明,冶炼厂造成研究区内土壤Pb和Cd有效性远高于正常水平,并导致Ni、Cu和Zn有效性有一定程度的升高,附近居民点内居民受到土壤高铅和高镉有效性的威胁;土壤铅和镉升高的范围达到距离冶炼厂烟囱2.8km以外区域.     

天津东南部某区域不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属的累积特征

为分析天津东南部某区域不同土地利用方式下土壤中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V、Zn、Hg)的累积程度,在该研究区工业用地、居住用地和农业用地3种土地利用方式下的土壤表层采集样品进行重金属含量分析,并运用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对重金属累积状况进行评价。结果显示,在工业用地土壤中累积程度较高的重金属为Cd、As、Co、Ni和Zn,在居住用地中为Cd、As、Co、Zn和Pb,而农业用地土壤为Cd、As、Co和Zn。研究区土壤重金属状况总体表现为Cd为重度累积,As为中度累积,Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V和Zn为轻度累积,Cr和Hg基本处于背景值水平。土壤重金属内梅罗综合指数评价结果表明,研究区大部分地区的土壤重金属累积程度都达到中度及以上水平,内梅罗综合指数平均值由高到低依次为农业用地、工业用地和居住用地。与国内其他地区相比,该研究区Cd、As和Co累积程度明显偏高。     

桂林市土壤和蔬菜镉含量调查及食用安全性评估

对桂林市蔬菜和菜地土壤镉含量进行调查,评价其累积状况,并评估人体经食用蔬菜摄入镉的安全性。结果显示,桂林市菜地土壤镉含量空间变异较大,呈现西北部和西南部低、东北部和东南部高的分布特点;与背景样点相比,菜地土壤镉累积效应显著,土壤镉含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.056～17.35、0.624、1.193和0.696 mg.kg-1,超标率为85.5%。蔬菜镉含量范围、中值和几何均值分别为0.09～663.2、29.4和29.2μg.kg-1(以鲜质量计),综合超标率为4.95%;叶菜类蔬菜镉含量显著高于根茎类和瓜果类,花菜、韭菜、大白菜、大葱、芋头、豆苗、萝卜、菠菜、大蒜和蕃茄的镉富集系数较低,抗镉污染能力较强。桂林市居民人均通过食用蔬菜的镉摄入量为9.08μg.d-1,对普通人群不存在明显的食用安全风险。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).