Morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene/polypropylene plastics during pyrolysis and representative morphological signal characterizing pyrolysis stages

In this work, the morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP) plastics during their pyrolysis process were investigated, and based on their basic image changing patterns representative morphological signals describing the pyrolysis stages were obtained. PE and PP granules and films were used as typical plastics for testing, and influence of impurities was also investigated. During pyrolysis experiments, photographs of the testing samples were taken sequentially with a high-speed infrared camera, and the quantitative parameters that describe the morphological characteristics of these photographs were explored using the “Image Pro Plus (v6.3)” digital image processing software. The experimental results showed that plastics pyrolysis involved four stages: melting, two stages of decomposition which are characterized with bubble formation caused by volatile evaporating, and ash deposition; and each stage was characterized with its own phase changing behaviors and morphological features. Two stages of decomposition are the key step of pyrolysis since they took up half or more of the reaction time; melting step consumed another half of reaction time in experiments when raw materials were heated up from ambient temperatures; and coke-like deposition appeared as a result of decomposition completion. Two morphological signals defined from digital image processing, namely, pixel area of the interested reaction region and bubble ratio (BR) caused by volatile evaporating were found to change regularly with pyrolysis stages. In particular, for all experimental scenarios with plastics films and granules, the BR curves always exhibited a slowly drop as melting started and then a sharp increase followed by a deep decrease corresponding to the first stage of intense decomposition, afterwards a second increase – drop section corresponding to the second stage of decomposition appeared. As ash deposition happened, the BR dropped to zero or very low values. When impurities were involved, the shape of BR curves showed that intense decomposition started earlier but morphological characteristics remained the same. In addition, compared to parameters such as pressure, the BR reflects reaction stages better and its change with pyrolysis process of PE/PP plastics with or without impurities was more intrinsically process correlated; therefore it can be adopted as a signal for pyrolysis process characterization, as well as offering guide to process improvement and reactor design.     

预处理-生化法处理强酸性混合染料废水

采用预处理—生化（包括水解酸化和好氧）法处理强酸性混合染料废水,对工艺流程Ⅰ（预处理为混凝）和工艺流程Ⅱ（预处理为混凝及臭氧氧化）的处理效果进行了比较。实验结果表明：混凝处理时CaO的最佳加入量为16g/L;混凝出水采用臭氧氧化,臭氧通入量为29m g/L时,臭氧氧化出水色度为141度,色度总去除率为91%,但TOC基本没有变化,且臭氧氧化出水经过后续的生化处理后,最终出水色度与工艺流程Ⅰ相比无明显优势。采用工艺流程Ⅰ处理强酸性混合染料废水更合适,最终出水pH为8.5,COD为88m g/L,TOC为48m g/L,色度为359度,SS为25m g/L,SO24-质量浓度小于50m g/L,PO34-未检出。     

用次氯酸钠法处理选矿废水

采用次氯酸钠法处理铅锌硫化矿选矿废水,考察了废水初始pH、NaClO加入量及反应时间对选矿废水COD去除率的影响。在废水pH为4、NaClO加入量为100g/L、反应时间为30min的条件下,选矿废水的COD去除率可达到98．3％;当pH为11、反应时间为10min、NaClO加入量为1g/L时,选矿废水的COD去除率为39．4％。     

自制ZSM-5分子筛对甲苯气体的吸附-脱附性能

考察了自制ZSM-5分子筛对甲苯气体的吸附-脱附性能,并与市售MCM-22分子筛进行了对比实验。实验结果表明:在吸附温度为25℃、进口甲苯质量浓度为840mg/m3、吸附气体流速为0.016m/s、床层高度为15cm的条件下,出口甲苯质量浓度达到0.8mg/m3时的穿透时间为82min,吸附效率为4.26mg/g;在脱附温度为80℃、脱附气体流速为0.016m/s的条件下,脱附35min时出口甲苯质量浓度达到最大,为1220mg/m3。自制ZSM-5分子筛的吸附-脱附性能优于市售MCM-22分子筛。     

氨浸出含锌烟尘制取活性氧化锌

采用氨浸出法处理含锌烟尘,浸出液在微波-超声波联合作用下蒸氨得碱式碳酸锌沉淀,再经煅烧制得活性氧化锌.实验结果表明:在总氨浓度为9.0 mol/L、浸出温度为40 ℃、浸出液初始pH为 11.0～11.5、搅拌转速为400 r/min、浸出剂体积与含锌烟尘质量比为4、浸出时间为60 min的浸出条件下,锌的浸出率为83.3%.浸出液经过两段净化除杂后,在超声波功率50 W、微波辐射(微波功率随温度的设定而自动变化)的联合作用下,使溶液体系恒温90 ℃,进行蒸氨,沉淀得到前驱体碱式碳酸锌,经煅烧,得到平均直径为0.4 μm、晶型为六方晶系、片状的活性氧化锌.     

新型膦磺酸阻垢缓蚀剂SEDMP的性能评定

对自制的新型膦磺酸阻垢缓蚀剂SEDMP对CaCO3和Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢性能进行评定。在SEDMP加入量为4 mg/L、浓缩至水溶液中Ca2+质量浓度为500 mg/L时,SEDMP对CaCO3的阻垢率为90.6%,对CaCO3的阻垢效果大大优于其他有机膦类阻垢剂。当SEDMP加入量为10 mg/L时,对Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢率为96.0%。SEDMP作为缓蚀剂单独使用时具有一定的缓蚀效果,与磺酸盐共聚物、锌盐复配后效果更佳。SEDMP与常用杀菌剂同时使用时仍可保持良好的对CaCO3的阻垢性能,且不影响杀菌剂的杀菌率。     

废SCR催化剂中钒和钨的有机酸浸出

在对废SCR催化剂组成进行分析的基础上,采用草酸和酒石酸两种有机酸浸取废SCR催化剂中的V和W。实验结果表明：草酸对V、W的浸出率均大于酒石酸;在草酸浓度为1.00 mol/L、浸取温度为80 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为63.50%和13.12%;在酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol/L、浸取温度为100 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为44.00%和9.00%。酸性浸出未改变SCR催化剂中TiO₂的晶型,剩余残渣中依然保留着TiO₂骨架,可继续作为催化剂载体使用。     

柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气

研究了采用柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气的效果。实验结果表明：按装车挥发油气中的总烃体积分数为20.88%、装车挥发油气流量为280 m³/h、年运行时间为2 668 h计,装置年回收油气量为291 t,装置年最大运行功率为206.770 MW,装置投资回收期为3 a;处理后净化气中的总烃体积分数为1.24%,排放质量浓度低于25 g/m³,油气回收率达95%。处理后净化气满足GB 20950—2007《储油库大气污染物排放标准》,取得了较好的环保效益和经济效益。     

High temperature air-blown woody biomass gasification model for the estimation of an entrained down-flow gasifier

A high temperature air-blown gasification model for woody biomass is developed based on an air-blown gasification experiment. A high temperature air-blown gasification experiment on woody biomass in an entrained down-flow gasifier is carried out, and then the simple gasification model is developed based on the experimental results. In the experiment, air-blown gasification is conducted to demonstrate the behavior of this process. Pulverized wood is used as the gasification fuel, which is injected directly into the entrained down-flow gasifier by the pulverized wood banner. The pulverized wood is sieved through 60 mesh and supplied at rates of 19 and 27kg/h. The oxygen-carbon molar ratio (O/C) is employed as the operational condition instead of the air ratio. The maximum temperature achievable is over 1400K when the O/C is from 1.26 to 1.84. The results show that the gas composition is followed by the CO-shift reaction equilibrium. Therefore, the air-blown gasification model is developed based on the CO-shift reaction equilibrium. The simple gasification model agrees well with the experimental results. From calculations in large-scale units, the cold gas is able to achieve 80% efficiency in the air-blown gasification, when the woody biomass feedrate is over 1000kg/h and input air temperature is 700K.     

钛基IrO2-RuO2阳极电解处理亚甲基蓝溶液

采用钛基IrO2-RuO2为阳极材料,不锈钢为阴极材料,NaCl质量浓度为10 g/L的溶液为电解液,对亚甲基蓝溶液进行电化学处理。实验结果表明:处理初始质量浓度为25 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,电解电流0.050 A,电解20 min后亚甲基蓝去除率达95%;处理初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,电解电流0.100 A,电解30 min后亚甲基蓝去除率达98%。随着电解时间和电解电流的增加,亚甲基蓝去除率均增大。     

超临界水氧化法处理含油污泥

采用间歇式超临界水氧化(SCWO)反应器处理采油过程产生的含油污泥,考察了反应参数对污泥COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,当初始COD为1 000 mg/L、反应温度为420℃、反应时间为10 min,反应压力为24 MPa、溶液pH为10、过氧比为400%时,SCWO法对含油污泥的COD去除率为92.20%,收集液COD低于GB8978—1996规定的一级排放标准(100 mg/L)。     

盐酸溶液改性蛭石对气态单质汞的吸附性能

采用盐酸溶液对蛭石进行浸渍处理,考察了盐酸溶液改性蛭石对气态单质汞的吸附能力。研究结果表明：盐酸溶液改性蛭石对气态单质汞的吸附效果好于未改性蛭石,盐酸浓度为4．0mol／L时,盐酸溶液改性蛭石对气态单质汞的吸附效果较佳;进气中气态单质汞的质量浓度越高,盐酸溶液改性蛭石对气态单质汞的去除率越低;适当提高吸附温度对盐酸溶液改性蛭石吸附气态单质汞较有利;降低蛭石粒径,盐酸溶液改性蛭石对气态单质汞的去除率提高。     

给水加氧处理在超超临界1000MW机组的应用

徐州电厂超超临界1000MW机组投产后及时采用了给水加氧处理技术,介绍了1号机组给水加氧转换过程、水汽指标的变化情况。加氧处理技术实施后水汽系统含铁量显著降低,精处理混床运行周期延长,加药量减少,效果显著,提高了机组运行的经济性和安全性。     

Enhanced Mineralization of PLA Meltblown Materials Due to Plasticization

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the important biodegradable polymers. It is widely used in many industrial applications such as films and fibers. Its biodegradability is based on data derived mostly from composting processes. For a broad application of the PLA material in personal care products, an understanding of anaerobic biodegradability is essential because soiled personal care products are usually disposed of in sanitary landfills, where biodegradability mechanisms are predominately in anaerobic conditions. Extensive laboratory results are acquired to elucidate the effects of the temperature on the PLA anaerobic sludge biodegradation. When the temperature is higher than PLA glass transition temperature (T_g), anaerobic degradation is accelerated. A plausible mechanism to explain this observation is that amorphous part of the polymer is easily accessible by microorganisms. When the degrading temperature is below PLA glass transition temperature, sample mineralization under anaerobic conditions is apparently slowed. The mechanisms elucidated by T_g modification can be utilized to control the rate of PLA biodegradation for sustainable waste management.     

Kinetics of biological methane oxidation in the presence of non-methane organic compounds in landfill bio-covers

In this experimental program, the effects of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) on the biological methane (CH₄) oxidation process were examined. The investigation was performed on compost experiments incubated with CH₄ and selected NMOCs under different environmental conditions. The selected NMOCs had different concentrations and their effects were tested as single compounds and mixtures of compounds. The results from all experimental sets showed a decrease in CH₄ oxidation capacity of the landfill bio-cover with the increase in NMOCs concentrations. For example, in the experiment using compost with 100% moisture content at 35 °C without any NMOCs the V_max value was 35.0 μg ${\text{CH}}_4{\text{h}}^{-1}{\text{g}}_{\text{wet wt}}^{-1}$. This value was reduced to 19.1 μg ${\text{CH}}_4{\text{h}}^{-1}{\text{g}}_{\text{wet wt}}^{-1}$ when mixed NMOCs were present in the batch reactors under the same environmental conditions. The experimental oxidation rates of CH₄ in the presence of single and mixed NMOCs were modeled using the uncompetitive inhibition model and kinetic parameters, including the dissociation constants, were obtained. Additionally, the degradation rates of the NMOCs and co-metabolic abilities of methanotrophic bacteria were estimated.     

MnOx/TiO2催化剂催化燃烧去除废气中的正己烷

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了MnOx/TiO2催化剂,考察了n(Mn):n(Ti)、催化剂载体、气体流量对催化燃烧去除废气中正己烷效果的影响.实验结果表明:随着n(Mn):n(Ti)的增加,正己烷去除率先增加后减小,气体流量减小正己烷去除率增大;当n (Mn):n(Ti)为7.85％、气体流量为100 mL/min时,在240℃时正己烷的去除率为90％,MnOx/TiO2催化活性最大;MnOx/TiO2的催化活性优于MnOx/SiO2;SEM和XRD表征结果表明,所制备的MnOx/TiO2是一种活性物种MnOx高度分散的纳米结构催化剂.     

预氧化+混凝沉淀+MAP预处理畜禽养殖废水研究

畜禽养殖废水由于具有高COD、高SS、高氨氮等特点,属于高浓度难降解废水,不宜直接采用生化处理,需对其进行预处理。试验采用预氧化+混凝沉淀+MAP对畜禽养殖废水进行预处理。结果表明:预氧化+混凝沉淀+MAP沉淀预处理畜禽养殖废水具有极强的可行性,同时当次氯酸钠投加量为1260 mg/L,PAC为700 mg/L,PAM投加量为10 mg/L时,处理效果最佳,并且药剂投加不宜采用同步进行,适宜先进行预氧化,然后进行强化混凝,最后采用MAP沉淀法处理畜禽养殖废水,可以达到更好的预处理效果,提高可生化性。     

UV/Fenton氧化-混凝联合工艺处理含酚废水

采用UV／Fenton氧化-混凝联合工艺对模拟苯酚废水进行处理,探讨了UV／Fenton预氧化程度和混凝处理条件对模拟苯酚废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,采用混凝处理,COD去除率仅为14．1％;当UV／Fenton预氧化处理过程中H2O2的质量浓度为150～300mg／L时,废水的混凝性能可提高1．5倍以上;当H2O2质量浓度为450mg／L、光反应时间为30min时,采用UV／Fenton氧化一混凝工艺联合处理后COD去除率达82．7％。苯酚废水采用UV／Fenton预氧化处理后,进行混凝处理过程的适宜pH为6．5,混凝剂Fe^3 的适宜质量浓度为500mg／L.     

共代谢膜生物反应器法处理二甲基亚砜废水

采用蔗糖作为共代谢基质与一体式好氧膜生物反应器（MBR）工艺相结合处理二甲基亚砜（DMSO）废水。考察了装置的污泥驯化效果、DMSO去除率、污泥的性能、HRT和冲击负荷对DMSO去除率的影响。试验结果表明：驯化第29天,DMSO去除率达98.5%,表明MBR内的污泥已驯化成功;在MBR运行的正式期,当DMSO处于高负荷状态时,DMSO去除率较低;随蔗糖加入量的增加,DMSO去除率逐渐提高,最终恢复到DMSO高负荷冲击前的DMSO去除效果;正常运行时,装置进水ρ（DMSO）=257~1 448 mg/L（平均值为718 mg/L）、出水ρ（DMSO）=6~22 mg/L（平均值为7 mg/L）,DMSO去除率为96.4%~99.6%（平均值为98.9%）;在MBR运行的正式期,污泥体积指数小于100 mL/g,表明污泥的沉降性能较好,MLVSS/MLSS较高,表明污泥的活性高,MBR内MLSS的平均值为5.52 g/L,MLVSS的平均值为4.78 g/L;MBR适宜的HRT为12 h。     

Planning Water Resources Management in Small Islands. The Case of Kalymnos,Greece

Kalymnos is one of the largest islands of the Dodecanese, a rather dense island complex situated at the southeast corner of Europe. The development potential of the area is large. A serious restrictive factor, though, is fresh water availability. The latter has declined in the last few years, due to increase in population and in per capita water demand. As a result, the already stressed groundwater resources have been overexploited, and salinization of many coastal aquifers has already taken place. Since water import from other areas is not a sustainable solution, optimization of the management of local water resources is necessary. This paper deals with both sides of the water balance of Kalymnos. First an estimate of the evolution of water demand is discussed. The use of a GIS tool, in order to estimate renewable water resources at the hydrologic basin scale, is presented next. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water resources, including traditional rainwater collection, is proposed. Water resources development in the hydrologic basin of Vathy, which is one of the largest of the island, is discussed in more detail.