三峡库区消落带淹水—落干过程土壤磷吸附—解吸及释放研究

选取三峡库区消落带典型区土壤作为测试土壤，研究了淹水—落干对土壤磷的等温吸附解吸特性，以及土壤吸附一定的磷后再次淹水向上覆水体释磷的规律。研究表明：①三峡库区消落带土壤淹水—落干后吸磷能力增强，由淹水—落干前的256 mg/kg增加到淹水—落干后的625 mg/kg，磷零点吸持平衡浓度（EPC0）由淹水前的0.46 mg/L增加到淹水后的1.47 mg/L；②淹水—落干处理后土壤磷的解吸率降低，由淹水—落干前的73.3%~80.3%降低到67.3%~69.6%；③三峡库区消落带土壤吸附一定磷后，再淹水磷会再次逐渐释放到上覆水当中，且土壤吸附外源磷越多，磷淹水释放强度越大；④ 淹水—落干使吸附一定外源性磷的土壤淹水条件下释放更多的磷。     

Geochemical speciation of heavy metals in semiarid soils of the central Ebro Valley (Spain)

This study describes the chemical speciation of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cr in four selected soil types representative of the more abundant agricultural soils in the central Ebro river valley in Aragón. Gypsisols, Calcisols, Solonchaks and Solonetzs represent around 20% of the total soil surface in the region. A total of 12 selected sites have been sampled and five subsamples were taken in each site to create a composite sample. The four elements have been analysed by the sequential extraction procedure of Tessier et al. [Anal. Chem. 51 (1979) 844.] by emission atomic spectrometry of solid state (ICP OES). Very little amounts of Fe and Mn were retrieved from the exchangeable phase, the ready available for biogeochemistry cycles in the ecosystems. Therefore, low quantities of Fe and Mn can be taken up by plants in these alkaline soils. Cr was not detected in the bioavailable forms as well as Zn that was only present in negligible amounts in very few samples. The absence of mobile forms of Cr in all soils eliminates the toxic risk both in the trophic chain and from its migration downwards the soil profile. The largest contents of Fe, Zn and Cr were retrieved from the residual phase where metals are strongly bound to minerals, whereas Mn from the carbonate and oxide phases amounts 80% of its total content. Gypsisols and Calcisols have the lowest metal contents while the highest are found in Solonetzs and Solonchaks.     

Analysis of soil characteristics of different land uses and metal bioaccumulation in wheat grown around rivers: possible human health risk assessment

The present study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical properties and heavy metal contents in soils under three land uses (agricultural, riverbank and roadside) from areas situated around rivers (Beas and Sutlej) in Punjab, India. Heavy metal contents in wheat samples (grain and fodder) growing in the area were also analyzed in order to find out potential human health risk through wheat consumption. The studied soils under the three land uses were found to be basic in nature with sandy texture, low soil organic matter and other soil nutrients. Comparatively higher amounts of soil nutrients were observed in soils under agricultural land use as compared to riverbank and roadside land uses. The amounts of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Co and Pb) analyzed in soils were lower than the various national and international maximum permissible limits, but heavy metal contents observed in wheat fodder samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits for fodder. The soil-to-plant metal bioaccumulation factor was found to be highest for Cu (3.812 for soil–wheat grain and 1.874 for soil–wheat fodder), which showed the bioaccumulation of heavy metals from soils to crops, and the wheat straw-to-grain translocation factor was found to be highest for Co (4.375). The hazard index calculated to assess non-carcinogenic health risks was found above 1 for children, meaning that the wheat grains can pose health risks to children.     

鄱阳湖滨岸土壤磷素吸附特征研究

分层采集鄱阳湖近水滨岸土壤进行磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附试验,探讨不同位置滨岸土壤的总磷(TP)含量及其对磷吸附解吸特性的差异。结果表明:不同滨岸带土壤TP差异极显著(F=7. 103,p 0. 01),赣江入湖口滨岸土壤总磷含量显著高于其他滨岸土壤,且0～20 cm土层TP含量(635 mg·kg~(-1))20～40 cm土层(393 mg·kg~(-1))。各滨岸土壤的磷素动力学过程相似:即分为"快速吸附(0～2 h)"、"缓慢吸附(2～24 h)"与"吸附平台( 24 h)"3个阶段,平衡吸附量(Q_e)最大值为216. 0 mg·kg~(-1); Langmuir模型对磷的等温吸附拟合度为0. 951～0. 995,表层土壤最大吸附量(Q_(max))高于下层土壤,饶河(629. 12 mg·kg~(-1))吸附量最大,康山大堤(340. 72 mg·kg~(-1))最小。滨岸表层土壤吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)小于0. 1 mg·L~(-1),磷流失风险较小,东部滨岸土壤对外源磷的缓冲能力优于西南滨岸土壤,最大吸附量与TP呈现极显著正相关。     

Adsorption models of Cs radionuclide and Sr (II) on some Egyptian soils

Distribution of cesium (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) and strontium (Sr-II) between soil/water phases depends on many factors such as concentration of these ions between phases, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil as well as its clay content, chemical composition (especially Na, K, Ca, and Mg ions), grain size distribution, calcite, iron oxide content, and organic coatings. Distribution coefficients (Kd) of cesium (labeled with ¹³⁷Cs) and strontium were measured on the grain size distributions ≥32 μm of four soil samples. These soils were obtained from four different locations within Inshas site in Egypt and three groundwater samples were obtained from the same site locations. X-ray diffraction showed that the soil samples consisted mainly of quartz mixed with the minor amounts of kaolonite and clay minerals. Sorption experiments were carried out at strontium aqueous concentrations range 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹. The CEC and Kds for cesium and strontium were measured at the same metal concentrations range. Distribution coefficients of cesium were found to be influenced by the composition of the soil, while the distribution coefficients of strontium were found to depend on calcium concentrations in the soil/groundwater system. The aim of this study was to determine the safety assessment of disposal ¹³⁷Cs radionuclide and Sr(II) in the aquifer regions inside the Inshas site. Sequential extraction tests showed that, strontium was associated with the carbonate fractions and majority of cesium was sorbed on the iron oxides and the residue.     

The influence of the sorptive properties of organic soils on the migration rate of 137Cs

Using a compartment model, the migration rates of 137Cs were calculated for two types of organic soils: a low peat-muck soil and a black earth. The migration rates of 137Cs in the tested soils turned out to be significantly higher than in mineral types examined earlier and ranged from 0.6 to 12.3 cm/year. The partition coefficients (Kd) were also determined for samples with varying organic matter content (OM) that were taken from different layers of the studied soils. The experimental results indicate that there is a clear relationship between Kd values and OM. The investigation was widened by microcalorimetric measurements which confirmed that the adsorption of 137Cs on the organic soils is low.     

Soil As contamination and its risk assessment in areas near the industrial districts of Chenzhou City, Southern China

In order to assess soil As contamination and potential risk for human, soil, paddy rice, vegetable and human hair samples from the areas near the industrial districts in Chenzhou, southern China were sampled and analyzed. The results showed that the anthropogenic industrial activities have caused in local agricultural soils to be contaminated with As in a range of 11.0-1217 mg/kg. The GIS-based map shows that soil contamination with As occurred on a large scale, which probably accounted for up to 30% of the total area investigated. Soil As concentration abruptly decreased with an increase in the distance from the polluting source. High As concentrations were found in the rice grain that ranged from 0.5 to 7.5 mg/kg, most of which exceed the maximal permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg dry matter. Arsenic accumulated in significantly different levels between leafy vegetables and non-leafy vegetables. Non-leafy vegetables should be recommended in As-contaminated soils, as their edible parts were found in relatively low As level. Arsenic concentrations in 95% of the total human hair samples in the contaminated districts were above the critical value, 1.0 mg/kg, set by the World Health Organization. Arsenic could be enriched in human hair to very high levels without being affected by As containing water. The results revealed that the soils and plants grown on them are major contributors to elevate hair As in the industrial population. Therefore, the potential impact on human health of ingestion/inhalation of soil As around the industrial districts seems to be rather serious. Hence proper treatments for As contaminated soils are urgently needed to reduce the contamination.     

徐州市某水泥厂附近土壤中黑碳和有机质的磁学响应

以徐州某水泥厂附近土壤样品为例,分析了土壤中黑碳(BC)和有机质(OM)的含量,并研究了不同利用类型土壤中黑碳和有机质的磁学响应。结果表明,研究区域黑碳含量和有机质含量的平均值分别为12.35 g/kg和112.33 g/kg。林地样品的黑碳和有机质含量均与频率磁化率正相关,耕地样品的黑碳含量和有机质含量均与频率磁化率负相关,说明不同类型土壤中黑碳和有机质的来源不同,且人为活动对土壤理化性质影响较大。不同利用方式土壤的黑碳含量与磁化率(χ)、非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χARM)、软剩磁(SOFT)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)显著正相关;有机质含量和χ,SOFT,SIRM正相关,初步判断这些参数可以作为黑碳或有机质的代用指标。     

武汉市重工业区周缘环境中镉的分布及其危害性

采用原子吸收法分析了武汉市重工业基地武钢周边的土壤、街道尘埃及蔬菜等主要环境介质中镉的含量,对环境介质体系中镉的地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明：研究区大部分土壤镉含量超标,且高出其母质长江冲积土中镉含量的5倍;处于工业区下风方向的土壤镉含量最高,达到284 mg/kg,显著高于其他方向土壤中的含量;街道尘埃中的镉含量均值达764 mg/kg,高于国内外许多发达名城;土壤和街道尘埃中镉均以地球化学活性态为主,具有显著的潜在生态危害性;环境介质中的镉对不同类型蔬菜的影响程度不同：小白菜>茄子>豇豆,但是,除了小白菜个别样点超标以外,大部分均未超标。然而,小白菜可食部分镉含量与土壤弱酸提取态的镉含量呈现显著的相关性。〖     

Effects of readily dispersible colloid on adsorption and transport of Zn, Cu, and Pb in soils

Soil colloids (<0.002 mm) were extracted from three types of soils to make the colloid-bound forms of Zn, Cu, and Pb solution. The clay mineral types and composition of the colloids, the adsorption characteristics of the colloids, and the effect of readily dispersible colloid on the transport of metals and the quality of the soils and groundwater were studied. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of Cu, Zn, and Pb was greater for the Aquic Vertisols (Shajiang Black soil) as compared to the Udic Luvisols (Brown soil) and Usdic Luvisols (Cinnamon soil), due to the difference of clay content and clay mineral composition in the different soils. The adsorption capacity of Pb was much higher than that of Zn and Cu for the same soils, which would contribute to the chemical properties of metals and specific adsorption characters of the colloids. The mobility of Zn in soils was greater than that of Cu and Pb, while similar trend was found in the transportation processes for Zn and Cu. The concentration of Zn and Cu in leachates increased as the leaching solution volume increased, but the migration of Pb was negligible, and the concentration of Pb could not been detected in leachates even after 7.5 pore volume leaching solution. The influence of mobility on Zn and Cu transport was different for different type of colloids. The mobility caused by readily dispersible colloids from Aquic Vertisols was greater as compared to that of Udic Luvisols and Usdic Luvisols. Analysis of soils after column leaching indicated that Zn was distributed much deeper than Cu, but Pb was almost not migrated, and mainly accumulated in the soil surface. Therefore, Zn had greater tendency for the groundwater pollution than Cu and Pb, and Pb tends to contaminate the surface soils.     

Effect of several organic acids on phosphate adsorption by variable charge soils of central China

The effect of several organic acids on phosphate adsorption by acidic soils in subtropical zone of central China was studied. Results showed: (1) citrate and oxalate remarkably reduced the amount of phosphate adsorption, but tartrate, benzoate and acetate had only a very slight influence on phosphate adsorption; (2) the ability of citrate in reducing phosphate adsorption was greater than that of oxalate, moreover, the reduction percentage was dependent on the concentration of organic ligands in the solution; (3) the effect of organic acids on phosphate adsorption was related to the pH value of organic acid solution. The minimum reduction in adsorption of phosphate was present at a specific pH value of organic acid solution which ranged from 2 to 10; (4) a minimum reduction of phosphate adsorption occurred when phosphate was added to the soils before organic acid, whereas a maximum occurred when organic acid was introduced before the addition of phosphate. Meanwhile, the treatment for the mixture of two organic acids resulted in more reduction in phosphate adsorption than each of the organic acids and less than the total of them. Based on these observations, we suggested that the competition between phosphate and organic acids relied on their relatively affinity to soil mineral surface at different conditions.     

Total fluoride in Guangdong soil profiles, China: spatial distribution and vertical variation

A total of 260 soil profiles were reported to investigate the fluoride distribution and vertical variation in Guangdong province. The soil fluoride contents followed an approximately lognormal distribution. Although the soil fluoride geometric mean concentration of 407 mg/kg is lower than that of China, its content varied from 87 to 2860 mg/kg. An upper baseline concentration of 688 mg/kg was estimated for surface soils. In A-, B-, and C-horizon soil fluoride spatial distribution presented similar patterns that high fluoride concentration mainly located in limestone, purple shale, and sandshale areas, indicated that soil fluoride spatial distribution was primarily dependent on the regional bedrock properties rather than anthropogenic inputs. From A- to C- horizon soil fluoride geometric mean concentration had an increasing tendency of 407, 448, and 465 mg/kg. This vertical variation was the result of the intensive eluviation under the subtropical hydrothermal condition, and had closely related with soil properties, such as lower organic matters and clay content variations. Moreover, the soil degradation and erosion was also an important pathway of soil fluoride movement, as a result the soil fluoride exported into surface and groundwaters would reach about 4.1x10(4) t year-1 in the study area.     

三峡库区中低产土壤重金属含量及其与小麦吸收的关系

三峡库区中低产土壤的Hg,As,Cr,Pb,Cu五个重金属含量（除渝北区外），均在国家土壤环境质量标准内，属自然背景值一级标准。Cd和Zn高于全国土壤中的平均含量和背景值含量，属二级标准。土壤的重金属含量与土壤母质类型，pH值，阳离子交换量，有机质，无定形铁和物理性粘粒有关，同时存在一定的地域分布。重庆近郊的土壤所有重金属含量相对较高。土壤重金属的可给态或有效性含量极低，锌和铜不是过量，而是不足。小麦籽粒中As,Cr,Pb,Zn,Cu含量低于国家食品对重金属限量标准和小麦籽粒背景值标准，Hg,Cd含量高于国家规定标准。籽粒中的Cu,Zn含量是小麦茎叶中的2.0-2.2倍，而茎叶中的Hg,Pb,As,Cr,Cd含量明显高于籽粒。     

长江三角洲地区海相沉积物母质土壤对Cu的吸附解吸特性

分别以长江三角洲地区海相沉积物母质土壤的表层土和心层土为例,考察了其对重金属Cu的吸附、解吸及固定特性,目的是了解其在不同土壤结构的存在形态和迁移特性。研究表明：不同表层土和心层土的铜吸附容量可用Langmuir,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温方程拟合,其中以Langmuir方程吻合度最高,回归计算出的最大吸附容量与实验结果基本一致;而其解吸动力学大部分符合指数方式。研究发现,大多数土壤的心层土的最大吸附容量大于表层土,解吸量小于表层土;表层土中对Cu的固定吸附量最大的是滩涂泥,最小的是滩砂泥;心层土中对Cu的固定吸附量最大的是滩潮土,最小的是滩砂泥。不同土壤对Cu的固定吸附量存在差异性,这与土壤自身的pH、OM等多种因素有关, 一般pH值大、OM值高的土壤对Cu的固定吸附量越大.     

The distribution and transformations of iodine in the environment

Iodine in the atmosphere is derived largely from seawater. It is probable that the biological production of methyl iodide is important in this transfer. Subsequent photolytic dissociation and oxidation of the methyl iodide, together with other inputs, with partial sorption of the products by aerosols, results in the atmospheric iodine being distributed between various gaseous and particulate forms. Atmospheric iodine is the major source of the iodine in soils, and the process of enrichment continues throughout soil formation and development until ultimately an equilibrium concentration is attained. The retention of iodine in soils is due mainly to the organic matter and hydrous oxides of iron and aluminum. In humid areas, only small proportions of the total soil iodine are soluble in water or available for uptake by plants. The atmosphere is also a direct source of iodine for plants, and in some situations may be more important than the soil. Iodine may be lost from soils by leaching, volatilization, and removal in crops, but the magnitude of these processes is difficult to assess. However, the amounts of iodine reported in groundwaters, and in rivers and lakes remote from human activity, suggest that some leaching of iodine is widespread. Increased amounts of iodine occur in rivers receiving effluent from sewage works. Milk and milk products are now major dietary sources of iodine because their content is often increased by concentrate feedingstuffs supplemented with iodine and/or by the use in dairies of iodophor detergents and sterilants.     

A multivariate analysis of the accumulation and fractionation of major and trace elements in agricultural soils in Hidalgo State, Mexico irrigated with raw wastewater

We evaluated the accumulation and distribution of major and trace elements in agricultural soils of District 03 (DR03) in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, irrigated with raw wastewaters for an average of 20 years. Samples of topsoils (0-30 cm depth) were extracted using a modified Tessier method. Total concentrations of the species tested were in the ranges of 675-1176 mg K kg(-1), 277.9-1001 mg Na kg(-1), 6,708-81,854 mg Ca kg(-1), 23,800-106,974 mg Mg kg(-1), 9.2-123.8 mg B kg(-1), 0.6-1.9 mg Cd kg(-1), 11.6-27.4 mg Cr kg(-1), 3.9-47.0 mg Pb kg(-1). Concentrations of As and Hg were very low. Concentrations of total Cd, Cr and Pb were generally below the maximum permissible levels set by the regulations of the European Union except for cadmium, which was in the middle of the maximum European range allowed for two soils. Regarding lead, one soil (S5) could reach the maximum permissible level of the EU in 6 more years of continued irrigation. On the other hand, contents of Pb in the most mobile fractions ("e" in this work) were significant (range: 3-28%). This distribution translated into concentrations of soluble plus exchangeable lead of approximately 2 mg Pb kg(-1) in three of six soils, significantly higher than the Swiss tolerance limit of 1.0 mg Pb kg(-1) for mobile fractions of lead in soils. Multivariate analysis of the data (Pearson correlation and principal component analysis) quantitatively confirmed that: (i) there is a strong covariance between boron contents and several variables representing the salinity of soils (electrolytic conductivity, a variety of alkaline and alkaline-earth total and fraction concentrations). It appears that there is a problem with high boron content in soils, although the salinity is high only for one of the soils (S3); (ii) a significant correlation among irrigation time, lead content (total, fraction easily exchangeable and bound to organic matter and sulfides) and organic carbon in soils was found; (iii) another association among irrigation time, total contents of cadmium, chromium and boron, and organic carbon was observed.     

The effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria on adsorption of 137Cs by soils from arid and tropical regions

Soils from different climatic regions of Australia were studied to determine their adsorption of (137)Cs, and the effect of microbial sulfate reduction on this adsorption. The soils consisted of a surface and regolith samples from the site of a proposed low and intermediate level radioactive waste repository in arid South Australia, and two red earth loam soils from an experimental plot in the tropical Northern Territory. The process of bacterial sulfate reduction substantially decreased the adsorption of (137)Cs to the arid and tropical soils, although extended incubation resulted in greater adsorption to the regolith sample. This could have implications for the mobility of radionuclides entering these soil ecosystems.     

Distributions of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in a tropical ultisol after long-term disposal of sewage sludge

Heavy metals present in soils constitute serious environmental hazards from the point of view of polluting the soils and adjoining streams and rivers. The distribution of heavy metals in a sandy Ultisol (Arenic Kandiustult) in south eastern Nigeria subjected to 40 years disposal of sewage wastes (sludge and effluents) was studied using two profile pits (S/NSK/1 and S/NSK/2) sited in the sewage disposal area and one profile pit (NS/NSK) sited in the non-sewage disposal area. Soil samples were collected in duplicate from these soil horizons and analyzed for their heavy metal contents. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the top- and sub-soil horizons of sewage soil were 79.3, 32, 0.29 and 1.15 mg/kg, respectively. These levels were high enough to constitute health and phytotoxic risks. All the metal levels were much higher in the AB horizon in the sewage than in the non-sewage soil profile, but Pb and Cu contents were also high down to the Bt1 horizon, indicating their apparent relatively high mobility in this soil. There was a significant correlation between organic matter (OM) and Zn (r=0.818**), and between OM and Cd (0.864**) in the sewage soil. The high OM status of the sewage sludge, together with its corresponding low pH, might have favoured metal-OM complexation that could reduce heavy metal mobility and phytotoxicity in this soil.     

丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型土壤养分分布

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程的取水口,调水工程的实施使新增淹没区土壤由于淹没浸泡可能使其中氮磷等营养盐释放,对水库水质构成威胁。采集丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型的表层土壤,测定现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)不同土地利用类型土壤的氮磷含量,分析消落区土壤养分分布特征。结果表明:土壤有机质含量在滩地和农田混杂区最高,分别为43.9、49.8g/kg,有机质易在扰动强烈或生物多样性丰富的区域累积。现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)土壤中总氮、总磷均值无显著性差异(p0.05)。消落区不同土地利用类型中,果园土壤的总磷、裸地土壤水溶性磷含量均为最高。现有新增消落区土壤磷流失率(0.564%)高于现有消落区(0.378%),需防范新增消落区的磷流失风险。消落区土壤总氮含量与有机质含量呈极显著相关(p0.01);总氮含量范围为0.044%~0.167%,农田、果园等受人为耕作作用强烈的土地利用类型土壤总氮含量相对较高。在消落区实施退耕还林等措施,恢复消落区的植被群落,可有效降低土壤的氮磷的流失。     

Redox reaction of iodine in paddy soil investigated by field observation and the I K-Edge XANES fingerprinting method

In order to elucidate the cause for the leaching of iodine in a flooded paddy field, we investigated the transformation of an iodine species affected by the water management of the paddy field. The increased concentration of iodide (I(-)) in soil solution of a flooded paddy field suggested that I(-) was leached from the soil under anaerobic conditions. The post-edge feature of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) for iodate (IO(3)(-)) spiked to soil totally disappeared after anaerobic incubation of the soils, and I(-) was dissolved in the solution. On the other hand, I(-) in contact with the soil was not likely to be oxidized to IO(3)(-) under aerobic incubation. Iodine was leached out in soil solution as I(-) under anaerobic conditions, whereas part of the iodine species was retained by soil as I(2) or organoiodine both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions.