INTERNATIONAL DECADE ON DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION1

ABSTRACT: The UN conference on Human Settlements (HABITAT) held in June 1976 at Vancouver, Canada, concluded that nearly two-thirds of the population of the developing world lacked access to safe drinking water and that a larger proportion lacked the means for hygienic human waste disposal. The conference urged governments to give priority to these two areas in their developement process. In March 1977, the UN Water Conference, held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, called for establishing the 1980's as the Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation. The goal would be to bring clean water and sanitation to all peoples in the world by 1990. Since March 1979, four separate UN bodies have passed resolutions supporting the Decade and calling on all governments to support the Decade's goals. The U.S. Government, other OECD member states, and the private sector must combine to make this Decade a success.     

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DECADE

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, which was inaugurated in November of 1980 is intended to focus attention and development efforts on the implementation of national drinking water supply and sanitation plans. This article briefly describes the background and goals of the Decade and analyses the findings and recommendations of a seminar on rural water supply held in Uppsala, Sweden in October of 1980. The meeting, which was jointly sponsored by the Government of Sweden, Uppsala University and the United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development examined – among other issues – appropriate technology; operation and maintenance; monitoring and evaluation; and consumer-producer-donor relationships. La Décennie internationale de l'eau potable et de l'assainissement qui a été inaugurée en novembre 1980 a pour but d'attirer l'attention et de centraliser les efforts sur les plans nationaux pour la fourniture d'eau potable et pour l'assainissement. Cet article décrit brièvement les raisons et les objectifs de la Décennie. Il analyse les résultats et les recommandations d'un séminaire sur la fourniture de l'eau rurale qui s'est tenue à Uppsala, en Suède, en octobre 1980. La réunion qui a été organisée conjointement par le Gouvernement de la Suède, l'Université d'Uppsala et le Département des Nations Unies de la coopération technique pour le développement a étudié, entre autres, la technologie nécessaire, le mode opératoire et l'entretien, la supervision et les estimations, et les rapports entre consommateur, producteur et donateur. El Decenio Internacional del Agua Potable y del Saneamiento Ambiental que se inauguró en noviembre de 1980 enfocará la atención y los esfuerzos de desarrollo en la implementación de los planes nacionales de suministro de agua potable y saneamiento. Este artículo describe brevemente los antecedentes y metas del Decenio y analiza los resultados y recomendaciones de un seminario sobre suministro de agua en zonas rurales realizado en Suecia en octubre de 1980. La reunión que fue organizada en forma conjunta por el Gobierno Sueco, la Universidad de Uppsala y el Departamento de Cooperación Técnica para el Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas examinó – entre otros temas – la tecnología apropiada, operación y mantenimiento, seguimiento y evaluación, y las relaciones entre productor y consumidor.     

PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNATIONAL GROUND-WATER LAW (II)

This is the second part of a paper outlining some principles applicable to the development of international law in the sub-sector of ground-water resources. In the first part of the paper, in the previous issue of the Forum , national ground-water laws were investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation at the international level. This part of the paper is devoted to reviewing the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states. It also draws the general conclusion of the entire paper.     

PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNATIONAL GROUND-WATER LAW (I)

International ground-water resources have not received their full share of legal investigation. This paper outlines some principles applicable to the development of international co-operation concerning this important resource, bearing in mind that ground and surface waters are the same resource. In the absence of positive international law covering ground-water resources, national laws are investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation to the international level. In a second paper, to be published in the next issue of the Forum , the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states will be reviewed.     

SEASONAL DEMARCATION IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR HYDROLOGICAL USE1

ABSTRACT: A study of the length of the growing and dormant season in Pennsylvania by isoline interpolation from climatological data. Maps of the beginning and ending of the growing and dormant seasons, length of growing season and ratio of growing to dormant season are included.     

HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE 1988 DROUGHT IN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Drought is evaluated in terms of the magnitude and duration of the 1988 spring and summer precipitation shortfall, and according to various components of the hydrologic budget, both surface and sub-surface. The response time of some of these components is investigated, relative to the time of precipitation. Individual water users perceived a beginning and ending of the drought at different times relative to their activities. Some statistics better describe some components of a drought to some users, and better answer some questions, than do others.