亚热带阔叶林植物叶片虫食特征研究

植物与昆虫是森林生态系统的重要组成成分,两者通过长期的协同进化形成了密切的相互关系,在森林生态系统中发挥着承上启下的作用,连接了初级生产和高级消费,是森林生态系统中重要的动态中心。植物叶片的虫食特征是植物与昆虫相互作用关系的重要表征。选取福建梅花山和浙江天童两地76种常绿阔叶林植物为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内统计分析相结合的方式对植物叶片的虫食率和虫食频度进行了研究,以期了解亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片所面临的食叶昆虫取食压力。结果表明:76种植物平均虫食率为7.21%,虫食频度为32.95%。多数植物的叶片虫食率低于10%,叶片虫食频度主要分布在10%-60%之间。乔木种与灌木种、优势植物与伴生植物之间的叶片虫食率和虫食频度均不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。超过60%的叶片虫食率和虫食频度发生在展叶期。福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物的叶片虫食率(P=0.012)和虫食频度(P=0.74)均高于浙江天童。植物幼叶的虫食率随着海拔的升高而下降。以上结果表明,常绿阔叶林植物的叶片虫食强度介于热带雨林(11.1%)和温带森林(7.1%)之间,展叶期是叶片虫食发生的主要阶段,表现出过渡性特征;叶片的虫食在不同生活型和优势程度的植物间存在差异;叶片虫食率随纬度的升高和海拔的上升而降低。     

黑老虎的研究进展

黑老虎是一种历史悠久的民间用药,也是近年来发展林下经济的一种药食两用水果,具有极大的开发利用价值.现就近30年来黑老虎在生物学特性、资源现状、开发利用价值及栽培繁育等方面进行综述,并对其发展趋势进行了分析,为黑老虎的研究、开发与利用、为林下经济的发展提供依据.     

浙江千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型和取食强度研究

选择千岛湖地区不同大小岛屿为样地,对苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)叶片虫食状类型和取食强度进行了研究.结果表明,千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型为16种,但取食频率不同.取食频率和取食部位对叶片危害程度的分析结果显示,缘食状、掏食状、顶食状、阴面食状和叶中脉状对植物叶片的影响更大.16种取食状中,缘食状和顶食状、缘食状和阴面食状之间呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),缘食状与大孔状、顶食状与大孔状、顶食状与掏食状、阳面食状与阴面食状之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).苦槠叶片被昆虫取食的频率为84%,但绝大多数受害程度低.     

论湘西地区非粮柴油能源植物资源的开发

非粮柴油能源植物资源开发是生物柴油能源植物相关产业开发热点,是我国未来能源发展趋势.基于前期调查数据资料,本文阐述了湘西地区非粮柴油能源植物资源在生物质能、食品、药物、饲料和其他工业用品开发等10种可能的开发途径,并提出在思想层面、战略层面、技术层面上进行有关研究和开发的建议.     

铊在土壤-植物系统中的迁移积累

铊(Tl)是分散、稀有重金属,是典型的毒害元素.由于含Tl资源的开发及利用过程中向环境排放大量的Tl,造成了严重的区域性Tl污染,土壤中的Tl可被植物(尤其是粮食作物)富集,并可通过食物链进入人体发生累积,对人类造成重大危害.本文对土壤-植物系统的Tl污染和作物富集的研究现状进行了综述,重点阐述了土壤中Tl污染的形态、分布状况,不同植物对土壤中Tl的富集特点和规律,Tl(超)富集植物累积机制及植物Tl中毒机制,为Tl污染土壤的治理和预防提供了依据.     

长期不同施肥措施对土壤线虫群落的影响

为研究施用生物有机肥(EM堆肥,即有效微生物制剂 堆肥)对土壤线虫群落的影响,在中国农业大学曲周试验站进行了11 a施用EM堆肥、传统堆肥、化肥和对照处理的田间试验.结果表明:共鉴定出7目、19科、39属土壤线虫,包括15属食细菌性线虫、4属食真菌性线虫、14属植物寄生性线虫和6属杂食 - 捕食性线虫.植物寄生性线虫是优势营养类群,小杆属(Rhabditis)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)和盘旋属(Rotylenchus)是优势线虫属.不同施肥处理土壤线虫总数和食细菌性线虫数量为EM堆肥>传统堆肥>对照>化肥.土壤线虫可用作施肥过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标.     

外源降解菌对黄麻根区净化能力的生物强化作用

通过原生质体电融合得到经EGFP标记的外源细菌(蒽高效降解菌An和表面活性剂产生菌P)与黄麻根际优势菌融合的2株融合子Tu-An与融合子Tu-P,然后将两种融合子以及出发菌株分别定殖到播种了黄麻(Corchoruscapsulari)的蒽污染土壤中,对不同污染物浓度下的细菌定殖、植物生长及蒽降解做了初步研究.研究表明,在相同的初始接种量下,融合子的定殖数量明显高于出发菌株;在两种融合子共存的条件下,定殖数量也略高于单一融合子的定殖数量.在接种外源菌的土壤中,植物获得了更好的生长条件,得以良好生长;而没有投加降解菌的组别中,黄麻的生长明显受到了较严重的抑制.投加外源降解菌可以促进生物降解,达到生物强化的目的.实验研究说明,把外源降解菌投加到污染土壤中进行生物强化修复是可行的.图3表2参20     

矿区砷污染对土壤线虫群落结构特征的影响

对湖南省石门县雄黄矿区不同As污染程度土壤线虫群落结构特征进行了研究.共获得线虫27属,食真菌线虫滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)在3种土壤中均为优势属.食细菌和食真菌线虫分别为低As和中As土壤的优势营养类群,而植物寄生线虫为高As土壤的优势营养类群.低As和中As土壤的自由生活线虫成熟度指数(IM)和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(IW)显著高于高As土壤,但植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(IPP)和IPP/IM比值则表现出相反的趋势.可见,高As土壤的食物网受到As污染的干扰较大,群落环境质量较差.因此,土壤线虫群落结构对土壤质量或生态系统的变化具有很好的生物指示作用.     

东太湖3种沉水植物群落区底泥种子库与幼苗库

底泥种子库在沉水植物恢复中具有重要作用.研究了东太湖3种优势沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natanus L.)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Miq)和微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)群落区的广义种子库和种子库采样区的幼苗库.2005年1月,在3种植物的优势群落区各随机采取泥样样方9个,25 ℃的培养箱内,光照周期L∶D＝12∶12条件下,采用种子萌发法鉴定土壤种子库.研究结果显示,实验室内种子库在5个月内全部萌发完毕.3种沉水植物群落区的广义种子库大小分别为1003.33粒·m-2,1446.67粒·m-2和910粒·m-2,优势种植物的种子占相应区域种子库总量的97%以上.从种子库结构上看,苦草主要以无性繁殖为主,微齿眼子菜以有性繁殖为主,马来眼子菜则无性繁殖和有性繁殖同等重要.对比研究采样点区域植物群落当年植物幼苗的萌发情况,结果表明,幼苗库在数量上要远小于其相应的种子库的规模,幼苗库植物种类要多于相应的种子库,生物多样性也较种子库高,幼苗库与种子库的相似系数在0.330.67.     

RAPD技术在园艺植物育种资源中的应用

综述了随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术在多年生园艺植物(特别是果树)品种鉴定、种质资源及其育种研究中的应用现状.     

乡村景观规划的发展历史及其在我国的发展前景

介绍了国内外乡村景观规划的发展历史 ,阐述了乡村景观规划的内容和特点 ,并简要分析了我国开展乡村景观规划的基础研究和应用的发展趋势 ,指出了应继续完善系统性的理论和方法论上的探讨 ,并对一些重点区域进一步开展典型研究和实践应用 ,以此作为今后研究发展的重点领域。     

蛋白组学技术的发展及在水生态毒理学中的应用

作为后基因组时代重要的研究工具,蛋白组学技术的发展对水生态毒理学研究产生了巨大的促进作用。对近年来应用于水生态毒理学研究中的蛋白组学技术的发展历程和应用现状进行了全面的阐述。从蛋白提取、蛋白分离和鉴定、蛋白定量等方面对蛋白组学研究技术的发展进行了系统的介绍,重点介绍和比较了蛋白分离和鉴定技术中的基于胶的技术和非胶技术。在简介蛋白组学技术发展的基础上,以蛋白的识别和定量,特定功能蛋白的研究,蛋白相互作用研究这3个蛋白组学的研究方向为切入点,详细阐述了各类技术在水生态毒理学研究中的应用,如蛋白组学在阐明各种污染物对水生生物的毒性作用机制方面的应用,以及在水体污染状况的监测和评价方面的应用等。最后,指出了目前蛋白组学研究的不足,并有针对性地提出了水生态毒理学研究中蛋白组学的发展方向。     

Current situation and development of Chinese urban forestry

This paper introduces Chinese urban forestry research in terms of the concept, forest types, ecosystem services, spatial structure, planning and construction, assessment and management. Modern Chinese urban forest had a close relationship with traditional landscape architecture. Urban forest services had been quantified in some case cities, and determined by urban forest spatial patterns and internal structures. Based on landscape ecology and urban planning, urban forest spatial patterns have been analysed and planned rationally in some cities. However, studies on urban forestry generally lack long-term, continuous and systemic observations, as well as in-depth research on ecological processes and mechanisms. The development trends in urban forestry in China might include extensive application of '3S' technology, research on the relationship between urban forest landscape spatial patterns and their ecological effects, economic assessment, ecological and economic benefits and studies on the negative effects of pollutants.     

Disadvantages and future research directions in valuation of ecosystem services in China

We have reviewed the development, background and valuation history of ecosystem services in China and abroad, and highlight the importance of ecosystem services and the necessity of their valuation at various temporal and spatial scales. Through critical review of the literature, we have elucidated disadvantages in studies of ecosystem services in China, including the lack of a definite purpose for the valuation of ecosystem services, improper emphasis of valuation studies, stifled application of the contingent valuation method, weak power of research panels in the field, and the absence of the participation of government officials. In addition, we discuss some case studies from Western countries which tracked changes in the total economic value (TEV) of ecosystem services across different states of ecological disturbance and evaluated changes in the TEV under different management regimes. These studies may be useful in guiding future research in China. In essence, there are three major aspects involved in the valuation of ecosystem services: improving accuracy of valuation, association of results of valuation with policy and management decisions, and transfer of payments for ecosystem services. We suggest three priorities for future research in China: to develop an ecosystem service valuation model, to enhance the relevance of valuation studies to policy development, and to reward the protectors of ecosystem services.     

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasi- bility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolu- tion, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemieellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.     

国际生物安全现状与我国的生物安全对策

生物安全已经逐渐演变为一个包括科技、社会、经济、政治等诸多内容的世界性环境与发展的基本问题。生物安全问题,特别是转基因生物的安全性问题,如不妥善解决,会大大限制生物技术的发展,因而引起了世界各国的高度重视。根据世界现代生物技术发展现状以及国际间生物安全的发展特点,结合我国国情,提出了我国的生物安全对策,包括加强法规建设,重视生物安全基础研究,开展公众生物安全教育。     

Multistate models for monitoring individual trees in permanent observation plots

This interdisciplinary research on forest ecosystems begins with some characteristics of ecosystems which are the basis for the derivation of statistical models for the development and vitality of trees. Several ecological problems which could be solved by longitudinal studies are mentioned. Statistical methods for the evaluation of the crowns of spruce trees (Picea abies Karst) in three permanent observation plots in Switzerland are described. In particular, the time-dependent proportional odds model and a transitional model are used. Through application of these multistate models the data give information on the dependence of an ordered categorical response variable on covariates characterizing the ecosystem. The response variable is observed through infrared aerial photographs. This monitoring system gives insight into the dynamic behaviour of the forest ecosystem. The need for more eco-systematically motivated statistical research using longitudinal studies is identified.     

Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals: challenges,developments and prospects

Many vertebrates grow up in the company of same or different-age siblings, and relations among them can be expected to significantly influence individual life histories and the development of individual morphological, physiological, and behavioral phenotypes. Although studies in birds still dominate and have stimulated most theoretical considerations, the increasing number of mammalian studies promises to broaden our understanding of this complex field by enabling interesting comparisons with the rather different bird system. It therefore seems timely to bring together recent studies of sibling relations in mammals and to demonstrate what these can offer in the way of fresh insights. In this brief review, intended to accompany a series of papers on a diverse range of mammals, we outline the current state of sibling research in mammals, comparing it to the better studied birds. Most obviously, in mammals, mother and young are in much closer contact during early life than in birds, and siblings can influence each other’s development as well as the mother’s physiology while still in utero. During nursing, mammalian young also encounter a very different feeding situation to bird siblings. These contrasts should help stimulate further debate, as well as provide further opportunities to study the relative importance of maternal versus sibling effects on individual development. Finally, we discuss the need to balance studies of sibling competition and conflict with a consideration of the benefits accruing to individuals from sibling presence and the need for long-term studies of the influence of early sibling relations on individual development and life histories. This contribution represents the introduction to the special issue “Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals”.     

基于CNKI数据库的植物与昆虫关系研究文献计量分析

分析植物与昆虫的复杂关系是中国生物学研究的重要内容,虽然目前国内学者倾向于将相关论文发表在国外期刊上,但自始至终国内期刊仍是本领域科研成果的主阵地。随着开展植物与昆虫关系的研究日益增多,尚缺乏系统梳理本领域国内期刊论文的相关研究。为此,利用CiteSpace软件对1953—2020年CNKI数据库收录学术论文的年度发文量、期刊分布、关键词时间动态、研究热点与发展变化进行可视化分析,以期厘清和总结国内期刊对植物与昆虫关系研究成果发表的现状、热点和不足,推动中国学者将本领域的研究成果发表在国内期刊上。研究结果表明,（1）国内期刊植物与昆虫关系研究领域的年度发文数量总体呈增长趋势,趋势大致分为起步期-增长期-衰减期-恢复期4个阶段。（2）本领域发表在国内期刊的论文以昆虫生态学和害虫综合治理为主要研究内容,较多论文发表在昆虫学领域的期刊上。（3）植物与昆虫关系研究内容逐渐多样化,围绕“寄主植物”、“植食性昆虫”和“传粉昆虫”3个主题词开展了较多及较长时间的研究,为本领域的发展奠定了基础。在此基础上,对于植物次生代谢产物对植食性昆虫取食行为的影响、植物繁育系统与访花昆虫行为特征的作用关系、植物与...     

Nano-QSAR: 纳米毒理学领域的新方法

随着纳米毒理学实验研究的不断深入,反映纳米材料生物毒性效应的数据也不断丰富,以这些数据为基础建立的定量结构活性关系(QSAR)模型开始发挥其在纳米材料潜在毒性研究和预测方面的作用。纳米材料的QSAR(Nano-QSAR)研究以经典QSAR模型为指导,结合纳米材料特殊的物理化学性质,提供了一种对纳米材料快速筛选和优先测试的新途径。本文就Nano-QSAR的前期研究现状,从纳米材料结构描述符、毒性效应数据和建模方法3个方面分析了模型的构建流程和框架;通过列举部分研究成果和主要的模型指标,初步探讨了建模方法的选择和结构描述符的识别;最后指出目前Nano-QSAR研究面临的挑战和今后努力的方向。