贵州省土壤环境背景值图的编绘研究

一、制图单元的划分 对三十四个统计单元土壤中各元素含量的分布特征,含量水平进行了研究。在获得各统计单元土壤中各元素的背景值后,着重讨论了土壤背景值含量与土壤成土母质、土壤类型、地貌等自然环境因素之间的关系。然后确定其制图单元。 (一)对石灰岩、第四系、页岩、砂岩、砂页岩、冲击母质发育的土壤中元素含量水平与成土母质之间的关系进行了差异显著性检验,结果表明:这六种成土母质发育的土壤中元素背景值含量有显著性差异。其中砂岩发育的土壤中元素Mn、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、F、Cd的背景值含量均低于其它成土母质发育的土壤。石灰岩母质发育的土壤中Mn、Ni、Zn、     

中国土壤Fe、Al的环境背景值及其分布趋势的研究

本文介绍了我国34省市及地区的40余处土类样品中Fe、Al的环境背景值,探计了母质母岩、成土过程以及某些地区气候,微生物活动等因素对土壤中Fe,Al含量的景响。总结出我国土壤中Fe、Al背景值呈现南高北低,东高西低的分布趋势。     

阿勒泰地区土壤微量元素环境背景值分布特征

从土壤形成的自然环境特点，成土母岩、母质等方面了区域土壤环境背景值特征，为地区土地资源的合理开发利用、农牧业合理布局、土壤污染防治等提供基础资料。     

中国土壤环境背景值分区分级统计图的设色研究

分区分级统计图不但可以充分表达化学元素在地理空间中的宏观分布规律以及内在联系,而且具有直观性、概括性和综合性的特点。其缺点是只能反映区划单位之间的差别,不能反映同一区划单元内部的差异或局部上的差异,区划单位越大,反映元素在土壤中的分布状况越概略。编制这种图的条件有四个: 1.必须具备制图区域的基础图件。如土壤图、母质、母岩图、地形图、植被图、pH值图、土地利用图以及水系图等。 2.必须掌握影响元素含量的主要因素如土壤类型、成土母质母岩、植被、pH值、地形、土地利用方式和土壤质地等     

从土壤环境背景值与自然因素的相关性看背景值图绘制中各自然要素的地位

一、自然因素的相关性 (一)成土母质的影响: 成土母质的矿物成分和元素组成是形成各类土壤的物质基础,它最初决定着土壤中元素的水平,是影响土壤背景值整体的最主要因     

土壤环境背景值的影响因素综合分析

一、影响因素及其数值化 影响土壤环境背景值丰度的成土因素通常归结为六大类:气候、成土母质与母岩、生物有机体、地形、时间和人类活动。与它们相联系的土壤环境背景值的影响因素和理化性质,通过本课题的工作,已掌握了十一个。这十一个成土影响因素或主或次,或多或少,代表了公认的六大成土因素的大量信息,分析它们和各个土壤环境背景值元素之间的关系,找出主要影响因素,对于探索土壤环境背景值的分异规律,对于绘制土壤背景值图件以及研制土壤环境背景值专家系统,都有着决定性的意义。而进行多元统计分析的技术关键,是影响因素的数值化。     

黄山风景区土壤环境背景值基本特征及其影响因素分析

一、黄山风景区土壤环境背景值基本特征 由表1可以看出,黄山土壤背景值有以下主要特征:①亲铁元素背景值较低。这显然是由于成土母岩以花岗岩系为主所致。②高F背景。黄山土壤中F高出世界平均含量近4倍。黄山土壤高F背景主要发生在花岗岩及花岗闪长岩为母岩的土壤中。 以下采用灰色系统理论中的灰色统计方法研究黄山土壤中各元素背景相对于安徽省背景值的情况。以安徽省元素背景值作为平均水平类,分别定义三个灰类(?)_1={高于平均水平指     

贵州黄壤背景值与母质的关系

贵州黄壤是贵州高原的地带性土壤,也是贵州面积最大的一个土类,占全省总土地画积38.7％,广布于黔中和黔北;黔东南、黔东北、黔西北、黔南和黔西南等地区也行分布。 在贵州主要土类环境背景值研究基础上,选择了发育第四系、页岩、砂页岩及砂岩母质上的黄壤111个剖面(其中第四系42个、砂页岩24个、页岩21个、砂岩24个)测定了Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Ni、F等九种元素含量,在研究中,剖面层次经显著性检验,大多数元素含量在层次间无显著差异,采用表土含量计算背景值。     

福建省土壤元素背景值及其特征

一、福建省土壤元素背景值的表征 比较福建省各采样点土壤的表土层、心土层和底土层元素含量分布时发现,大多数元素(除Se、Hg、Cd外)表土层元素含量均低于心土层和底土层。为了便于与国内外其它地区比较,我们采用表土层(一般0～20cm)元素含量作为统计土壤元素背景值的基础数据。又因各土类各元素含量频数分布类型不尽相同,所以分别选用算术平均值、几何平均值和中位值表示其背景值(表1)     

影响北京土壤元素背景值的成土因素

一、成土母质 对照表1与表2明显地看出:在山区,发育在残坡积物上的土壤,铅、钴元素含量比较均匀,     

Anthropogenic pollution and variability of manganese in alluvial sediments of the Yellow River,Ningxia, northwest China

Heavy metal pollution of sediments is a global concern and can be a serious problem in heavily industrialized parts of the world. Pollution by manganese is particularly common due to its ubiquitous natural occurrence, ease of mobilization, and extensive association with industry. In Ningxia, China, manganese pollution of Yellow River alluvial sediments was assessed by comparing manganese concentrations in 35 sediment samples with background values derived from similar sediments obtained at sites considered remote from potential sources of contamination. Natural background values of manganese were found to range from 192 to 323 mg/kg for surface sediments, and from 220 to 325 and 283 to 394 mg/kg for subsurface sediments at depths of 45–50 and 95–100 cm, respectively. In the study area, manganese content ranged from 565 to 1,363 mg/kg, indicating anthropogenic pollution extending to a depth of at least 1 m in the study area. All 35 samples were found to exceed the threshold effect concentration (TEC) of 460 mg/kg, below which adverse effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are not expected to occur, and one sample (T12) was found to exceed the probable effect concentration (PEC) of 1,100 mg/kg. PEC defines the threshold above which adverse effects are likely to be observed. Variogram analysis of the surface sediment manganese data revealed adherence to a Gaussian model, and ordinary kriging was used to generate a manganese distribution map. Analysis of the high nugget effect ratio indicates high, small-scale variations that are consistent with potential emissions from an adjacent electrolytic manganese plant.     

Trace element content in marine algae species from the Black Sea, Turkey

Trace element content of marine algae species collected from the Black Sea coasts were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave digestion. Trace element content in marine algae species were 1.70-17.1 microg/g for copper, 3.64-64.8 microg/g for zinc, 9.98-285 microg/g for manganese, 99-3,949 microg/g for iron, 0.50-11.6 microg/g for chromium, 0.27-36.2 microg/g for nickel, 11-694 microg/kg for selenium, 0.50-44.6 microg/kg for cadmium, 1.54-3,969 microg/kg for lead, 1.56-81.9 microg/kg for cobalt. While iron was the highest trace element concentration, cadmium was the lowest in samples. Most of the analyzed samples were edible. The samples are consumed for human diet in several countries.     

Summer distribution of trace metals in the western sector of the Ross Sea, Antarctica

The more important water masses generated by the interaction of Circumpolar Deep Water and the shelf waters in the western sector of the Ross Sea are characterized for trace element contents. The distribution of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and chromium during the austral summer is analysed and discussed according to the physical, chemical and biological processes which affect the composition of the water masses. The Cd concentration is found to have a relative high variability that can be related to biological activity and the water mass age, MCDW presents a mean dissolved concentration (SD) of 0.77 (0.07) nmol kg(-1), while the HSSW and AASW have a mean concentration of 0.63 (0.06) and 0.61 (0.16) nmol kg(-1), respectively. Lead features the typical distribution of a scavenged element with a surface maximum ranging between 22 and 130 pmol kg(-1) decreasing to 11 pmol kg(-1) in deep waters. However, the vertical distribution in the shelf area features a maximum concentration in intermediate/deep waters and we can hypothesize that the distribution may be influenced by more than one source. The surface dissolved concentration of zinc and copper were un-homogeneously distributed, the mean (SD) values were 5.25 (2.92) and 1.99 (1.49) nmol kg(-1) for zinc and copper, respectively and increased with depth for both the elements. We may therefore hypothesize enrichment in the dissolved phase deriving from recycling in deep waters. 95% of the chromium was in dissolved form and showed a superficial depletion; the mean concentrations were 1.6 +/- 0.2 and 2.6 +/- 0.8 nmol kg(-1) for surface and deep waters respectively. The vertical distribution of dissolved manganese was quite homogeneous with a mean concentration 0.96 +/- 0.7 nmol kg(-1). The particulate iron and manganese concentration trends are similar and feature a significant bottom increase implying a significant input from resuspension; the mean concentration of particulate ranged between 1.4 and 7.4 nmol kg(-1) for iron and ranged between 0.072 and 0.29 nmol kg(-1) for manganese.     

乌鲁木齐市米东污灌区农田土壤重金属污染评价

对米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量进行监测分析,利用不同的评价方法和标准对土壤重金属的环境质量进行评价。结果表明:米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量分别为Cd(0.12±0.06)mg/kg,Cu(40.43±5.30)mg/kg,Zn(78.38±11.04)mg/kg,Pb(11.66±11.79)mg/kg,Ni(20.24±8.05)mg/kg,Cr(75.81±8.05)mg/kg。以国家土壤环境质量标准(二级)为标准评价,各元素的污染指数排序为Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb,综合污染指数为0.337,污染程度为安全。以食用农产品产地土壤环境质量要求为标准评价,各元素的污染指数排序为Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb,综合污染指数为0.343,污染程度为安全。表明米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量尚能达到食用农产品产地土壤环境质量要求。Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量超过乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值,这说明污灌区土壤重金属Pb、Cu、Zn近年来已有所累积,存在一定的污染风险。     

Ecotoxicological impact assessment of some heavy metals and their distribution in some fractions of mangrove sediments from Red Sea, Egypt

The total and fraction concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, and Cd) were analyzed in some sediment fractions (Φ2, Φ3, Φ4, Φ5) of selected mangrove ecosystems collected from the Egyptian Red Sea shoreline. The results revealed that manganese had the highest mean value (133?±?97 mg/kg) followed by copper (49.9?±?46.0 mg/kg), nickel (28.1?±?11.8 mg/kg), lead (19?±?13 mg/kg), cobalt (6.7?±?4.0 mg/kg), and cadmium (3.327?±?1.280 mg/kg). The concentrations of heavy metals in the different sediment fractions showed that there was a preferential accumulation of Cu, Co, Mn, and to a lesser degree Cd in the silt and clay fractions rather than in the sand-sized. The sediment quality was performed by using some sediment quality guidelines. Additionally, the contamination and the risk assessment of these heavy metals were achieved by different methods including, potential ecological risk index, contamination factor, pollution load index, and geoaccumulation index. According to the Sediment Quality Guidelines comparisons, the concentrations of Mn and Pb were low and showed no possibility of detrimental effects on the local environment. The levels of Cu and Ni were high, however, could not be considered to present serious threat to the mangrove ecosystem. The data showed that the mangrove ecosystems were affected by the Cd risk.     

德宏州耕作土壤表层重金属含量特征及潜在生态风险评价

利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法,对云南省德宏州耕作土壤表层重金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Cu进行分析评价。结果表明,德宏州耕地土壤中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Cu含量分别为ND~249、ND~0.68、0.01~0.55、0.04~52.18、ND~195、0.79~64.3 mg/kg。6种重金属元素富集系数Cif均小于1,平均值从大到小依次为CuCdCrPbHgAs,属于轻微污染;单因子潜在生态风险指数Eir均小于40,平均值从大到小依次为CdHgCuAsPbCr,属于轻微生态风险危害;7种土壤利用方式潜在生态危害指数RI均小于150,平均值从大到小依次为菜园胶园蔗园玉米地茶园稻田果园。研究区潜在生态危害水平为轻微危害,不同利用方式重金属元素富集存在差异,局部表现出中度污染现象。总体上,德宏州耕地土壤清洁安全,潜在生态危害以Cd、Hg为主,Pb、Cr危害较小,菜园土壤重金属生态危害风险最高。     

铅锌冶炼废水处理后沉渣重金属元素特征与环境活性研究

通过扫描电子显微镜与X射线衍射仪分析、BCR法三步连续提取及元素化学分析,对铅锌冶炼废水处理后沉渣中重金属的赋存状态、环境活性进行研究。结果表明,沉渣中主要毒害元素为Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd和Cu,且以非晶态存在,其含量分别为62350、29530、7650、4530和830 mg/kg。渣中Zn和Cd酸可提取态所占比例较大,分别为37.72%和34.44%; Mn的可还原态相对含量很高,达到49.67%;Zn和Pb的可氧化态含量较高,分别占全量的34.16%、34.68%;Pb和Cu的残渣态含量较高,分别占全量的39.72%和61.69%。     

Assessment of heavy metals in some wild edible mushrooms collected from Yunnan Province, China

Eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in 14 different wild-growing edible mushroom species (Coprinus comatus, Voluariella volvacea, Pleurotus nebrodensis, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Hericium erinaceus, Agrocybe aegerita, Lenfinus edodes, Collybia velutipes, Agaricus bisporus, Russula albida, Clitocybe conglobata, Pleurotus eryngii, Lepista sordida, and Pleurotus ostreatus) collected from Yunnan province, China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after microwave digestion. All element concentrations were determined on a dry weight basis. The ranges of element concentrations for copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead were 6.8-31.9, 42.9-94.3, 67.5-843, 13.5-113, 0.06-0.58, 10.7-42.7, 0.76-5.1, and 0.67-12.9 mg/kg, respectively. In general, iron content was higher than other metals in all mushroom species. The levels of zinc, cadmium, and lead in some edible mushroom samples were found to be higher than legal limits. The relative standard deviations were found below 10%. The accuracy of procedure was confirmed by certified reference material.     

三峡库区重庆段淹没区土壤重金属分布及评价

三峡库区重庆段淹没区土壤重金属含量均低于国家土壤环境标准三级,其中铜含量范围为10.7~80.2mg/kg,均值为37.0 mg/kg;铅含量范围为14.6~51.8mg/kg,均值为29.3mg/kg;锌含量范围为47.5~93.3mg/kg,均值为72.7mg/kg;镉含量范围为0.084~0.765mg/kg,均值为0.321mg/kg;汞含量范围为0.032~0.204mg/kg,均值为0.059mg/kg;砷含量范围为4.63~12.7mg/kg,均值为8.65mg/kg。三峡库区淹没区土壤主要受镉铜污染和铅镉污染。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁、锰含量的不确定度评定

从样品消解、分析、计算全过程对火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁、锰进行分析,根据JJF 1059-1999对其测量不确定度进行评定。结果表明,测定水中铁的不确定度主要来源于消解过程、标准溶液及配制、重复测定样品;测定水中锰的不确定度主要来源于消解过程、工作曲线拟合、标准溶液及配制。水中铁、锰含量的结果可分别表示为：（2.58±...