Modified dehydrogenase enzyme assay for evaluation of the influence of Hg,Cd, and Zn on the bacterial community structure of a wastewater treatment plant

In this study, a traditional assay was modified to evaluate the effect of Hg, Cd, and Zn on the bacterial community of a sequencing batch reactor and activated sludge plants and heavy metal-resistant bacterial species were determined. After the isolation of metal-resistant bacteria, their 16S rRNA gene fragments were sequenced. The BLAST program was used to compare the resulting 16S rRNA sequences with those in GenBank database to identify the isolated bacterial species. Hg was found to be the most toxic metal for both bacterial communities investigated. Sequence batch reactor bacteria were comparatively more resistant to Hg, Cd, and Zn than those from activated sludge. The resistant strains were close to the members of genus Pseudomonas, Kocuria, Stenotrophomonas, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. The modified dehydrogenase enzyme assay seems to be simple, robust, and competent for evaluation of the impact of metals on bacterial activity. Sequencing batch reactor systems should be preferred over activated sludge when wastewaters containing hazardous metals are to be treated.     

Activated carbon adsorption,activated sludge and ozonation treatments evaluated by impact intensity based on acute toxicity test

A Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) conducted on various water treatments was successful in optimizing the acute toxicity of the final effluent. In particular, we found that the acute toxicity of the sample water treated by a water treatment process should not be correlated with the concentrations of the parent compounds still remaining in the water. Therefore, it was concluded that an acute toxicity test based on a bioassay must be performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the water treatment process for various effluents containing environmental pollutants. In addition, the treatability and the resultant toxicity was evaluated as a simple scoring system. The scoring system ranked the treated water in three classes of toxicity with the calculation of several factors for the concerned toxicity. Using an impact evaluation based on the score of the characteristics, different water treatment processes could be directly compared. The new methodology presented here is specifically effective in listing possible unit operations for a water treatment process based on the impact, and thereby enables targeted and cost-effective water treatment.     

化学解偶联剂和OSA联合工艺对剩余污泥的减量化作用

比较研究了添加化学解偶联剂3,3′,4′,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)的活性污泥工艺、好氧-沉淀-缺氧(OSA)工艺、添加TCS的OSA联合工艺所引起的解偶联代谢对剩余污泥的减量化效果。结果表明,3种工艺的剩余污泥量分别比对照工艺下降33.99%、25.94%和46.90%。和对照相比,COD去除率没有明显影响,总氮去除率下降。TCS影响了污泥的沉降性能,但OSA可使污泥的SVI值下降。污泥中的微生物种群结构在180 d运行后发生了变化。以上结果表明,添加TCS的OSA联合工艺将是一条适宜的污泥减量化技术途径。     

Adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas using activated carbon activated by ZnCl2

A series of activated carbons with high surface area were prepared from walnut shell using chemical activation with ZnCl2. In this research the carbonization stage was carried out at 500℃. The performance of the synthesized carbons evaluated in adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas. The influence of impregnation ratio on the characteristics of synthesized activated carbons as well as their adsorption capacity was investigated. The ratio of activation agent to walnut shell was selected in the range of 0.5-2.0 wt/wt. The synthesized activated carbons were characterized using XRD, SEM, BET and FTIR techniques. The highest activated carbon production yield was obtained at impregnation ratio of 1.5 wt/wt. The XRD analysis illustrated that peaks intensity decreased with increasing impregnation ratio showing that amorphous property of samples was increased. The SEM analysis revealed successful pore development in synthesized activated carbons obtained at high impregnation ratios. The surface area of the activated carbons increased with increasing impregnation ratio and its maximum value reached 2643 m2.g 1 at impregnation ratio of 2/1. FTIR analysis indicated that the relative amount of different acidic surface groups on synthesized carbons was a function of impregnation ratio. Experimental results for benzene and toluene adsorption showed a high potential of employing synthesized impregnated activated carbon for treatment of waste gas. Generally, the amount of VOC adsorbed on the surface was affected by physicochemical properties of synthesized activated carbons.     

利用餐厨和绿化垃圾提高蚯蚓堆肥效率处理剩余污泥的研究

为了显著提高蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥的效率,在实验室条件下进行了掺入不同比例餐厨和绿化垃圾的剩余污泥蚯蚓堆肥试验。在保持剩余污泥占主体的情况下,试验按照剩余污泥：餐厨垃圾：绿化垃圾的质量比（干质量）顺序,共设6个不同配比处理组,分别为100/0/0、90/5/5、80/10/10、70/15/15、70/20/10和70/10/20,各组接种蚯蚓后恒温（25±1）℃暗室培养,中途适时补充基质和水分,试验为期7周。试验结束后,去除未被降解基质,分离并量测蚯蚓质量和数量以及蚓粪质量及其养分含量,并据此量化比较各组蚯蚓堆肥效率。试验结果表明,与纯污泥相比,增加餐厨和绿化垃圾的总比例可以显著加快蚯蚓的生长、成熟和繁殖速度,显著提高对应基质的降解速率和蚓粪生产速率,而且相应蚓粪的养分（总有机碳、全钾）含量也会显著增加（全氮和全磷含量无显著影响）。在保持剩余污泥占70%比例下,掺入15%餐厨垃圾和15%绿化垃圾的组别蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥的效率达到最高（蚓粪的养分含量除外）,并与其他组别相比具有统计显著性。总之,餐厨和绿化垃圾的掺入能够显著提高蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥的效率。