老龄海底油气管道弃置决策研究

针对我国老龄海底油气管道在弃置决策上缺少理论依据的问题,建立老龄海底油气管道弃置决策模型的结构流程,基于多属性效用理论,从4个维度进行分析,选取影响老龄海底管道安全寿命的工程因素、结构因素、风险因素和影响决策的成本因素,构建属性树;运用模糊理论建立模糊互补判断矩阵,综合专家意见计算各属性权重,并进行影响因素敏感性分析;确定老龄海底管道弃置决策评分准则,对属性树各因素取值进行量化,引入成本效益率量化成本因素;采用逻辑运算计算综合得分,根据综合得分进行弃置决策。工程实例应用表明:相比于传统决策方法仅凭设计寿命作为弃置依据,老龄海底管道弃置决策模型不仅避免了单一性,还能反应服役环境对管道的影响,有利于提高管道服役过程的经济性和安全性。     

铁路隧道TBM施工风险评估

采用基于熵权的模糊综合评估模型对西秦岭特长铁路隧道TBM施工风险进行分析,识别关键风险因素并提出施工应对策略。首先结合西秦岭隧道项目工程特点,参照《铁路隧道风险评估与管理暂行规定》进行TBM施工风险识别,将其归结为设备风险、掘进风险、辅助工序风险三大方面,对每个方面细分出4项一级风险因素。接着确定各层次风险因素权重:借助专家调查确定一级风险发生的概率等级,运用熵权法确定底层风险权重;运用层次分析法确定三大方面风险权重。最后建立二级模糊综合评判模型,评估西秦岭铁路隧道右线的施工风险等级。通过现场专家调查得到的一级风险因素后果损失等级表建立一级评判隶属度矩阵,进行一级模糊评判;并将结果作为二级评判因素的评价集,进行第二级综合评判,评定该项目为2级风险。同时借助熵权反映底层各风险因素的重要程度,确定关键风险因素并判断其风险等级,提出施工应对措施。     

老龄城镇油气管道失效风险评价方法

为揭示老龄城镇油气管道失效诱因相互影响关系,评估管道综合风险,提出一种基于模糊决策试验与评价实验室(DEMATEL)方法的老龄城镇油气管道失效风险评价方法。首先通过系统识别失效诱因,建立老龄城镇油气管道风险评价指标体系;然后基于模糊DEMATEL方法确定管道失效诱因关联路径,分析失效风险间的相互作用关系;最后结合风险评价指标初始状态信息和权重,确定老龄城镇油气管道的综合风险值,并据此提出相应的管控措施。研究表明:该方法能够识别老龄城镇油气管道失效诱因之间的复杂影响关系;公众教育的缺失是造成管道事故的主要风险诱因,完善管道裂纹检测,加强腐蚀防控,可有效降低老龄城镇油气管道的潜在运行风险。     

基于风险分析的海洋平台结构鲁棒性评价与控制

针对海洋平台服役周期内突发致损事件"小概率,高风险"的非比例后果特性,综合考虑常规疲劳退化与突发致损的耦合作用,定量分析了局部突发致损的直接后果及结构倒塌失效的潜在间接后果。从风险分析理论的角度,提出海洋平台结构风险鲁棒性指标,并基于Monte-Carlo随机模拟,建立了风险鲁棒性的评价方法及评价流程。通过相应算例,分析海洋平台结构全寿命周期内风险鲁棒性指标的动态特征及影响因素,并讨论了检修行为对结构鲁棒性控制的作用。模拟示例结果表明,在平台服役后期,初始损伤及疲劳退化对风险鲁棒性指标的影响愈加显著,完好平台结构的风险鲁棒性指标明显高于含初始损伤平台,至服役的第30年,两种平台的风险鲁棒性指标分别由1下降至0.913和0.67。同时,4种不同突发事件单独作用下的模拟结果表明,对风险鲁棒性影响最为显著的突发事件是爆炸,其后依次是船舶碰撞、突发火灾和重物坠落。突发事件发生后采取快修措施可有效提高其风险鲁棒性指标,且为保证平台结构维持合理的风险鲁棒性水平而采取"非完好维修"是更为经济可行的选择。     

基于熵权的隧道塌方风险非线性模糊评判方法

隧道塌方风险分析是隧道设计和安全施工的重要环节。首先选取隧道塌方风险评价指标并建立评价指标风险分级标准,在深入分析新奥法隧道施工风险影响因素的基础上,根据隧道塌方风险影响因素具有模糊不确定性和层次性的特点建立隧道塌方风险的模糊综合评判模型。其次,通过研究各因素评价指标取值方法及隶属度函数选取原则,建立评价指标隶属度确定方法。然后针对不同专家工程经验及认知的不同,引入群组决策的思想,基于信息熵理论建立评价指标的权重计算方法。考虑到影响因素对隧道塌方风险影响具有非线性特征,引入非线性模糊运算方法,从而最终建立基于熵权的隧道塌方风险非线性模糊评判方法。最后通过工程实例分析表明了方法的可行性与合理性。     

老龄油气管道安全寿命综合评估方法研究

为合理评价老龄油气管道的安全运行状态,降低老龄管道运行风险,基于安全系统理论提出一种安全寿命综合评估方法。首先,通过事故树分析辨识老龄油气管道系统风险因素,从管道内检测、管道外检测、压力试验、修复和承压状况5个方面建立管道安全寿命评价指标体系;然后,采用层次分析法计算指标权重,并基于模糊集理论和灰色理论预测管道安全寿命;最后,以国内某一管道为例证明该方法工程应用的可行性。结果表明,该方法能够较为全面评估老龄油气管道的安全寿命,评估结果符合工程实际情况,具有较高应用价值,能够为国内老龄油气管道的安全寿命评价与风险决策提供技术支持。     

钢铁企业动力管道物理爆炸事故风险模糊综合评判

以风险评价理论为基础,根据事故风险率由事故发生可能性和严重性共同确定的原则,应用模糊关系合成原理将影响事故发生可能性和严重性的风险因素进行定量描述,同时应用层次分析法确定各因素权重,建立了钢铁企业动力管道物理爆炸事故风险模糊综合评判模型,最终应用风险矩阵法直观显示出该事故的风险等级。以某钢铁企业为例说明完整的动力管道物理爆炸事故的风险模糊综合评判过程,模型计算结果基本反映该钢铁企业动力管道物理爆炸事故的风险实际水平。     

基于模糊综合评价法的继电保护人员安全状态评估及应用

结合继电保护工作的实际,建立继电保护作业人员安全风险状态的层次型指标体系。根据模糊综合评估理论,针对指标体系建立状态因素集、模糊权重集和评语集,从而建立了模糊评估模型。运用改进的层次法,在采集了专家打分的基础上确定了各指标的模糊权重;根据电力安全生产实际确定了评语集的内容;引入隶属度概念给出了评判集算法。具体评价过程是：首先在咨询专家的基础上对最底层因素进行评价,然后进行模糊运算,计入隶属度,得到底层评判集。底层评判集作为上一层因素的评价集,逐层进行计算,最后得到员工安全风险状态的评估结果,该结果是一个评价集,根据最大隶属度原则,得到最后的评估结论。以实际算例证明了算法的可行性,同时简单介绍了应用情况。     

基于ADAMS仿真平台的自行火炮故障仿真预测方法

针对故障仿真预测技术的现状和发展,分析了ADAMS仿真平台和专家系统的优缺点.根据自行火炮系统结构的特殊性,提出基于ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis Mechanical System)仿真平台和专家系统的故障仿真系统的建模方法和设计思想.仿真过程根据用户输入的初始状态真实体现出系统在服役状态的量变,产生动态模糊关系矩阵,并由动态模糊综合评判得到系统可能出现的故障,由预测结果调用知识库中的诊断知识产生实际发生的故障部件.这样建立的仿真模型不仅能表达领域对象的动态属性、行为特性,又能表达专家的经验、判断决策等知识,还具备较强的数值计算及过程控制能力.     

海洋延寿平台随机冰激响应与损伤评估

直立结构上冰力作用是国际海洋石油工程界研究的一个热点,尽管很多学者建立了各种冰力破碎模型,但是这些理论模型实现对冰与直立结构交互作用过程的量化模拟还存有较多困难.针对胜利油田大量海上平台超期服役现状,选择渤海现场实测的随机冰力时程曲线,考虑腐蚀减薄、桩基冲刷、海生物附着等服役损伤,建立海洋延寿平台结构有限元模型,研究随机冰力作用下海洋延寿平台构件的时程响应,采用疲劳等效应力幅来描述随机冰激疲劳应力过程产生的疲劳效应,最后基于Miner线性累积疲劳损伤模型采用S-N曲线法评估平台构件的疲劳损伤,该方法为进行可适合工程应用的渤海延寿平台疲劳评估提供了思路.     

Modelling of pitting corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures – A technical review

Corrosion is a major cause of structural deterioration in marine and offshore structures. It affects the life of process equipment and pipelines, and can result in structural failure, leakage, product loss, environmental pollution and the loss of life. Pitting corrosion is regarded as one of the most hazardous forms of corrosion for marine and offshore structures. The total loss of the structure might be very small, but local rate of attack can be very large and can lead to early catastrophic failure. Pitting corrosion is a localized accelerated dissolution of metal that occurs as a result of a breakdown in the protective passive film on the metal surface. It has been studied for many years; however, the structural failure due to pit characteristics is still not fully understood. Accurate pit depth measurements, precise strength assessment techniques, risk analysis due to pitting, and the mathematical relationship of the environmental factors that causes pitting failure are also factors, which need further understanding. Hence this paper focuses on these issues. It reviews and analyses the current understanding of the pitting corrosion mechanism and investigates all possible factors that can cause pitting corrosion. Furthermore, different techniques employed by scientists and researchers to identify and model the pitting corrosion are also reviewed and analysed. Future work should involve an in-depth scientific study of the corrosion mechanism and an engineering predictive model is recommended in order to assess failure, and thereby attempt to increase the remaining life of offshore assets.     

Actual safety performance of the Malaysian offshore oil platforms: Correlations between the leading and lagging indicators

IntroductionThis study establishes the correlations between performance of a set of key safety factors and the actual lagging performance of oil platforms in Malaysia, hence the relevance of the key safety factors in evaluating and predicting the safety performance of oil and gas platforms. The key factors are crucial components of a safety performance evaluation framework and each key safety factor corresponds to a list of underlying safety indicators.MethodIn this study, participating industrial practitioners rated the compliance status of each indicator using a numbering system adapted from the traffic light system, based on the actual performance of 10 oil platforms in Malaysia. Safety scores of the platforms were calculated based on the ratings and compared with the actual lagging performance of the platforms. Safety scores of two platforms were compared with the facility status reports' findings of the respective platforms.ResultsThe platforms studied generally had good performance. Total recordable incident rates of the platforms were found to show significant negative correlations with management and work engagement on safety, compliance score for number of incident and near misses, personal safety, and management of change. Lost time injury rates, however, correlated negatively with hazard identification and risk assessment. The safety scores generally agreed with findings of the facility status reports with substandard process containment found as a contributor of hydrocarbon leaks.ConclusionsThis study proves the criterion validity of the safety performance evaluation framework and demonstrates its usability for benchmarking and continuous improvement of safety practices on the Malaysian offshore oil and gas platforms.Practical applicationsThis study reveals the applicability of the framework and the potential of extending safety reporting beyond the few conventional lagging safety performance indicators used. The study also highlights the synergy between correlating safety factors to streamline safety management on offshore platforms.     

基于全生命周期的海洋油气项目集风险管理

为了强化海洋油气项目集的风险管理,以海洋油气田固定区块开发为范围,基于甲方油气田单位和乙方服务单位立场,对项目集进行全生命周期的风险管理;将海洋油气项目集生命周期划分为6个阶段;提出了滚动风险管理模式,给出各阶段风险分解结构和风险应对策略;以时间、成本、质量为控制要素,建立项目整体风险动态评估方法。研究结果表明:通过生命周期6个阶段和整体2级动态迭代风险控制,能更早发现项目集各级过程风险,有助于避免或降低风险事故带来的损失,更有效地保障项目集收益和组织战略实现,可为我国海上油气田开发风险管理提供新参考。     

Management of life extension for topsides process system of offshore platforms in Chinese Bohai Bay

Technological advances in exploration and production mean that production platforms in Chinese Bohai Bay have many developments that are now operating beyond their original design life. As equipment ages, there are increasing challenges to maintain its integrity. Issues related to LE management of offshore facilities in government regulations, industrial associations and international oil companies were investigated. The results showed that emphasizing the requirements of labor union and industrial associations was a great feature in Norway, which was practical in Chinese Bohai Bay. Therefore, with the combination of the LE management system in Norway with the current situation in Chinese Bohai Bay, LE management model which integrates RBI, RCM, FMECA, and SIL risk assessment methods together was designed in order to improve understanding and ensure that LE issues were addressed across all aspects of asset management during the entire LE period. Finally, an example of three production offshore platforms on a gas field in the Bohai Bay was used to go through the LE management process and address the issues in each phase. The suggestions for improving LE management and technologies were given.     

Risk perception by offshore workers on UK oil and gas platforms

This paper reports the first investigation of risk perception by workers on offshore oil and gas installations on the UK Continental Shelf, following changes in offshore safety legislation in the wake of the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988. The Offshore Safety Case regulations (Health and Safety Executive, 1992, A Guide to the Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations) put the onus on the operator to identify the major hazards and to reduce the risks to As Low As is Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). The regulations specifically state that Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRA) must be used when preparing the Safety Case. However, people do not use QRA when making everyday judgements about risk; they make subjective judgements known as risk perceptions, which are influenced by a number of different factors. This study was designed to complement the extensive QRA calculations that have already been carried out in the development of Safety Cases. The aim was to measure subjective risk perception in offshore personnel and examine how this relates to the more objective risk data available, namely accident records and QRA calculations. This paper describes the Offshore Risk Perception Questionnaire developed to collect the data and reports on UK offshore workers' perceptions of the risks associated with major and minor hazards, work tasks and other activities aboard production platforms.     

海洋石油轮班作业风险定量分析方法研究

长期以来,海洋石油领域风险研究主要集中在对设施的潜在失效概率和后果研究方面,而对于人员可靠性及风险管理方面的研究较弱。然而,据统计资料显示,海上设施在其生命周期内的设计、建造和生产作业等各个阶段中发生的事故大多与人为错误和组织错误（HOE）有关联。在海洋工程领域,开展人员可靠性分析（HRA）的研究工作具有重要意义。根据海上作业的特殊性及轮班制度的特点,推导出轮班风险的定量分析公式,据此计算出每个工作日轮班风险的相对大小,然后结合我国海上作业的实际情况,对影响轮班风险的可变因素进行了敏感性分析,为风险控制与管理提供参考。     

基于动态风险平衡的海洋平台事故连锁风险研究

针对海洋平台事故风险特点,提出动态风险平衡概念,以此建立事故动力模型,并将该模型运用到墨西哥湾"深水地平线"井喷事故。动态风险平衡表征事故动力与事故阻力之间的动态平衡状态,具有动态性和暂时稳定性。事故动力模型以海洋平台可能发生的重大事故为研究对象,从工艺、技术和管理等角度分析事故可能致因和事故发展可能影响因素。该模型首先分析对象的初始事故动力,建立事故连锁风险图,然后计算初始动力发生情况下,传递动力和传递阻力的概率分布,最后提出相应风险控制措施。实例分析表明,基于动态风险平衡建立的事故动力模型能有效分析海洋平台事故连锁风险。     

Changes in risk perception among North Sea offshore personnel in the period 1990 to 1994

A self-completion questionnaire survey was carried out among employees on offshore oil platforms in the Norwegian part of the North Sea in February 1990 and repeated in February 1994. A total of 915 employees on eight platforms (five oil companies) answered the questionnaire in 1990 and the response rate was 92%. In 1994, 1138 respondents on twelve platforms and nine companies filled in the questionnaire. The response rate was 87%. Significantly fewer of the personnel felt at risk in 1994 compared to 1990. Likewise, a greater percentage of the employees were satisfied with safety and contingency measures, and experienced job stress to a lesser extent in 1994 than they did in 1990.     

Determination of human error probabilities for offshore platform musters

The focus of this work is on prediction of human error probabilities during the process of emergency musters on offshore oil and gas production platforms. Due to a lack of human error databases, and in particular human error data for offshore platform musters, an expert judgment technique, the Success Likelihood Index Methodology (SLIM), was adopted as a vehicle to predict human error probabilities. Three muster scenarios of varying severity (man overboard, gas release, and fire and explosion) were studied in detail. A panel of 24 judges active in the offshore oil and gas industry provided data for both the weighting and rating of six performance shaping factors. These data were subsequently processed by means of SLIM to calculate the probability of success for 18 muster actions ranging from point of muster initiator to the final actions in the temporary safe refuge (TSR). The six performance shaping factors considered in this work were stress, complexity, training, experience, event factors and atmospheric factors.     

Damage to offshore oil and gas facilities following hurricanes Katrina and Rita: An overview

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the centre of the American petrochemical industry, shutting down eight refineries, hundreds of oil-drilling and production platforms, and many other industrial facilities. Furthermore, it triggered unprecedented numbers of hazardous-materials releases from industrial facilities and storage terminals onshore, as well as from oil and gas production facilities offshore in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). In this paper, we analyse the damage caused by the two hurricanes on the offshore oil and gas industry. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita caused the largest number of destroyed and damaged platforms and pipelines, and the highest number of mobile offshore drilling units set adrift in the history of GoM operations. Following the hurricanes, changes have been proposed to operating and emergency procedures, maintenance requirements, and design practices including mooring practices for mobile offshore drilling units.