小麦淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数的研究

采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20L球爆炸测试装置对小麦淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数进行评估,对粒度小于75μm的样品的爆炸危险性参数进行测试,得出了一定条件下的小麦淀粉对静电火花的敏感程度以及其爆炸的猛烈程度,进而对其爆炸危险性程度进行分级。结果表明,温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.70MPa,小麦淀粉的最小点火能量在40~80mJ;在点火能量为10 kJ时,最大爆炸压力为0.60MPa,最大爆炸指数为7.87MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性为Ⅰ级。     

Dust explosion hazard assessment

The majority of powders that are used in the processing industries are combustible (also referred to as flammable, explosible). An explosion will occur if the concentration of the combustible dust that is suspended in air is sufficient to propagate flame when ignited by a sufficiently energetic ignition source.A systematic approach to identifying dust cloud explosion safety against their consequences generally involves:-Identification of locations where combustible dust cloud atmospheres could be present-Understanding of the explosion characteristics of the dust(s)-Identification of potential ignition sources that could be present under normal and abnormal conditions-Proper process and facility design to eliminate and/or minimize the occurrence of dust explosions and protect people and facilities against their consequences-Adequate maintenance of facilities to prevent ignition sources and minimize dust releaseThis presentation will discuss the conditions that are required for dust cloud explosions to occur and presents a well-tried approach to identify, assess, and eliminate/control dust explosion hazards in facilities.     

浓度对橡胶粉尘爆炸特性的影响

为了解橡胶粉尘的爆炸危险性,采用20 L球爆炸测试装置对常温常压下、粒径75μm以下的橡胶粉尘在质量浓度50~700 g/m3范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究,测定其最大爆炸压力及爆炸指数随质量浓度的变化规律,进而对其爆炸危险性程度进行分级。结果表明:橡胶粉尘质量浓度为300 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大值0.49MPa;在橡胶粉尘质量浓度为250 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大值5.04MPa·m/s,根据ISO 6184粉尘爆炸烈度等级分级标准,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为St-1级。     

烟草粉尘的双重危害及防治技术

基于烟草粉尘的物理、化学特性,对烟草粉尘的职业病危害与粉尘爆炸双重危害进行了分析,提出了从"人、机、环、管"4个方面开展烟草粉尘的收集、清扫、治理、监测等烟草粉尘防治工作。通过建立除尘系统、佩戴防尘口罩、定期浓度检测,尽可能降低环境中的烟草粉尘浓度,减少生产过程中的吸入量,可以避免职业性危害;通过采用防爆、隔爆、泄爆设备设施、规范操作行为、实时在线监测,控制烟草粉尘的爆炸风险,尽可能降低爆炸事故发生的可能性或爆炸产生的不良影响,从而降低烟草粉尘的职业病危害与粉尘爆炸双重危害。     

纺织工业粉尘爆炸危险区域划分方法

根据国家标准,分析了爆炸性粉尘环境危险区域划分的方法和步骤,以粉尘释放源释放频率和形成爆炸混合物的可能性为指标,给出了危险区域划分方法,并以某纺织企业为例进行了说明,所得结果对纺织企业的安全生产具有借鉴意义。     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性研究

为研究玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性,采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20 L球爆炸测试装置对200目(<75μm)以下的玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性进行评估,基于静电火花和粉尘质量浓度对粉尘爆炸的影响,对玉米淀粉的静电火花最小点火能量、爆炸下限质量浓度、最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数进行了研究,根据试验结果对玉米淀粉爆炸危险性进行分级。试验结果表明:温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.80 MPa,粉尘质量浓度在250～750 g/m3范围内,粉尘的最小点火能量随着粉尘质量浓度增加而降低,其最小点火能量在40～80 mJ之间;在点火能量为10 kJ时,粉尘爆炸下限质量浓度在50～60 g/m3之间;在粉尘质量浓度为750 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大,为0.66 MPa;在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大,为17.21 MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。     

水平管道内铝粉爆炸特性的试验研究

为研究铝粉在密闭空间内爆炸特性,降低其爆炸造成的损害,利用自行设计的水平管道式可燃气体-粉尘爆炸装置,在室温下对粒度为6～8μm,9～12μm,15～17μm的铝粉在100～800 g/m3浓度范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究。结果表明:铝粉在浓度为600 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率最大,爆炸时间最小;铝粉浓度较低时,由于氧气充足,随着铝粉浓度增大,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸时间减小;当铝粉浓度超过600 g/m3,受到氧气浓度限制,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随浓度增大而减小,爆炸时间增大;相同浓度的铝粉,粒度越小,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率越大,爆炸时间越小。粒度越小的铝粉,爆炸的可能性和危险性越大。     

粉碎研磨设备粉尘爆炸的预防

粉碎研磨设备火灾爆炸事故发生率较高。针对该过程的火险特点,防火对策应从防止粉尘沉积,消除粉尘源,防止摩擦、撞击、生热,消除静电危害,搞好工艺防火,惰性介质保护,设置防爆泄压装置,粉尘爆炸的抑制,火灾事故处理措施,加强消防安全教育诸方面加以考虑。     

A review on hybrid mixture explosions: Safety parameters,explosion regimes and criteria,flame characteristics

The hybrid mixture of combustible dusts and flammable gases/vapours widely exist in various industries, including mining, petrochemical, metallurgical, textile and pharmaceutical. It may pose a higher explosion risk than gas/vapor or dust/mist explosions since the hybrid explosions can still be initiated even though both the gas and the dust concentration are lower than their lower explosion limit (LEL) values. Understanding the explosion threat of hybrid mixtures not only contributes to the inherent safety and sustainability of industrial process design, but promotes the efficiency of loss prevention and mitigation. To date, however, there is no test standard with reliable explosion criteria available to determine the safety parameters of all types of hybrid mixture explosions, nor the flame propagation and quenching mechanism or theoretical explanation behind these parameters. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of the comprehensive understanding of hybrid mixture explosions mainly in an experimental study level; thereby, the main limitations and challenges to be faced are explored. The discussed main contents include the experimental measurement for the safety parameters of hybrid mixtures (i.e., explosion sensitivity and severity parameters) via typical test apparatuses, explosion regime and criterion of hybrid mixtures, the detailed flame propagation/quenching characteristics behind the explosion severities/sensitivities of hybrid mixtures. This work aims to summarize the essential basics of experimental studies, and to provide the perspectives based on the current research gaps to understand the explosion hazards of hybrid mixtures in-depth.     

Does your facility have a dust problem: Methods for evaluating dust explosion hazards

The hazards of dust explosions prevailing in plants are dependent on a large variety of factors that include process parameters, such as pressure, temperature and flow characteristics, as well as equipment properties, such as geometry layout, the presence of moving elements, dust explosion characteristics and mitigating measures. A good dust explosion risk assessment is a thorough method involving the identification of all hazards, their probability of occurrence and the severity of potential consequences. The consequences of dust explosions are described as consequences for personnel and equipment, taking into account consequences of both primary and secondary events.While certain standards cover all the basic elements of explosion prevention and protection, systematic risk assessments and area classifications are obligatory in Europe, as required by EU ATEX and Seveso II directives. In the United States, NFPA 654 requires that the design of the fire and explosion safety provisions shall be based on a process hazard analysis of the facility, process, and the associated fire or explosion hazards. In this paper, we will demonstrate how applying such techniques as SCRAM (short-cut risk analysis method) can help identify potentially hazardous conditions and provide valuable assistance in reducing high-risk areas. The likelihood of a dust explosion is based on the ignition probability and the probability of flammable dust clouds arising. While all possible ignition sources are reviewed, the most important ones include open flames, mechanical sparks, hot surfaces, electric equipment, smoldering combustion (self-ignition) and electrostatic sparks and discharges. The probability of dust clouds arising is closely related to both process and dust dispersion properties.Factors determining the consequences of dust explosions include how frequently personnel are present, the equipment strength, implemented consequence-reducing measures and housekeeping, as risk assessment techniques demonstrate the importance of good housekeeping especially due to the enormous consequences of secondary dust explosions (despite their relatively low probability). The ignitibility and explosibility of the potential dust clouds also play a crucial role in determining the overall risk.Classes describe both the likelihood of dust explosions and their consequences, ranging from low probabilities and limited local damage, to high probability of occurrence and catastrophic damage. Acceptance criteria are determined based on the likelihood and consequence of the events. The risk assessment techniques also allow for choosing adequate risk reducing measures: both preventive and protective. Techniques for mitigating identified explosions risks include the following: bursting disks and quenching tubes, explosion suppression systems, explosion isolating systems, inerting techniques and temperature control. Advanced CFD tools (DESC) can be used to not only assess dust explosion hazards, but also provide valuable insight into protective measures, including suppression and venting.     

氯乙烯储罐的事故后果分析

氯乙烯具有毒性和易燃易爆性,如果泄漏至空气中,可能产生中毒或爆炸事故。笔者以某化工厂氯乙烯储罐为例,分析氯乙烯储罐可能发生的事故;对其主要事故危害,即中毒、蒸气云爆炸、扩展气体沸腾蒸气爆炸3种事故进行后果模型分析;计算出发生3种事故对人员伤亡和设备损坏造成的危害区域,并提出建议和对策。该研究结果可为同类企业进行安全管理提供科学依据和参考,有助于企业制定防范措施以及事故应急救援预案,从而减少人员伤亡及财产损失。     

镁合金熔炼、铸造过程的危险性分析

随着材料制造和材料加工业迅速发展,新结构材料和功能材料不断出现。镁能与锌、铝、锰等金属组成性能优越的合金,镁合金广泛用于轻工、通讯、军事等领域。由于镁合金应用领域的拓展,镁合金的生产企业也越来越多。镁合金生产的主要工艺是熔炼、铸造,熔炼、铸造时,镁合金极易与氧及含氧化合物反生氧化反应,释放出巨大的热量,发生爆炸事故,使生命和财产受到巨大损失。针对镁合金的特性,从镁合金熔炼、铸造的工艺过程、安全特点等方面分析了镁合金熔炼、铸造过程中发生爆炸事故的原因,提出了安全生产对策措施,以期减少镁合金熔炼、铸造过程中意外伤亡事故的发生,减少财产损失及对企业周边和社会造成的影响。     

Effect of particle morphology on metal dust deflagration sensitivity and severity

Combustible dust explosions continue to present a significant threat toward industries processing, storing, or pneumatically conveying metal dust hazards. Through recent years, investigations have observed the influence of particle size, polydispersity, and chemical composition on dust explosion sensitivity and severity. However, studies characterizing the effect of particle shape (or morphology) on metal dust explosibility are limited and merit further consideration. In this work, high-purity aluminum dust samples of three unique particle morphologies were examined (spherical granular, irregular granular, and dry flake). To maintain consistency in results obtained, all samples were procured with similar particle size distribution and polydispersity, as verified by laser diffraction particle size analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) experiments were executed to confirm supplier claims on morphology and to quantify the effective surface area associated with each sample, respectively. Investigations performed in a Kühner MIKE3 minimum ignition energy apparatus and a Siwek 20 L sphere combustion chamber resulted in the direct characterization of explosion sensitivity and severity, respectively, as a function of suspended fuel concentration and variable particle morphology. Recommendations to standard risk/hazard analysis procedures and to existing design guidance for the mitigation of deflagrations that originate from ignition of distinctively processed metal dust fuels have been provided.     

药物混粉爆炸事故及防范对策的研究

从近几年制药行业频繁爆炸事故出发,分析制药行业爆炸事故的种类,从粉尘爆炸入手,以某制药企业为研究对象,对其爆炸粉体克拉维酸钾进行了爆炸参数测试,运用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试装置测定其爆炸下限为40g/m3。同时运用差热扫描热分析法对其进行放热反应进行研究,再利用毛细管气相色谱法对该混合物中是否存在可燃气体进行了评定,发现其存在丙酮可燃气体,但含量较低为9.3×10-5。针对上述特点,从技术和管理角度出发,分析应对措施以及常见的问题,设计了混粉机械人机界面,编制了安全检查表,对该类共性问题进行了归纳,以供防范药物混粉事故发生参考。     

固体惰性介质对煤粉爆炸压力的影响研究

通过对固体惰性介质在减轻煤粉爆炸作用的实验研究,给出影响固体惰化剂作用效果的主要影响因素。实验分别选用来自加拿大和中国的3种煤粉和石灰石,对每种实验样品的成分、粒度都进行分析。用20L球形容器进行实验,测定煤粉中加入不同含量的石灰石后煤粉爆炸的Pmax和(dp/dt)max值。结果表明,石灰石能够起到减轻煤粉爆炸影响的作用,并且随着煤粉粒度的减小,要达到相同的抑爆效果需要的石灰石的用量将加大。     

粉尘爆炸特征和预防措施探讨

随着现代工业的发展,粉末技术得到了广泛应用,使得粉末产物日益增多.许多粉体加工企业对粉体的相关危害知识没有深刻的认识,这些物质在安全生产、储存、运输和应用过程中,安全管理比较混乱,没有做到很好的防护,缺乏必要的防火防爆设施,再加上操作人员思想上的麻痹大意.粉尘爆炸的危险性大大增加,粉尘爆炸的事故也频繁发生.粉尘爆炸具有很强的破坏力,往往造成重大人员伤亡和严重损失,已经越发成为工业安全不可忽视的重要问题.本文从粉尘爆炸的基本特征出发,论述了粉尘爆炸的机理、条件、特点.根据粉尘爆炸需要的条件,从可燃物、助燃物和点火源三个方面,提出了在实际生产中,预防粉尘爆炸的一些具体措施,以期指导安全生产.     

A correlation of the lower flammability limit for hybrid mixtures

Hybrid mixtures are widely encountered in industries such as coal mines, paint factories, pharmaceutical industries, or grain elevators. Hybrid mixtures explosions involving dust and gas can cause great loss of lives and properties. The lower flammability limit (LFL) is a critical parameter when conducting a hazard assessment or developing mitigation methods for processes involving hybrid mixtures. Unlike unitary dust or gas explosions, which have been widely studied in past decades, only minimal research focuses on hybrid mixtures, and data concerning hybrid mixtures can rarely be found. Although methods to predict the LFL have been developed by using either Le Chatelier's Law, which was initially proposed for homogeneous gas mixtures, or the Bartknecht curve, which was adopted for only certain hybrid mixtures, significant deviations still remain. A more accurate correlation to predict an LFL for a hybrid mixtures explosion is necessary for risk assessment. This work focuses on the study of hybrid mixtures explosions in a 36 L dust explosion apparatus including mixtures of methane/niacin, methane/cornstarch, ethane/niacin and ethylene/niacin in air. By utilizing basic characteristics of unitary dust or gas explosions, a new formula is proposed to improve the prediction of the LFL of the mixture. The new formula is consistent with Le Chatelier's Law.     

粉尘爆炸泄压面积计算及影响因素分析

随着涉粉行业各类企业数量的增长,以及粉尘爆炸产生的巨大危害,企业对粉尘泄爆、防爆越来越重视。在粉尘泄爆方面,泄爆装置的泄放面积影响最大泄爆压力,国内外不同标准的计算方法也有区别,因此针对不同标准的计算方法做出了比较并举例计算说明,为泄爆装置尺寸的选择提供理论依据。     

硬脂酸粉尘爆炸特性试验研究

为研究硬脂酸粉尘的爆炸特性,采用20 L球型爆炸仪对4个粒径范围的硬脂酸粉尘进行粉尘爆炸试验研究。结果表明:一定浓度范围内增大粉尘浓度能够提升硬脂酸粉尘的爆炸能量和燃烧速率。增大粉尘浓度,爆炸猛烈度先增强后减弱;减小粉尘粒径,能增强爆炸猛烈度和敏感度。粒径小于58 μm粉尘的爆炸猛烈度和敏感度最大,浓度500 g/m3时,该粉尘有最大爆炸压力1.12 MPa和最大升压速率142.00 MPa/s。     

Thermo-kinetic modelling of dust explosions

The guidelines for protection and mitigation against hazard coming from dust explosion require the knowledge and then the evaluation either experimentally or theoretically of the thermo-kinetic parameters (i.e. K_St, P_max). We developed a numerical tool for the evaluation of the thermo-kinetic parameters of dust explosion. This model is based on the simulations of the combustion reaction by means of a detailed reaction mechanism assuming that the pyrolysis/devolatilization step is very fast and then gas combustion is controlling dust explosion. The model allows then the determination of the most conservative values of K_St, S_l, P_max. In the present paper we calculated the deflagration index and the laminar burning velocity for dusts utilized in various process industries (i.e. cornstarch, polyethylene, cellulose) as function of dust concentration. The obtained data were successfully compared with the available experimental results.