湖泊沉积物中有机碳同位素特征及其古气候环境意义

湖泊沉积物中有机碳同位素受到湖水化学性质(pH值、硬度等)、湖区气温和降水、光照条件、大气压力、CO2分压、盐分及营养元素、有机质的来源、有机质的保存、后期改造及成岩作用等诸多因素的影响，其中有机质的来源、温度和大气压力是影响有机质δ^13C值的主导因素。有机质碳同位素与气候条件存在着一定联系。^13C值高，一般对应于气候的暖期；^13C值低则对应冷期。但实际中比较复杂，两者之间不存在固定的模式，因而，湖泊沉积物有机质^13C在指示古气候变化上存在多解性、复杂性和混乱性。本文利用国内外的一些研究成果，对湖泊沉积物有机质^13C的组成特征及其古气候环境意义的研究现状进行了详细论述。     

沉湖130年来湖泊沉积物有机碳、氮稳定同位素变化及其环境指示意义

通过对2020年沉湖湖心采集的73cm长沉积柱(CH-01)中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、有机碳同位素(δ¹³C_org)和氮同位素(δ¹⁵N)指标的分析,并结合年代测定(²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs比活度测试)结果,分析了130多年来沉湖沉积物有机质的来源,探讨受人类活动影响下湖泊的生态环境变化过程.结果表明:沉湖沉积物平均沉积速率为0.52cm/a,呈缓慢增大趋势.TOC、TN含量变化范围分别为0.89%～3.65%和0.04%～0.20%,δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值变化范围分别为-29.34‰～-26.13‰和1.67‰～5.48‰,TOC、TN在38～26cm的快速上升对应于1970～1990年沉湖周边人口增长和湖泊改造工程频繁期.沉积物中有机质为混合来源,主要为土壤有机质、陆生C3植物和水生维管束植物.其中土壤有机质和陆生C3植物的贡献较大,1980年后由于人类活动导致湖泊水动力减弱,湿地内水生维管束植物对沉积物有机质的贡献率增大....     

骆马湖表层沉积物有机质分布特征及来源解析

为解析骆马湖富营养化沉积物的影响因素,2018年9月采集了骆马湖表层沉积物32个点位样品,分析了沉积物的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素（δ¹³C）和氮同位素（δ¹⁵N）指标,研究了沉积物中有机质分布特征及来源.研究表明：表层沉积物TOC含量在0.55%~3.76%,平均值为1.62%;TN含量在0.04%~0.46%,平均值为0.19%;δ¹³C含量在-27.32‰~-8.36‰,平均值为-14.98‰;δ¹⁵N含量在-1.92‰~10.17‰,平均值为7.72‰,TN与TOC在空间分布呈正相关,有机碳、氮同位素受不同来源有机质影响空间分布有较大差异.对δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C与C/N进行定性分析和端元混合模型定量计算,得出骆马湖表层沉积物有机质来源主要有三个：一是人类活动带来的土壤有机质贡献率最大,特别是东岸休闲旅游区贡献较高;二是围网养殖造成的源污染,加大了湖泊富营养化程度;第三是湖泊来水携带较高浓度的污水有机质,对"典型过水性"骆马湖水质影响较大.为了降低骆马湖水体富营养化程度,改善水生态环境质量,急需对湖体有机质的来源加大控制.     

正构烷烃及单体碳同位素记录的石臼湖生态环境演变研究

利用正构烷烃及其碳同位素的分布特征重建古气候环境是目前全球变化研究的热点问题.对采集于石臼湖的沉积物样品进行210Pb定年.采用正构烷烃及单体碳同位素的分布特征示踪沉积物中有机质的来源,探讨湖区近现代生态环境演变与人类活动的关系.结果表明,正构烷烃碳分子组合特征以C29为主峰碳,C25、C27和C31为次主峰,具有显著的奇偶优势,据此推断沉积物中有机质主要来源于大型水生植物及陆生高等植物.对C27、C29和C31长链正构烷烃进行单体碳同位素测定,利用二元模式估算出湖区植被类型以C3植物为主.正构烷烃及单体碳同位素的分布特征揭示了不同时期人类活动对湖区生态环境的影响:1862～1970年,总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及中低奇数碳正构烷烃(C17～C25)相对含量较低,长链正构烷烃单体碳同位素(δ13C25～31)值偏轻,说明人类活动对湖区环境影响较小,生态环境相对稳定;1970～1983年,TOC、TN及C17～C25相对含量显著增加,δ13C25～31值明显偏重,指示此时期内围湖造田、化肥农药滥用及废水排放等人类活动造成湖区陆生高等植物退化,水体中藻类暴发,湖泊富营养化程度显著提高,生态环境急剧恶化;1983～2010年,TOC、TN及C17～C25相对含量仍处于高值范畴,湖泊富营养化问题没有得到有效控制,湖区生态环境整体呈现相对退化趋势.     

喀斯特地区土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学特征

以喀斯特地区二种主要的土壤类型石灰土和黄壤为例,对三种植被类型下土壤及土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C值)进行了分析,结果显示:石灰土剖面中土壤有机碳含量均大于1.0%,最大值为表层土的7.1%,而三个黄壤剖面中土壤有机碳含量在0.3%～4.6%之间;石灰土剖面中土壤有机质δ13C值的变化范围仅为-24.1‰～-23.0‰,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的δ13C值变幅也较小;而黄壤剖面中土壤有机质δ13C值的变化范围较大,在-24.5‰～-21.1‰之间,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的δ13C值变幅也较大。对比研究表明,不同土壤类型中有机质的深度分布特征具有显著差异,土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学具有明显的区域性特征。     

网湖沉积物正构烷烃分布特征及其记录的环境变化

通过对网湖沉积岩芯中正构烷烃含量和组成特征的分析,探讨了网湖近百年来的湖泊环境变化.结果表明,网湖沉积岩芯中正构烷烃的碳数范围在n-C14~n-C33之间,其中以高碳数组分为主,并具有明显的奇偶优势,反映了沉积物有机质以大型水生植物和陆生植物贡献为主,较低的2n-C31/(n-C27+n-C29)比值指示陆源输入中以木本植物输入为主.根据正构烷烃参数指示的沉积物有机质来源变化特征,近百年来网湖水体环境变化具有如下3个阶段:20世纪50年代以前,网湖与长江水体交换频繁,湖泊水体处于低营养环境状态,沉积物正构烷烃高/低分子量正构烷烃比值(H/L)和陆/水生类脂物比值(TAR)较高,沉积物有机质主要来源于陆生植物和大型水生植物,湖泊浮游藻类贡献少;20世纪50~80年代,H/L和TAR值明显下降,中、短链正构烷烃的比例略有升高,表明陆源植被对沉积物有机质的贡献降低,水生植物和浮游藻类贡献的有机质增加,但较低的2n-C17/(n-C23+n-C25)值表明浮游藻类有机质较低,此时湖泊水体较为稳定,湖泊受长江水位影响减小,湖泊营养水平有所升高;1980s以来,总体上湖泊受流域人类活动影响明显,湖泊水体营养水平升高,沉积物正构烷烃表现为H/L和TAR值升高后下降,正构烷烃总量和2n-C17/(n-C23+n-C25)比值显著升高,2000年后尤其明显,表明湖泊沉积物有机质输入增加,其中湖泊浮游藻类贡献明显增加.     

湖泊有机质降解过程生源要素活化行为研究进展与展望

水体富营养化是全球面临的最突出的生态环境问题之一。大量研究表明,碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)等生源要素是控制富营养化的关键因子。随着日益强化的流域污染治理工程的实施,流域外源氮磷输入通量显著减少,但很多湖泊水体的氮磷浓度并未如预期那样显著降低,藻类水华依然频发,湖泊内负荷被认为是罪魁祸首。湖泊内负荷聚焦的C、N、P等生源要素在湖泊生态系统中的生物地球化学循环往往以有机质为主要载体,藻类生长过程伴随着C、N、P的吸收和有机质形成,而有机质在水体沉降和沉积物早期成岩过程中的矿化降解则伴随着C、N、P的释放。虽然C、N、P等生源要素都伴随着颗粒有机质矿化而活化再生,但它们在此过程中并不是等比例活化释放。国内外有关有机质降解过程中生源要素活化行为的研究已取得重要进展,主要体现在：(1)水体颗粒物的C∶N和C∶P比值随水体深度增加而逐渐增大,表明水体颗粒态氮和颗粒态磷通常具有比颗粒态碳更快的矿化速率;(2)缺氧条件下有机质降解过程磷比碳优先释放且强度远高于富氧环境;(3)微生物及其驱动的聚磷酸盐循环和酶水解作用可能是导致有机质降解过程磷优先活化的重要原因。水体富营养化后,有机质降解过程磷优先活化...     

呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的释放效应分析

沉积物有机质是湖泊物质循环的重要组成部分之一,研究沉积物有机质的赋存和迁移转化特征对于湖泊生态保护具有重要意义.以位于我国寒旱区的蒙新湖区典型代表湖泊——呼伦湖为例,利用连续提取法、三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱-平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）和碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、碳氮比值（C/N）指标测定,并结合室内模拟试验,研究了呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的赋存特征、释放效应及影响因素.结果表明:①呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质含量在26.67~38.09 g/kg之间,其主要组分为胡敏素（HM）,HM占沉积物有机质的相对比例为74.1%.沉积物有机质主要来自于陆源,陆源相对贡献率在80%左右.②沉积物室内静态释放模拟试验结果表明,沉积物有机质释放会导致上覆水中溶解性有机质（DOM）浓度和组分均发生改变,上覆水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度由30.85 mg/L升至37.57 mg/L,类腐殖质组分所占比例升高.沉积物有机质释放还导致上覆水中氮磷浓度升高,其中溶解性总氮（DTN）和溶解性总磷（DTP）的浓度分别升高了0.89和0.16 mg/L.③近年来,呼伦湖流域温度升高,导致呼伦湖沉积物有机质的释放效应增强.研究显示,虽然呼伦湖沉积物有机质主要以难降解组分为主,但是其释放效应对水体碳、氮、磷浓度的影响仍然不容忽视.      

营养条件对微藻碳、氮稳定同位素组成的影响

以5种微藻(甲藻3种,硅藻、绿藻各1种)为试验材料,探讨了不同营养条件对微藻不同生长阶段碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响.结果表明,不同纲微藻的d13C值和d15N值在稳定生长期高于指数生长期,且与生长速率没有相关性(P>0.05).硅藻的d13C值低于甲藻和绿藻,绿藻和甲藻的d13C值比较相近;甲藻的d15N值低于硅藻和绿藻,绿藻和硅藻的d15N值比较相近,且同属甲藻纲的海洋原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和强壮前沟藻的d15N值有较大的差异. 5种微藻在不同营养条件(营养盐充足、缺氮、缺磷)下培养,氮限制和磷限制导致微藻具有更正的d13C和d15N,磷限制的影响不明显,且弱于氮抑制.     

营养条件对微藻碳、氮稳定同位素组成的影响

以5种微藻(甲藻3种,硅藻、绿藻各1种)为试验材料,探讨了不同营养条件对微藻不同生长阶段碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响.结果表明,不同纲微藻的δ13C值和δ15N值在稳定生长期高于指数生长期,且与生长速率没有相关性(P0.05).硅藻的δ13C值低于甲藻和绿藻,绿藻和甲藻的δ13C值比较相近;甲藻的δ15N值低于硅藻和绿藻,绿藻和硅藻的δ15N值比较相近,且同属甲藻纲的海洋原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和强壮前沟藻的δ15N值有较大的差异.5种微藻在不同营养条件(营养盐充足、缺氮、缺磷)下培养,氮限制和磷限制导致微藻具有更正的δ13C和δ15N,磷限制的影响不明显,且弱于氮抑制.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.