中国大陆畜牧业环境效率测算及影响因素研究

环境效率是衡量资源、环境与经济协调发展的重要指标。将畜牧业碳排放作为非期望产出,运用非径向非期望产出模型(SBM模型),测算中国大陆31个省(市、区)2000—2013年畜牧业环境效率,并运用处理受限因变量的截尾回归模型(Tobit模型)对其影响因素进行分解。结果显示:(1)中国大陆的畜牧业环境效率整体处于中等水平,上海、北京、福建、浙江、江苏的畜牧业环境效率领先于其他省份,东部地区畜牧业环境效率明显高于中部地区和西部地区;(2)禀赋结构、劳动力受教育程度对畜牧业环境效率有显著正向作用,畜牧业经济发展水平、产业结构、牛和猪的饲养量对畜牧业环境效率有显著消极影响,羊、家禽的饲养量对畜牧业环境效率没有显著性影响。     

新疆畜牧业碳排放强度动态演变与驱动力分析

基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐的系数法、空间自相关分析和固定效应模型等方法,揭示2001—2020年新疆14个地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放量、碳排放强度的空间演变规律及驱动因素。结果表明：就新疆整体而言,2001—2020年畜牧业碳排放量大体呈波动变化趋势;畜牧业碳排放强度大体呈下降趋势;就地(州、市)而言,2001—2020年各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放量在空间上的分布表现为北疆>南疆>东疆,而南疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州的畜牧业碳排放强度最高,说明其生产效率最低;从空间聚集的角度来看,各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放强度具有明显的空间集聚性和空间正相关性;另外,城镇化水平和工业化水平提升对各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放强度降低具有显著的阻碍作用,经济发展水平、畜牧业发展水平和农业机械化水平提升对各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放强度降低具有显著的推动作用。     

新疆畜牧业碳排放测算及动态演变分析

基于2000—2020年相关面板数据,运用核密度估计方法、空间相关性分析等测算新疆14个地级行政区畜牧业碳排放量并探究其动态演变情况。结果表明：(1)研究期内新疆畜牧业碳排放整体呈波动上升趋势,且牲畜肠道发酵是其主要源头,核密度曲线表明各地级行政区畜牧业碳排放由集聚向分散演化。(2)研究期内各地级行政区畜牧业碳排放空间相关性加强,且“低-低”集聚类型增多。(3)各地级行政区畜牧业碳排放存在差异,研究期内伊犁畜牧业碳排放量下降最多,减排效果最为突出。     

保护家畜大气氟化物基准值的研究

包头工业排氟造成的大气氟污染,严重地危害着家畜的生存.为了保证畜牧业生产的正常发展,我们进行了“大气质量标准——动物基准”的实验研究.     

盐河淮阴段氨氮污染变化分析

在分析盐河淮阴段氨氮污染的特征后，对氨氮的来源进行了研究。结果表明，畜牧业和农业面源都是比较显著的氨氮污染源，但未经集中式污水处理厂处理的生活污水，则成为盐河淮阴段最重要的氨氮污染源。     

氟病山羊在低氟区放牧几项含氟指标与牧草氟相关性的探讨

当前,在工业氟污染区家畜慢性氟中毒发病率高,损失大。探索家畜氟病的防治措施。乃是氟污染区发展畜牧业的重要课题。1980年我们在自然放牧发病和人工投氟致病     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视,在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用.但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用,在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制.本研究分析了一些强化技术(如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等)在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性.     

世纪生态菌

北京伊埃姆生物技术研究所研发的世纪生态菌（EM）微生物技术是集日、美等发达国家之微生物技术精华，结合我国土壤结构、气候条件、作物特性等因素，适合中国国情的升级产品，已在全国各地使用，在畜牧业、农业和环境方面取得可喜成果。     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视，在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用。但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用，在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制。本研究分析了一些强化技术（如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等）在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性。     

工业烟气伤害植物的诊断

工业生产过程中排放的有害烟气,危害周围的农作物和树木,使植物的生长、产量和质量受到不良影响;在牧区和养蚕区,由于烟气伤害牧草和桑叶,使畜牧业和蚕业也受到损失。工业烟气伤害植物的症状,与植物的病虫害、旱害、冻害、缺乏营养元素以及农药药害等伤害症状有区别,但也有相似之处,在某些情况下往往容易混淆。如何正确的识别和诊断它们,对于及时发现污染问题、判断     

Research on the strategic interaction of China’s regional air pollution regulation: spatial interpretation of “incomplete implementation” of regulatory policies

Research on the current strategic interaction of local governments in air pollution control is a key breakthrough. Based on the theory of Chinese style decentralization, this paper puts forward a theoretical framework to explain the incomplete enforcement of air pollution regulation. Using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2016, this study employs spatial Durbin model, empirically tested the inter-regional strategic interaction of air pollution regulation, and further explores the effect of performance assessment indicators on this strategic interaction. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) Empirical results confirm that adjacent provinces do exist strategic interaction of air pollution regulation. Furthermore, the strategic interaction of air pollution regulation belongs to complementarities. (2) Meanwhile, from a regional perspective, due to the low level of economic development stock and the low level of air pollution, the interaction effect of air pollution regulation strategies in northwestern region is weaker than that in southeastern region. (3) In addition, under the national sample and the southeast sample, the air environment performance assessment indicators weaken the inter-regional strategic interaction of air pollution regulation, and economic performance assessment indicators on the contrary.

     

论入世后我国防止外国污染行业转移的法律对策

加入WTO后,受到“国民待遇”原则的限制,国内原本所依靠的以行政审批制度为主的防范外国污染行业转移的措施将不再适用。在不违反国民待遇原则的前提下,依托于国内现行法律体系,通过调整产业结构、严格控制环境污染行业;完善环境影响评价制度、提高环境标准;促成防止外国污染行业转移的国际条约的签订等法律措施得以解决。     

Interdependence between pollution and fish resource harvest policies

This study presents a bio-economic model in which the dynamics of a fishery are affected by marine pollution both directly and indirectly. From the optimality analysis it can be seen that, as long as a contaminating sector exists near coastal areas, the policy on fish resource harvest will be more intense initially (when the environmental situation is better) and less intense in subsequent periods, that is, the fish resource will be managed as if it were a non-renewable resource. It will be also shown that, while the effect of pollution coexists with resource exploitation, the resource stock cannot be thought of as being in a stationary state, which leads the regulator to adopt a policy whereby the release of pollutants can be better controlled.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

Accumulation and maternal transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from Prince William Sound and the Bering Sea, Alaska

The western stock of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) in the northern Pacific Ocean has declined by approximately 80% over the past 30 years. This led to the listing of this sea lion population as an endangered species in 1997. Chemical pollution is a one of several contributing causes. In the present study, 145 individual PCBs were determined in tissues of male sea lions from Tatitlek (Prince William Sound) and St. Paul Island (Bering Sea), and placentae from the Aleutian Islands. PCBs 90/101, 118, and 153 were abundant in all the samples. The mean toxic equivalents (TEQ) were 2.6, 4.7 and 7.4 pg/g lw in the kidney, liver, and blubber samples, respectively. The mean TEQ in placentae was 8 pg/g lw. Total PCBs concentrations (2.6-7.9 μg/g lw) in livers of some males were within a range known to cause physiological effects. Further suggesting the possibility of adverse effects on this stock.     

Investigation of microplastic pollution on paddy fields in Xiangtan City,Southern China

Microplastics (MPs) have become a hot issue of environmental pollution. However, insufficient evidence exists regarding the distributions and fates of MPs in terrestrial environment, especially in farmlands. The distributions of MPs in paddy fields were investigated in Xiangtan City, a typical rice production area in China. The abundance of MPs in paddy seedling raising fields was 3805?±?511 n·kg^?1, which increased by approximately 9 times than that in common paddy fields. Transparent films became the dominant forms due to the huge usage of mulching films, corresponding to that the proportion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) increased to 17% there. Moreover, an industrial plant nearby also contributed considerably to the MP pollution; the proportion of PVC (33%) in the paddy fields nearby increased to approximately 4 times of common paddy fields, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; 13%) used as an important chemical raw material to synthesis in various applications was uniquely detected there. These results highlight the input of MPs from agricultural and industrial activities in farmlands. Their contributions to the MP pollution in farmlands should be continuously investigated.

     

Heavy contamination of a subsurface aquifer and a stream by livestock wastewater in a stock farming area, Wonju, Korea

A survey of groundwater and stream water quality was undertaken in a stock farming area where livestock wastewater infiltrates into sandy unsaturated zones and saturated bedrock aquifers containing fractures. To determine the degree of contamination and track the effect of livestock wastewater on groundwater and stream water quality, the population of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus spp., and sulfite-reducing clostridia) together with relevant physicochemical parameters were monitored along the wastewater flow-pathways over a 19-month period. The stream water was severely contaminated with livestock wastewater. Nearly all physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in the stream water were much greater than those in the groundwater. Nitrate-N concentrations ranged from 10.0 to 20.0 mg l(-1) in boreholes located downstream (site C) from the livestock waste disposal site, while those in the background borehole (W2) were below 1.0 mg l(-1). Densities of indicator bacteria in boreholes at site C were two or three orders of magnitude higher than those in W2 borehole. In boreholes located downstream from the livestock waste disposal site, the concentration of ammonium-N, nitrate-N, and pollution indicator bacteria increased as groundwater level rose due to infiltration of rainwater. In W2 borehole, however, physicochemical parameters and the number of pollution indicator bacteria had no correlation with the groundwater level. Collectively, these results suggest that the deep aquifers were heavily contaminated with infiltrated livestock wastewater, which consequently must be adequately treated to minimize groundwater pollution.     

Dwindling regional environmental pollution through industrial structure adjustment and higher education development

This paper uses Chinese provincial data from 2006 to 2021 as a sample period to study the relationship between higher education development, industrial structure adjustment, and environmental pollution. Conclusions were as follows: (1) the industry structure adjustment can reduce environmental pollution in Chinese regions except eastern, and the increase in the proportion of the tertiary industry will increase pollution emissions in the eastern region. (2) Although there is a negative correlation between higher education and environmental pollution in China, it is not significant. From different regions, the coefficients in the eastern are positive which means aggravated environmental pollution, and the coefficients in the central region are not significant, but higher education in the western region improves environmental pollution. (3) Urbanization has a significant moderating effect on the national and regional environmental pollution, but in the central and western regions, it is smaller than the eastern region; although environmental regulation has a certain inhibitory effect on environmental pollution, the coefficient in the eastern region is significantly positive, and there is a situation of “more pollution, more control.” Further, the increase of foreign direct investment will aggravate environmental pollution; although the elasticity coefficient in the eastern region is negative, there is a trend of improving environmental pollution, but it is not significant. The study holds promising implications for the development of policies related to education, industry, and the environment. Through the research on the relationship between the three, exploring and improving the regional environmental pollution level from the perspective of higher education and industrial structure have important practical significance for the regional green development.

     

杭州市机动车尾气污染和控制对策

随关经济的快速发展,城市道路交通和机动车尾气污染成为人们关注的热点,通过对杭州市机动车行驶现状及路检情况调查,分析了机动车排污分担率及尾气排放的潜在影响,提出控制机动车尾气大大气污染的对策。