环境医学

硒酸钠处理过的石棉,其所致DNA链断裂分别降低了38.3%、61.5%、30.1%,这表明,用上述3种化合物预处理温石棉,有可能减轻温石棉对人类的致癌危害性。图1表4参7X 189902789CdZ+、A13+对蚕豆胚根根尖细胞遗传学毒性效应研究/常学秀…(云南大学生物系)//农业环境保护/中国农业生态环保协会、一1999,18(1)一1~3环信X一15 以蚕豆(品种为8363)为供试材料,以不同浓度单金属离子Cd2+、A13+为受检物质,探讨了金属离子对蚕豆胚根根尖的细胞遗传学毒性效应。结果如下:在低浓度Cdz+、A13+作用下,蚕豆胚根纽胞分裂有显著的加速现象。当CdZ+、A13+到一…     

硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠对长春花细胞悬浮生长的影响

研究了硒化合物对长春花(C.roseus)细胞悬浮生长的影响.在pH5.5培养介质中,当Se(Ⅵ)>0.5ppm或Se(Ⅳ)>0.6ppm时,将抑制C.roseus细胞悬浮生长,其致死浓度分别是100ppm Se(Ⅵ)和2.0ppm Se(Ⅳ).C.roseus对硒化合物有效强的富集作用.硒化合物的毒性和培养介质的pH值有关.在本试验条件下,硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠对Hg~(2+)无拮抗作用.     

DNA链断裂作为醛类污染物接触标志物的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 ,通过对小鼠脾淋巴细胞染毒试验 ,测定了甲醛、乙醛、丙稀醛单独及联合作用下对细胞DNA分子链断裂损伤。结果表明 ,3种醛均能引起DNA分子发生链断裂 ,对于乙醛和丙稀醛存在明确的剂量 -反应关系 ,3种化合物还还存在着一定的协同作用。上述结果提示醛类污染物潜在致癌性的一个可能机制以及DNA断裂作为醛类化合物接触标志物的可能性。     

DNA链断裂作为醛类污染物接触标志物的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,通过对小鼠脾淋巴细胞染毒试验,测定了甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛单独及联合作用下对细胞DNA分子链的断裂损伤.结果表明,3种醛均能引起DNA分子发生链断裂,对于乙醛和丙烯醛存在明确的剂量(反应关系,3种化合物还存在着一定的协同作用.上述结果提示醛类污染物潜在致癌性的一个可能机制以及DNA断裂作为醛类化合物接触标志物的可能性.     

彗星试验的改良及其在工业废水监测中的应用

为了探讨彗星试验在工业废水监测中的应用,本文将常规的细胞暴露方式改良为浸泡染毒,既提高了实验的敏感性,又使得该试验直接用于监测工业废水的遗传毒性成为可能．作者用改良彗星试验直接检测了几种工业废水所引起的V79细胞DNA损伤．结果表明,所测的各种工业废水均含有DNA损伤剂,能够诱发培养的V79细胞DNA链断裂,其中以制革厂废水的DNA损伤作用最强．本研究显示出改良彗星试验在综合评价各种废水遗传毒性方面的广阔应用前景．     

土壤酶对外源有机硒和无机硒的动态响应

通过室内非作物连续培养,研究了不同剂量、不同形态外源硒(亚硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸)对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性影响的动态变化过程.结果表明,低剂量(10 mg·kg~(-1))无机硒(亚硒酸钠)对土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性有先激活后抑制作用,对土壤中性磷酸酶活性有激活作用.而相同剂量有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)处理时,3种酶均表现为不同程度的激活状态.高剂量(30 mg·kg~(-1))无机硒(亚硒酸钠)处理时,3种酶活性均表现先激活后抑制,其中对脲酶影响最大,对蔗糖酶影响次之,对中性磷酸酶影响最小.而施入高剂量(30 mg·kg~(-1))有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)后,对土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶的激活作用明显大于无机硒的影响,但对磷酸酶的影响不明显.试验充分说明施入不同剂量、不同形态的外源硒,土壤酶活性表现出不同的动态响应,并且有机硒比无机硒更有利于土壤微生物的生长,能提高土壤酶活性,促进N、P、C养分在土壤生态系统的循环.用有机硒替代无机硒作为外源硒源,有望成为未来发展方向.     

DNA碱解旋速率法及其在DNA损伤研究中的应用

对DNA碱解旋速率法的细胞DNA经碱解旋后通过羟基磷灰石(HA)柱分离单、双链DNA时的洗脱次数、温度以及DNA回收效果进行了研究。结果表明,用0.125mol/L和0.25mol/L磷酸钾缓冲液各3ml,先后各洗脱一次,即可满足细胞DNA链断裂研究的要求。洗脱双链DNA时的温度为60℃即可。~3H-DNA与细胞其它组分一起通过HA柱时,~3H-DNA的回收率达94％左右。应用这一技术对电离辐射引起的中国田鼠肺细胞和小鼠脾细胞DNA单链断裂损伤与照射剂量的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,DNA单链断裂程度与照射剂量呈正相关。     

不同硒化修复剂对稻田汞污染修复效果研究

以亚硒酸钠、蒙脱土等作为材料,对蒙脱土进行硒化改性,将硒负载在经过改性的蒙脱土上制备出汞的钝化剂以降低汞和甲基汞（MeHg）在稻米中的富集.将硒化修复剂与污染土壤混合进行浸泡土试验和盆栽试验,分析土壤和稻米中THg和MeHg,探讨不同硒化修复剂对污染土壤中汞的阻控修复效果,并筛选出最佳修复剂.结果表明,4种修复剂均对污染土壤中汞有明显的钝化阻控作用,可显著降低土壤中可交换态汞和甲基汞,降低稻米中THg和MeHg含量.蒙脱土通过不同方式硒化改性后,使蒙脱土结构性能优化,吸附容量增加,并能使硒稳固在蒙脱土上,达到更好的钝化修复效果.硒化壳聚糖改性蒙脱土、亚硒酸钠改性蒙脱土、硒化纤维素改性蒙脱土、硒粉改性蒙脱土4种修复剂稻米THg的降低率依次为81.86%、79.74%、65.69%、61.78%,MeHg降低率依次为89.62%、83.91%、72.93%、63.01%.相比较而言,亚硒酸钠改性蒙脱土修复效果稍低于硒化壳聚糖改性蒙脱土,但其改性方法简单,成本低,更有利于修复剂的推广应用.     

标准系列加入回归法测定燃油中微量氮

对燃油中含氮量的测定方法进行了研究，提出了一种分析测定燃油中微量氮的简便方法。在待测柴油中加入一系列不同体积的吲哚标准溶液后，让油样在亚硒酸催化作用下，经浓硫酸预消解——稀硫酸回流消解、碱性条件下蒸馏及馏出液用稀硫酸接收，使其中的有机氮变为无机氮，继而转化成为可分析试样，最后用麝香草酚比色法一线性回归法算出柴油中的总氮。该分析方法的回收率在98．0％～100．2％之间，相对标准偏差小于2．14％。     

柠檬酸中和废水回用技术研究

本文研究了柠檬酸中和废水回用工艺技术。中和废水经碱（ＮａＯＨ）沉淀和酸（Ｈ２ＳＯ４）中和预处理措施，直接用于发酵配料。实验用菌株Ｃ－９８自黑曲霉ＣＢＸ－１２分离获得。最佳发酵条件：总还原糖１４％￣１６％，麦麸２．５％，初始ｐＨ６．５，乙醇１．５％，同传统的柠檬酸废水处理工艺比较，该工艺在投资和运转成本方面具有潜在的优势。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.