林火对土壤结构的影响

通过对大兴安岭新林林业局 2 0年内不同年数间隔的 10块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地土壤结构变化情况如下 :低、中强度火烧对土壤密度和孔隙度的影响不大 ,对土壤分散系数有一定影响 ;高强度火烧对土壤密度、孔隙度和分散系数的影响显著。降雨能使火烧迹地的土壤密度和分散系数升高、孔隙度下降。连年火烧使土壤密度比未烧林地下降 ,而孔隙度和分散系数升高。由此可见 ,高强度火烧对土壤结构破坏严重 ,而低中强度火烧对土壤坚实度和孔隙状况影响不大 ,但对土壤的保水保肥能力有显著影响。     

长江中下游地区高温热害对水稻的影响

以长江中下游地区的气象资料和水稻生长发育观测资料为基础,应用WOFOST作物模型模拟了不同发育时段高温热害对早稻和中稻生长发育及产量的影响,评估了长江中下游地区高温热害对水稻的影响程度.研究表明:高温主要影响早稻和中稻的孕穗、开花和灌浆,受高温影响减产程度依次为灌浆期最大,开花期次之,孕穗期最小;当高温强度和持续日数增...     

环境温度及含水率对土体温度场影响研究

通过模型试验和数值模拟的方法,研究了环境温度和土体含水率对冻土温度场的影响。结果表明：冻结过程中土体内温度场变化只表现为降温阶段、平稳变化阶段及再降温阶段,过冷阶段表现不明显;环境温度变化对降温阶段影响较小,对平稳变化阶段和再降温阶段影响较大,环境温度越低,平稳变化阶段持续时间越长,再降温阶段同一时刻同一深度处温度越低;含水率的变化对土体内温度场的影响在降温阶段较小,对平稳变化阶段和再降温阶段影响相对较大,含水率越大,平稳变化阶段持续时间越短,再降温阶段同一时刻同一深度处温度越低;且模型试验得到的冻土温度场变化规律与数值模拟结果基本一致。研究结果可为冻土地区工程建设及对冻土的进一步研究提供参考。     

地面超载对支护结构的影响

通过对超载所引起的作用在支护结构上的土压力的分析,提出超载较大时按应力扩散的方法确定超载作用的影响范围,建立了超载对支护结构土压力的计算模型,推导了支护结构土压力的计算公式,该计算模型可以较好地解释经典土压力理论计算中支护结构主动土压力偏大、被动土压力偏小的问题。该计算模型成功地用于工程实践后,大幅度降低了基坑支护的造价,表明其具有明显的适用性和经济性,因而对基坑支护和边坡支护的理论研究和工程实践具有借鉴意义。     

对地震预报的一点思考

简要回顾了我国地震预报的探索过程。面对地震预报水平低的事实,对其原因进行了科学分析。最后提出,为了提高地震预报水平,应该做的应用性和基础性研究方面的科学工作。     

泥石流危险度的改进集对分析模型

泥石流危险度的正确评估是泥石流灾害治理和工程措施的基础,但泥石流危险度评价是一个极其复杂的不确定性问题.基于集对分析理论,探讨了泥石流危险度的集对分析改进新方法,即基于样本评价指标实测值与讨论泥石流标准危险度类别间的接近程度,判别集对同异反,进而应用模糊联系度的概念挖掘样本与讨论类别相邻类别的集对同异反有效信息,以综合定量分析样本的危险度,从而提高评价结果的町靠性和准确性.实例应用及与其他方法对比结果表明,基于改进的集对分析方法来评价泥石流危险度是有效可行的,町以取得理想的结果,且操作简单.     

山西省春旱趋势及对农业的影响

利用山西省53个气象站1956—2005年的春季逐月平均气温和降水量资料,计算了春季大气干旱指数序列,分析了山西省春季干旱化趋势。结果表明,山西省春季明显向干旱化发展;在气温和降水两个因素中,气温的升高对干旱化的作用更大;春季干旱化对农业生产极为不利,对这种形势应予以足够的关注。     

热浪灾害对人体健康的影响及其方法研究

由于全球气候变暖和城市热岛效应的影响,热浪已成为世界范围内夏季频繁发生的极端天气灾害事件,加之其对人类健康的显著影响,因此得到了越来越多的组织和机构的关注,同时也取得了许多研究成果。通过对国内外研究现状的概述,介绍了高温热浪对人体健康的影响,并根据相关因子,分单因子、双因子和多因子介绍了热浪对人体健康影响的主要研究方法,指出了目前热浪研究中的一些不足,并对如何降低热浪影响提出了相应的建议。     

地震对公路的危害及防震原则

分析了地震对公路、桥梁的危害,提出了对平原、山区公路和桥梁的防震原则.     

自然灾害对我国农业的影响研究

通过对2000-2008年自然灾害发生面积与我国农业发展过程中的各项指标进行了对比分析和回归分析,得出了自然灾害对我国农业发展影响较为显著,并具体指出了旱灾、水灾等自然灾害对我国农业发展的影响.自然灾害通过影响农业单产、农业有效利用面积及农业总产值来影响农业,不同种类自然灾害的发生面积都处于不断波动之中,并呈现逐步提升之势,具有一定的区域性.最后指出了通过增强农业本身抵御自然灾害的能力和更好的预测农业自然灾害等,为各级政府制定抗灾减灾对策提供依据.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

自然灾害防治综合立法研究:定位、理念与制度

近年来,国家高度重视防灾减灾救灾,发布了防灾减灾救灾系列重要文件,实施了应急管理体制机制重大改革举措。落实防灾减灾救灾新思想新理念新要求,契合国家发展改革的现实需要,应加紧推进自然灾害防治综合立法。自然灾害防治综合立法的定位是自然灾害防治的基本法、应急管理的特别法、公共安全的支撑法。自然灾害防治综合立法应在坚持以人民为中心理念、风险防范理念、综合防治理念、权利保护理念的基础上,确立自然灾害风险隐患排查、危险区避让及搬迁转移、自然灾害科普、自然灾害防治社会参与、自然灾害保险等制度,为推进我国自然灾害防治体系和防治能力现代化提供法制保障。     

中国灾害性冰冻天气日数气候演变空间分异特征（1961-2016年）

基于《中国冰冻数据集（V1.0）》,采用1961-2016年中国545个气象站点的结霜、雾凇、雨凇和结冰四种灾害性冰冻天气日数数据,从气候态特征、年代距平变化、变化趋势和波动特征四个方面,诊断了中国冰冻天气日数时空演变特征。结果表明:①中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数在1961-2016年具有各自典型的区域性和次区域性空间分异特征。高纬度或高海拔地区是中国灾害性冰冻天气较多发生的地区。结霜和结冰事件在分布范围和发生频率上明显高于雾凇和雨凇事件。②中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数距平具有明显的年代变化特征。中国北方的结霜和结冰日数在1960和1970年代以负距平为主,而在1980、1990、2000和2010年代逐渐演变为正距平为主;中国北方的雾凇日数和中东部的雨凇日数在1960、1970和1980年代以正距平为主,而在1990、2000和2010年代以负距平为主。③1961-2016年中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数变化趋势空间分异不尽一致。结霜、雾凇和结冰日数在高海拔和高纬度地区增减趋势较大。其中结霜日数在北方以增加趋势为主;雾凇日数则在东北、西北和内蒙古等地区以减少趋势为主;雨凇日数在中国中东部以减少趋势为主;结冰日数在西藏、黄土高原、华北平原等地以增加趋势为主。④1961-2016年中国结霜和结冰日数波动特征呈南高北低的空间分异格局。雾凇日数在华南南部和云南西部波动最大,在长江以南至华南北部、青藏高原、四川东部、湖北西部等地波动最小。雨凇日数在西南地区波动小,而在北方、东北和东南沿海地区波动大。     

社会脆弱性研究综述

在梳理社会脆弱性概念和分析框架的基础上,从气候变化、自然灾害、城市化、旅游发展、健康、环境污染及公共安全等扰动视角出发,对其影响下的社会脆弱性研究内容进行梳理总结,并提出未来社会脆弱性研究的关键问题。社会脆弱性研究的关注度不断上升,但社会脆弱性的概念和分析框架尚无统一定论;研究内容多关注气候变化和自然灾害等自然因素扰动下的社会脆弱性分析,对城市化、旅游发展、健康、环境污染和公共安全等人文因素导致的社会脆弱性研究关注较少;研究主题聚焦于社会脆弱性测评、社会脆弱性的空间格局及影响因素探究等方面,对社会脆弱性的时空演变过程及形成机制、社会脆弱性的适应策略及调控路径、社会脆弱性的动态监测及协同效应和尺度效应等主题涉猎不足。未来需重点开展社会脆弱性的时空格局-演变过程-形成机理、社会脆弱性的跨尺度研究、多重压力下的社会脆弱性过程和演化规律、社会脆弱性的情景模拟与调控路径以及社会脆弱性的动态监测与预警等问题的综合研究。     

异常环流背景下贺兰山地形对8.21特大致洪暴雨的影响分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料对2016年8月21日傍晚到夜间贺兰山沿山特大致洪极值暴雨展开研究,分析了异常大气环流形势及其影响,并利用天气研究和预报模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)进行数值模拟和地形敏感性试验,研究了贺兰山地形对暴雨过程的影响。结果表明:超强厄尔尼诺结束后的盛夏,大气环流形势发展异常,8月南亚高压和副热带高压异常偏强,西北地区东部处于高温、高湿、高能控制,副高的快速进退和冷平流的入侵,触发暖湿不稳定能量强烈聚集与快速释放,导致特大暴雨的爆发。其发生在200hPa高空急流分流区即强辐散区、中空西南气流的高温高湿区、低空偏南急流轴左侧流场最大弯曲处的强暖平流区、850hPa偏东大风速轴南侧的风速辐合区,天气尺度强迫作用相对较弱的环境中,500hPa短波槽与700hPa、850hPa低涡切变线和偏南偏东急流以及地面气旋式切变辐合线共同作用是其发生的主要影响系统。贺兰山地形对特大暴雨的发生有明显的增幅效应,主要是贺兰山地形阻挡与强迫抬升作用,促使低涡切变强烈发展从而影响了降水范围、强降水落区及其中心位置等。     

The politics of disaster - Nicaragua

The occurrence of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, are, in themselves, beyond oar control. However, careful preparation before such events, and the correct management of the problem once it occurs, can both lead to major redaction of the suffering involved.
Disaster preparation and emergency planning are both inextricably linked to politics and economics, both on a national and an international scale. Disasters themselves raise a number of issues of a political or economic nature, and die response to a natural disaster both in the short and the long term is largely determined by the political relations within a country, and between that country and the international community.
This paper examines these issues by taking the examples of the earthquake of Managua, Nicaragua in 1972 and the flooding that occurred in Nicaragua in 1982. These two natural disasters occurred under different administrations in Nicaragua, and tills allows some interesting comparisons.     

An ethical analysis of hydrometeorological prediction and decision making: The case of the 1997 Red River flood

Weather, climate, and flood predictions are incorporated into human decisions in a wide variety of situations, including decisions related to hazardous hydrometeorological events. This article examines ethical aspects of such predictions and decisions, focusing on the case of the 1997 Red River flood in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota (US). The analysis employs a formal ethical framework and analytical method derived from medical and business ethics. The results of the analysis highlight issues related to forecast generation, communication of forecast meaning and uncertainty, responsibility for the use of forecasts in decision making, and trade-offs between the desire for forecast certainty and the risk of missed events. Implications of the analysis for the broader arenas of weather, climate, and flood prediction and disaster management are also discussed.     

我国城市技术灾害现状与安全策略研究

科学技术的日新月异、技术系统的复杂化和规模化、城市化步伐的日益加快以及人们应对技术灾害能力的有限,均增加了城市技术灾害的风险。针对频发的城市火灾、爆炸、毒物泄漏、交通事故等技术灾害,综合分析了我国各类城市技术灾害的特征、危害、应急管理现状以及相应的防灾、减灾理论研究方法和应急管理对策。在此基础上分别从法规、理论、技术等方面对政府、企业和个人提出了改革方案和应对措施。     

Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake

ABSTRACT

In an effort to understand the social-physical vulnerabilities from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, this research established and validated a conceptual model for natural disaster analysis. The earthquake severely impacted the built environment, with many buildings being destroyed in the earthquake and from secondary impacts. This vulnerable environment exacerbated the poverty in the local residents because of the lack of flat land and the inaccessibility of the mountainous areas. Therefore, there was an interactive relationship between the built environment vulnerability and the social vulnerability. Due to general poverty and low education levels, social vulnerability in rural areas is often the result of poor quality building construction; in the event of an earthquake, therefore, most economic losses and casualties are the result of building destruction. To enhance social-physical resilience, measures should be adopted to mitigate the vulnerability of the built environment and society through actions such as land use planning, the use of seismic-resistant technologies, and investment in infrastructure, education, industrial development, and environmental protection. This research extracts the reasons for the vulnerabilities through an examination of the interactions between the natural environment, the built environment, and the local society. The insights gained have significant theoretical and practical implications in assisting vulnerable communities resist and adapt to natural hazards to achieve sustainable development.     

Emotions and beliefs after a disaster: a comparative analysis of Haiti and Indonesia

A number of studies have examined emotional and belief responses following a disaster, yet there has been limited comparative analysis of responses to disasters in different places. This paper reviews the results of 366 questionnaires that evaluated key emotional and belief concepts in Haiti after the earthquake on 12 January 2010 (n=212) and in Indonesia after the earthquake in Yogyakarta on 27 May 2006 (n=154). The results indicate significant differences between the responses in the two settings, particularly in relation to feelings of impunity, self‐blame for the disaster, regret about pre‐earthquake behaviour, and a sense of justice in the world. Furthermore, the impacts of age, education, and gender on responses also were different in the two case study sites. Overall, the results suggest that understanding the cultural, religious, and social contexts of different disaster locales is important in comprehending the emotions and beliefs that manifest themselves in the wake of a major disaster.